Psychosocial needs of Spanish schoolchildren with visual impairment: a mixed methods research

Álamo-Martín, María Teresa del; Pérez-Curiel, María del Henar; Vallelado-Álvarez, Ana Isabel

doi:10.1590/S0104-12902022210446en

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Original articles • Saude soc. 31 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902022210446en copy

Psychosocial needs of Spanish schoolchildren with visual impairment: a mixed methods research

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study investigates the psychosocial needs of a group of schoolchildren with visual impairments. Based on a CUAN+CUAL mixed methods, it analyzed 26 children, with and without visual impairment, who attended a pediatric ophthalmology consultation with their parents. Several descriptive, mean and variance tests of independence between variables were performed using Pearson’s Chi-square (χ²) and Mann-Whitney U tests. The interviews conducted with the children and/or parents on the impact of their visual impairment on education, leisure activities and peer interaction, as well as the feelings derived from the impairment, underwent discourse analysis. Results show that schoolchildren with severe visual impairments experience greater difficulties regarding physical and emotional well-being, school performance, and peer interaction when compared with those without. These findings suggest the importance of developing comprehensive and joint health and socio-educational interventions to improve these areas.

Keywords:
Vision; Academic Performance; Social work; Child well-being; Quality of life

Variables		With ocular pathology (n=13)		No ocular pathology (n=13)		Total (n=26)
Variables		F	%	F	%	F	%
Age	3-5	4	30.8	5	38,5		34.6
Age	6-10	4	30.8	4	30.8		30.8
Gender	11-16	5	38.5	4	30.8		34.6
	Male	7	53.8	7	53.8		50
	Female	6	46.2	6	46.2		50
Origin	Rural	8	61.5	8	61.5		50
Origin	Urban	5	38.5	5	38.5		50

	With ocular pathology (n=13)	No ocular pathology (n=13)	Z	U	p
	Average range	Average range	Z	U	p
Age	13.38	13.62	-0.77	83	.938

Subjects	Age	Origin	Diagnosis
Boy 1	6	Urban	Hyperopia and astigmatism
Boy 2	8	Rural	Strabismus
Boy 3	5	Urban	Amblyopia
Boy 4	6	Urban	Amblyopia
Boy 5	15	Urban	Amblyopia
Boy 6	12	Rural	Strabismus
Boy 7	13	Rural	Amblyopia
Girl 1	9	Urban	Strabismus
Girl 2	4	Rural	Amblyopia
Girl 3	8	Rural	Myopia
Girl 4	3	Urban	Strabismus
Girl 5	13	Rural	Strabismus
Girl 6	10	Urban	Myopia

	Cronbach’s alpha if the element is removed
Do you notice that you have ocular pathology (vision loss, tired eyes)?	.965
Does this visual impairment bother you?	.964
When you interact with other people, do you feel that they notice your visual impairment?	.964
Do you feel different (inferior) because of the visual impairment?	.964
Do you feel that your ocular pathology hinders your performance at school?	.967
Do you feel that your ocular pathology affects your relationships with other people?	.969
Do you feel that your opportunities for social interaction are reduced due to the visual impairment?	.969
Do you imagine what other people are thinking about your eyes?	.966
Do you have more difficulty making friends because of your visual impairment?	.967
Do you feel uncomfortable if someone asks you something about your eyes?	.965
Do you feel that people avoid looking at you because of your ocular impairment?	.969
Does this ocular pathology hinder your vision?	.965
Do you have difficulty reading due to your pathology?	.964
Do you feel more stressed (anxious) because of your pathology?	.965
Do you have difficulty with depth perception (calculating the distance of objects)?	.964
Do you notice that you have ocular pathology (vision loss, tired eyes)?	.964
Do you have to close one of your eyes to read?	.965
Do you have diplopia (double vision)?	.964
Are you experiencing eye fatigue due to ocular pathology or abnormality?	.965
Do you think about your ocular pathology so often that it impairs your ability to concentrate?	.965
TOTAL	.967

Variables	With ocular pathology					No ocular pathology					TOTAL	X²	gl	P
Variables	No	A little	Quite a lot	Very Much	Totally	No	A little	Quite a lot	Very much	Totally	TOTAL	X²	gl	P
Do you notice that you have ocular pathology (vision loss, tired eyes)?	7	1	3	1	1	13	0	0	0	0	26	7.800ª	4	.099
Does this visual impairment bother you?	3	5	3	1	1	12	1	0	0	0	26	13.067^a	4	*.011
When you interact with other people, do you feel that they notice your visual impairment?	5	3	3	1	1	13	0	0	0	0	26	11.556^a	4	*.021
Do you feel different (inferior) because of the visual impairment?	7	2	1	2	1	13	0	0	0	0	26	7.800^a	4	.099
Do you feel that your ocular pathology hinders your performance at school?	0	2	5	6	0	12	1	0	0	0	26	23.333^a	3	*.000
Do you feel that your ocular pathology affects your relationships with other people?	0	3	5	1	4	12	0	0	0	1	26	22.800ª	4	*.000
Do you feel that your opportunities for social interaction are reduced due to the visual impairment?	1	0	3	9	0	12	0	0	1	0	26	18.708ª	2	*.000
Do you imagine what other people are thinking about your eyes?	9	2	0	2	0	11	2	0	0	0	26	2.200ª	2	.333
Do you have more difficulty making friends because of your visual impairment?	0	2	5	6	0	12	1	0	0	0	26	23.333ª	3	*.000
Do you feel uncomfortable if someone asks you something about your eyes?	7	2	3	1	0	12	1	0	0	0	26	5.649^a	3	.130
Do you feel that people avoid looking at you because of your ocular impairment?	10	3	0	0	0	0	12	1	0	0	26	1.182^a	1	.277
Does this ocular pathology hinder your vision?	4	4	4	1	0	13	0	0	0	0	26	13.765^a	3	*.003
Do you have difficulty reading due to your pathology?	1	7	3	1	1	12	1	0	0	0	26	18.808^a	4	*.001
Do you feel more stressed (anxious) because of your pathology?	7	3	3	0	0	0	13	0	0	0	26	7.800^a	2	*.020
Do you have difficulty with depth perception (calculating the distance of objects)?	7	2	1	1	1	2	13	0	0	0	26	7.800^a	4	.099
Do you notice that you have ocular pathology (vision loss, tired eyes)?	6	3	2	2	0	12	1	0	1	0	26	7.000^a	3	.072
Do you have to close one of your eyes to read?	5	4	2	1	1	13	2	0	0	0	26	6.917^a	4	.140
Do you have diplopia (double vision)?	5	4	1	1	2	13	0	0	0	0	26	11.556^a	4	*.021
Are you experiencing eye fatigue due to ocular pathology or abnormality?	5	4	3	0	1	13	0	0	0	0	26	11.556^a	3	*.009
Do you think about your ocular pathology so often that it impairs your ability to concentrate?	8	2	1	1	1	13	0	0	0	0	26	6.190^a	4	.185

Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública. Av. dr. Arnaldo, 715, Prédio da Biblioteca, 2º andar sala 2, 01246-904 São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7880 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: saudesoc@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: Maria Teresa del Álamo-Martín - Paseo de Belén, 1, Valladolid, España. 47011.