Quality reference values for rare earth elements in soils from one of the last agricultural frontiers in Brazil

Silva, Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da; Oliveira, Eliabe Barros de; Silva, Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da; Nascimento, Clístenes Williams Araújo do; Silva, Tatiana dos Santos; Boechat, Cácio Luiz; Teixeira, Marcos Paulo Rodrigues; Barbosa, Ronny Sobreira; Singh, Vijay P.; Sena, Antonny Francisco Sampaio de

doi:10.1590/1678-992X-2020-0069

person Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva *

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0001-6865-7146

person Eliabe Barros de Oliveira

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0002-8713-3222

person Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva

schoolUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – Depto. de Agronomia, R. Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n – 52171-900 – Recife, PE – Brasil.

0000-0002-2565-6677

person Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento

schoolUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – Depto. de Agronomia, R. Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n – 52171-900 – Recife, PE – Brasil.

0000-0002-5103-5524

person Tatiana dos Santos Silva

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0003-4975-069X

person Cácio Luiz Boechat

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0002-5086-9156

person Marcos Paulo Rodrigues Teixeira

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0001-8961-3599

person Ronny Sobreira Barbosa

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0001-6341-8154

person Vijay P. Singh

schoolTexas A&M University – Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering – 77843-2117 – College Station, TX – USA.

person Antonny Francisco Sampaio de Sena

schoolUniversidade Federal de Piauí – Depto. de Agronomia, Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas, Rod. Bom Jesus-Viana, km 01 s/n – 64900-000 – Bom Jesus, PI – Brasil.

0000-0001-8339-9747

person*Corresponding author <
emailyurijacques@ufpi.edu.br>

Edited by: Tiago Osório Ferreira

Authors' Contributions

Conceptualization:Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Oliveira, E.B.; Silva, Y.J.A.B. Data acquisition: Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Oliveira, E.B.; Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Boechat, C.L.; Barbosa, R.S.; Teixeira, M.P.R. Design of methodology: Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Oliveira, E.B.; Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Boechat, C.L.; Silva, T.S.S.; Sena, A.F.S. Data analysis: Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Oliveira, E.B.; Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Nascimento, C.W.A.; Barbosa, R.S. Writing and editing: Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Oliveira, E.B.; Silva, Y.J.A.B.; Nascimento, C.W.A.; Singh, V.P.

REEs	Gurguéia	PE1	RN2	Brazil3	China4	Japan5	Cuba6	Europe7	UCC8
	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mg kg⁻¹ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
La	5.52 ± 3.5	20.79	18.9	22.99	37.4	18.0	15.2	25.9	35
Ce	14.01 ± 9.1	43.48	40.4	69.74	64.7	40.0	24.2	52.2	66
Pr	2.51 ± 1.8	9.61	7.3	6.44	6.67	4.53	5.03	6.02	9.1
Nd	6.19 ± 4.1	17.7	15.8	22.99	25.1	18.0	17.1	22.4	40
Sm	1.45 ± 1.0	3.37	3	4.47	4.94	3.74	4.40	4.28	7
Eu	0.26 ± 0.1	0.6	0.5	0.63	0.98	1.03	0.03	0.85	2.1
Gd	0.93 ± 0.7	2.32	2.6	3.61	4.38	3.72	0.15	4.20	6.1
Tb	0.28 ± 0.2	0.5	0.5	0.51	0.58	1.22	1.21	0.64	1.2
Dy	0.63 ± 0.5	0.93	1	2.75	3.93	3.33	1.31	3.58	4.5
Ho	nd	0.17	0.3	0.52	0.83	0.71	0.55	0.72	1.3
Er	0.42 ± 0.3	0.59	0.7	1.51	2.42	2.02	2.36	2.10	3.5
Tm	nd	nd	nd	0.22	0.24	0.29	0.02	0.33	0.33
Yb	0.39 ± 0.2	0.67	0.6	1.49	2.32	2.01	1.86	3.10	3.1
Lu	0.2 ± 0.1	0.05	0.2	0.22	0.35	0.34	0.77	0.80	0.8
∑LREE	29.95 ± 19.6	95.55	85.9	127.26	140	85.2	65.9	159	159
∑HREE	2.99 ± 2.3	5.23	5.9	10.83	14.8	13.2	8.21	51.5	20.8
∑REE	32.94 ± 21.8	100.78	91.9	134.09	155	98.4	74.1	211	180
∑LREE/∑HREE	10.02 ± 2.8	18.27	14.56	11.75	9.43	6.45	8.03	7.76	7.64

Oxides	Maximum	Minimum	Median	Mean	SD
---------------------------------------------------------------------%---------------------------------------------------------------------
Na₂O	1.62	0.01	0.06	0.13	0.26
MgO	2.35	0.01	0.10	0.22	0.39
Al₂O₃	28.64	6.55	16.60	16.79	5.60
SiO₂	88.94	50.36	72.75	72.48	9.63
K₂O	6.48	0.03	0.42	0.89	1.24
CaO	0.93	0.02	0.04	0.11	0.18
TiO₂	1.94	0.31	0.86	0.94	0.37
MnO	0.11	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03
Fe₂O₃	8.06	0.40	2.10	2.68	1.84
CIA	99.69	69.87	92.94	93.58	5.88
Clay	38.40	2.4	14.12	17.56	5.08
Sandy	93.58	45.84	76.35	77.69	7.18

Variables	F1	F2	F3
La	0.89	0.10	0.24
Ce	0.88	0.19	0.31
Pr	0.92	0.17	0.22
Nd	0.94	0.19	0.21
Sm	0.94	0.23	0.20
Eu	0.85	0.31	0.19
Gd	0.91	0.08	0.34
Yb	0.90	0.34	0.06
Lu	0.46	0.77	−0.04
Dy	0.98	0.06	0.07
Er	0.94	0.21	0.11
Tb	0.83	0.49	0.09
LREEs	0.91	0.18	0.27
HREEs	0.95	0.21	0.19
REEs	0.93	0.18	0.26
MgO	0.18	0.08	0.87
Al₂O₃	0.10	0.88	−0.07
SiO₂	−0.17	−0.91	−0.08
K₂O	0.35	−0.04	0.84
CaO	0.26	0.04	0.85
Fe₂O₃	0.18	0.91	0.01
CIA	−0.29	0.25	−0.80
% Sand	−0.65	−0.62	−0.35
% Clay	0.30	0.76	−0.22
Explained variance (%)	64	15	7.9
Eigenvalues	17	4.1	2.1

		Ultisols	Alfisols	Oxisols	Entisols Fluvents	Entisols Lithics
Ce/Ce*	Mean	37.68	18.24	12.16	7.74	17.65
	Min.	4.19	5.39	3.12	2.19	5.03
	Max.	58.39	34.05	33.34	13.98	39.31
	SD	19.35	9.95	8.76	3.90	13.80
Eu/Eu*	Mean	0.51	0.35	0.19	0.10	0.28
	Min.	0.09	0.14	0.04	0.04	0.05
	Max.	1.05	0.55	0.85	0.23	0.66
	SD	0.29	0.14	0.17	0.06	0.24
La_N/Yb_N	Mean	1.18	0.91	1.02	1.23	0.88
	Min.	0.66	0.80	1.14	1.21	1.10
	Max.	1.29	0.84	0.54	0.74	0.68
	SD	1.31	1.03	0.69	0.86	0.68
La_N/Sm_N	Mean	0.62	0.48	0.55	0.73	0.52
	Min.	0.62	0.45	0.58	0.83	0.65
	Max.	0.65	0.43	0.36	0.74	0.46
	SD	0.70	0.51	0.42	0.83	0.44
Gd_N/Yb_N	Mean	1.43	1.61	1.39	1.23	1.22
	Min.	0.19	1.23	0.58	0.58	1.01
	Max.	1.49	2.16	1.60	0.87	0.98
	SD	1.48	2.70	1.66	0.89	1.12

Variables	Model	C₀	C₀ + C₁	DSD	ESD	Range	R²
				%		m
∑LREE	Exponential	90.0	797.5	10	S	64600	0.98
∑HREE	Exponential	0.01	9.62	0.1	S	33700	0.77
∑REE	Exponential	107.0	966.8	10	S	62000	0.97
∑LREE/HREE	Exponential	0.03	0.09	25	S	17200	0.50

[TFN1] ¹
Silva et al. (2016);

[TFN2] ²
Silva et al. (2018a);

[TFN3] ³
Paye et al. (2016);

[TFN4] ⁴
Wei et al. (1991);

[TFN5] ⁵
Yoshida et al. (1998);

[TFN6] ⁶
Alfaro et al. (2018);

[TFN7] ⁷
Sadeghi et al. (2013);

[TFN8] ⁸
UCC = upper continental crust;

[TFN8a] nd = non detected. REEs = rare earth elements; LREE = light rare earth elements; and HREE = heavy rare earth elements.

Quality reference values for rare earth elements in soils from one of the last agricultural frontiers in Brazil

ABSTRACT: