The increase on crop yield caused by lime addition on the soil surface may be associated to improvements in the chemical composition of the percolating water. This study was carried out to evaluate chemical changes in the solid phase and in the percolating water in two acid soils (Oxisol and Inceptisol) caused by the application method (incorporated or on soil surface) of gypsum, CaCO3, or MgCO3. Calcium carbonate was used at a rate equivalent to 0.25 of that recommended by the SMP method to raise soil water pH to 6.0; gypsum and MgCO3 were used at the same molarity rate. Additional CaCO3 were (0, 0.50, 1.0 and 1.5 times that recommended by the SMP method) was also incorporated. Treated soil samples (1.5 kg) were transferred to leaching columns, and distilled water (200 mL column-1 week-1) were added on soil surface during twelve weeks. Incorporation of lime (CaCO3 and MgCO3) into the soils increased pH of both phases, decreased exchangeable Al, but had no effect on Al in the percolated solution. When carbonates were applied on soil surface, they had no effect on the leached solution, and affected the chemical composition of the solid phase only in the top 2.0 centimeters. Addition of gypsum decreased soil and solution pH, had no effect on exchangeable Al, but leached greater amounts of Ca, Mg and Al than limestone, especially when gypsum was incorporated. Cation mobility from limestone materials was negligible, and surface liming had no chemical effects in the solution collected 30 cm below soil surface.
surface liming; ion percolation; exchangeable cations
