The use of rhizobium and mycorrhizae in soil containing rhizobiophage to improve growth and nodulation of cowpea

Yasmine Allam ^**Corresponding author <yasmineallam332003@gmail.com>

Zagazig University/Faculty of Science – Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, P.O. Box 44519 – Zagazig – Egypt.

Gehan Amin

Zagazig University/Faculty of Science – Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, P.O. Box 44519 – Zagazig – Egypt.

Gamal Abdel Fattah

Mansoura University/Faculty of Science – Dept. of Botany, P.O. Box 35516 – 11432 – Mansoura – Egypt.

Abeer Hashem

King Saud University/College of Science – Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, P.O. Box 2460 – Riyadh – 11451 – Saudi Arabia.

Dilfuza Egamberdieva

National University of Uzbekistan/Faculty of Biology, 100174 – Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah

King Saud University/College of Food and Agricultural Sciences – Plant Production Dept., P.O. Box 2460 – 11451 – Riyadh – Saudi Arabia.

Gamal El–Didamony

Zagazig University/Faculty of Science – Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, P.O. Box 44519 – Zagazig – Egypt.

Authors’ Contributions

Conceptualization: El–Didamony, G.; Allam, Y.; Amin, G.; Abdel–Fattah, G. Data acquisition: Egamberdieva, D.; Abd_Allah, E.F. Data analysis: Allam, Y.; Amin, G.; Abdel–Fattah, G. Design of methodology: El–Didamony, G.; Allam, Y.; Amin, G.; Abdel–Fattah, G. Writing and editing: Egamberdieva, D.; Abd_Allah, E.F.; Hashem, A.

Treatment	Number of nodules	Dry weight of nodules	Nitrogenase	Mycorrhizal inoculation level
Treatment	Number of nodules	Dry weight of nodules	Nitrogenase	F%	M%	A%
	n per plant	g per plant	µmol C₂H₄ per plant h^–1
Control	9.67 ± 1.53^e	0.01 ± 0.00^e	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0	0	0
M	12.00 ± 2.00^e	0.01 ± 0.00^e	0.00 ± 0.00^d	15	27	63
R	62.67 ± 8.74^c	0.07 ± 0.01^c	3.70 ± 0.47^b	0	0	0
R + M	118.00 ± 6.56^a	0.125 ± 0.01^a	5.30 ± 0.47^a	17	31	100
R + Ph	35.33 ± 4.51^d	0.034 ± 0.01^d	2.20 ± 0.31^c	0	0	0
R + M + Ph	94.33 ± 4.04^b	0.11 ± 0.01^b	3.80 ± 0.31^b	17	17.52	70

Treatment	Total (a + b)	Carotenoid	Chlorophyll (b)	Chlorophyll (a)
Control	14.26 ± 0.84^d	6.38 ± 0.49^c	5.77 ± 0.29^d	8.49 ± 0.96^d
M	20.65 ± 0.37^ab	8.72 ± 1.01^a	7.87 ± 0.39^b	12.78 ± 0.74^ab
R	19.55 ± 0.30^b	8.68 ± 1.17^ab	7.82 ± 0.17^bc	11.73 ± 0.47^b
R + M	22.00 ± 1.46^a	10.00 ± 1.01^a	8.69 ± 0.65^a	13.31 ± 0.88^a
R + Ph	17.88 ± 0.40^c	7.08 ± 0.58^bc	7.17 ± 0.27^c	10.17 ± 0.14^c
R + M + Ph	20.60 ± 1.44^ab	9.46 ± 0.99^a	7.87 ± 0.42^b	12.73 ± 1.33^ab

Treatment	Shoot fresh weight	Shoot dry weight	Length of shoot	Length of root	Number of leaves
	----------------------------------------- g per plant ----------------------------------------		-------------------------------------------- cm per plant -------------------------------------------		n per plant
Control	18.43 ±0.67^e	3.13 ± 0.23^d	30.00 ± 2.00^c	8.83 ± 1.04^e	19.67 ± 2.52^b
M	27.17 ± 0.15^b	5.13 ± 0.25^b	36.53 ± 1.35^ab	12.67 ± 1.15^bc	26.67 ± 6.51^a
R	23.70 ± 1.47^c	4.28 ± 0.38^c	33.00 ± 3.00^bc	11.27 ± 1.25^cd	23.67 ± 3.51^ab
R + M	30.73 ± 1.60^a	5.68 ± 0.24^a	42.43 ± 6.51^a	15.87 ± 1.03^a	29.67 ± 3.51^a
R + Ph	21.90 ± 0.56^d	3.77 ± 0.42^c	30.83 ± 2.57^bc	9.17 ± 1.61^de	23.00 ± 3.00^ab
R + M + Ph	28.73 ± 0.51^b	5.24 ± 0.14^ab	41.67 ± 2.14^a	14.13 ± 1.03^ab	28.67 ± 2.52^a

Treatment	Shoot system in flowering stage			Seeds in yield stage
Treatment	N	P	K	N	P	K
	----------------------------------------------- % -------------------------------------------		µg g^–1	---------------------------------------- % ----------------------------------------		µg g^–1
Control	0.51 ± 0.18^c	0.44 ± 0.08^d	132.00 ± 9.45^c	1.62 ± 0.78^e	0.46 ± 0.04^d	68.67 ± 3.01^d
M	1.03 ± 0.61^c	3.23 ± 0.31^bc	152.00 ± 3.64^b	3.11 ± 0.18^bc	3.47 ± 0.50^bc	84.17 ± 1.89^b
R	2.47 ± 0.91^ab	2.80 ± 0.30^c	148.66 ± 4.04^b	2.40 ± 0.62^cd	3.46 ± 0.50^bc	77.66 ± 3.01^c
R + M	2.99 ± 0.65^a	4.40 ± 0.36^a	193.00 ± 11.36^a	4.33 ± 0.38^a	5.04 ± 0.63^a	126.33 ± 5.13^a
R + Ph	1.45 ± 0.61^bc	2.67 ± 0.60^c	144.33 ± 5.1^c	2.30 ± 0.49^de	3.09 ± 0.32^c	76.50 ± 4.27^c
R + M + Ph	2.26 ± 0.51^ab	3.75 ± 0.41^ab	154.67 ± 5.86^b	3.74 ± 0.59^ab	4.19 ± 0.30^b	86.00 ± 1.32^b

Treatment	Number of legumes	Weight of 100 seeds	Shoot dry weight	Protein
	n per plant	------------------------------------------------- g per plant --------------------------------------------------		mg per g fresh weight
Control	16.67 ± 1.15^e	16.27 ± 0.54^f	12.33 ± 0.55^e	127.33 ± 15.56^e
M	30.67 ± 2.08^b	22.13 ± 0.67^c	21.60 ± 0.62^c	211.33 ± 24.00b^c
R	26.66 ± 1.53^c	20.25 ± 0.67^d	18.54 ± 0.57^d	187.33 ± 10.50^cd
R + M	36.33 ± 1.53^a	26.30 ± 0.49^a	26.71 ± 0.97^a	270.33 ± 39.72^a
R + Ph	21.66 ± 1.53^d	18.78 ± 0.51^e	17.37 ± 0.57^d	147.33 ± 6.81^de
R + M + Ph	32.33 ± 1.53^b	24.09 ± 1.22^b	23.63 ± 1.43^b	238.67 ± 38.21^ab

Brasil