| 1. Race consciousness |
All |
Deep awareness of one's racial position; awareness of racial stratification processes operating in colorblind contexts. |
Colorblindness-belief in the irrelevance of racism characterized by the tendency to attribute racial inequities to non-racial factors (e.g., SES) |
A researcher clarifies her racial biases before beginning research within a diverse community |
| 2. Primacy of racialization |
Contemporary racialization |
The fundamental contribution of racial stratification to societal problems; the central focus of CRT scholarship on explaining racial phenomena |
Tendency to attribute effects to race rather than to racialization or racism |
A study of neighborhood characteristics includes factors hypothesized to reflect structural racism |
| 3. Race as social construct |
Contemporary racialization Conceptualization & measurements |
Significance that derives from social, political and historical forces |
Biological determinism - the belief that race is meaningful because it provides insights about one's biology and propensities |
A study assesses race not as a risk factor but to identify a population at risk for specific racism exposures |
| 4. Ordinariness of racism |
Contemporary racialization |
Racism is embedded in the social fabric of society. |
Racial exceptionalism - defines racism as rare, discrete and overtly egregious incidents |
A study on racism and health operationalizes racism as routine exposures (e.g., being followed while shopping) |
| 5. Structural determinism |
Contemporary racialization |
The fundamental role of macro-level forces in driving and sustaining inequities across time and contexts; the tendency of dominant group members and institutions to make decisions or take actions that preserve existing power hierarchies |
Emphasizes individual or interpersonal factors |
A multilevel study considers policy factors that may promote residential segregation |
| 6. Social construction of knowledge |
Knowledge production |
The claim that established knowledge within a discipline can be re- evaluated using antiracism modes of analysis |
The belief that empirical research carried out properly is impermeable to social influences |
A disparities-related literature review compares articles published in minority vs. majority journals |
| 7. Critical approaches |
Knowledge Production Action |
To dig beneath the surface; to develop a comprehensive understanding of one's biases |
To accept phenomena or explanations at face value |
A researcher considers alternative explanations for findings than those previously posited |
| 8. Intersectionality |
Conceptualization & measurement Action |
The interlocking nature of co-occurring social categories (e.g., race and gender) and the forms of social stratification that maintain them |
Additive model of co-occurring social categories (e.g., race and gender). |
Efforts to reduce HIV risk behaviors among diverse men who have sex with men address racial stereotypes |
| 9. Disciplinary self-critique |
Action |
The systematic examination by members of a discipline of its conventions and impacts on the broader society |
Limited critical examination of how a discipline's norms might influence the knowledge on a topic |
Researchers examine implications for research of using "health inequities" vs. "health disparities" vs. "health inequalities" |
| 10. Voice |
Knowledge Production Action |
Prioritizing the perspectives of marginalized persons; privileging the experiential knowledge of outsiders within |
Routine privileging of majority perspectives |
Responses of skepticism or anger when outsiders within speak truth to power |
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