Exclusive breastfeeding among people in prison: an intersectional and abolitionist approach to analyzing scientific production in Brazil from 2000 to 2022

Santos, Beatriz Oliveira; Tarrão, Melissa Yasmin Alves; Olivar, José Miguel Nieto; Lourenço, Bárbara Hatzlhoffer

doi:10.1590/S0104-12902024230657en

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Original articles • Saude soc. 33 (1) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902024230657en copy

Exclusive breastfeeding among people in prison: an intersectional and abolitionist approach to analyzing scientific production in Brazil from 2000 to 2022¹ 1 This work received funding from the Scientific Initiation Program of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, through a scholarship granted to Santos in the period 2020-2021; and by a scientific initiation scholarship from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2022/12541-5), linked to the “Cosmopolitics of Care at the End-of-the-World” project (FAPESP 2021/06897-9).

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In Brazil, there has been an uncontrolled increase in incarceration of women, and this situation is not interrupted during periods of pregnancy or lactation. A scoping review was carried out to systematically map and synthesize evidence published since 2000 on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among imprisoned people in Brazil. Intersectionality and penal abolitionism were the theoretical-methodological approaches used to analyze the studies. A total of 25 studies were selected, 90% of which were published from 2010 to 2020. In the context of maternal and child health, they mainly exposed the difficulties of maintaining EBF in prison, including the lack of definition of a minimum period of stay for the baby, the lack of professional guidance for the practice of EBF, and the inadequate structure of prison units. In the area of law, the studies reported tensions between the disciplinary order and children’s irreducible human right to food. The studies focused the investigation on the mothers’ experiences, but did not question the practical and historical forms of imprisonment, especially regarding Black, female, and poor bodies. Critical and propositional approaches are necessary to produce evidence toward the guarantee of rights to health and food.

Keywords:
Breastfeeding; Prisons; Maternal and Child Health; Brazil

Authors	Place/context of realization	Research question/objective of the study	Methodological approach and participant characterization	Main findings
Diuana, Corrêa e Ventura (2017DIUANA, V.; CORRÊA, M. C. D. V.; VENTURA, M. Mulheres nas prisões brasileiras: tensões entre a ordem disciplinar punitiva e as prescrições da maternidade. Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 27, n. 3, p. 727-747, 2017. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-73312017000300018 https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-7331201700... )	Regional prison in a city in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.	Elucidate the repercussions of women’s imprisonment in the context of motherhood and interpersonal relationships, established before and during the sentence.	Qualitative cross-sectional exploratory research, with data collected through 13 individual semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. 15 participants imprisoned in a closed regime were included, aged 20-57 years and with education predominantly equivalent to incomplete primary education.	- Weaning identified as a practice of renouncing motherhood;
				- Some of the participants chose not to breastfeed so that their child would not suffer, while others suffered from weaning because breastfeeding was a bond with the baby. Both justifications are related to the perception of punishment and control practices in the penitentiary.
Fochi et al. (2017FOCHI, M. C. S. et al. Vivências de gestantes em situação de prisão. Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem, Goiânia, v. 19, a57, 2017. DOI: 10.5216/ree.v19.46647 https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v19.46647... )	Women’s penitentiary in the interior of the state of São Paulo.	Understand the experiences of pregnant women in prison.	Qualitative and descriptive study, with a period of “acculturation,” for contact with health professionals and leaders of the institution and organization of a lecture cycle. Use of the content analysis technique based on psycho-emotional approaches. 14 pregnant inmates were included, who were on average 25 years old and had two children.	- The analysis with a psycho-emotional approach identified the following categories of experiences: search for self-protection, feelings of guilt and construction of a new identity;
				- Lack of quality food for the mother to be able to breastfeed the baby;
				- Fear and pain when knowing that they will only be able to keep the baby for the first six months to breastfeed;
				- Motherhood and breastfeeding as a mechanism of pain and also of building a new identity.
Rios & Silva (2010RIOS, G. S.; SILVA, A. L. Amamentação em presídio: estudo das condições e práticas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Saúde, São Paulo, v. 12, n. 3, p. 293-299, 2010.)	Hospital care center for imprisoned women, in the city of São Paulo.	To analyze the breastfeeding process in a prison in the state of São Paulo.	Qualitative research, carrying out semi-structured interviews analyzed according to thematic content. 20 exclusively breastfeeding mothers and three professionals involved in the practice of breastfeeding promotion were included.	- Breastfeeding in women’s prisons is a reality, but there are obstacles to complying with what is stipulated by legislation;
				- Exclusive breastfeeding was reported up to 4 months, followed by compulsory withdrawal;
				- Mothers recognize the importance of milk for their babies and recognize breastfeeding as a divine and special state, but complain about the allowed breastfeeding time and the separation, which generate discomfort and suffering;
				- The hospital care center for imprisoned women faces obstacles in complying with the recommendations, due to a lack of integration between the Health and Public Security Departments to preserve the child’s rights, regardless of the condition of imprisonment.
Pícoli et al. (2014PÍCOLI, R. P. et al. Gestação e puerpério no cárcere: estudo descritivo da atenção à saúde. Revista Baiana Saúde Pública, Salvador, v. 38, n. 3, p. 67-82, 2014. DOI: 10.5327/z0100-0233-2014380100013 https://doi.org/10.5327/z0100-0233-20143... )	Women’s Prison Irmã Irma Zorzi, (Agepen - MS), in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul.	Describe the sociodemographic characteristics, criminal history, and prenatal and postpartum care of female inmates.	Cross-sectional descriptive study, with data collected in a structured questionnaire during individual interviews conducted in a prison room, from May to August 2011. 12 women were included (nine pregnant women and three postpartum women). The participants reported being mixed race (n=8), with the majority being single and with incomplete primary education.	- The participants reported having received prenatal and postpartum consultations, but were not instructed on breast care during breastfeeding and the newborn;
				- Actions to promote and manage breastfeeding in the pregnancy and puerperal cycle face challenges in their implementation, although recommended by the Ministry of Health.
Oliveira et al. (2015OLIVEIRA, L.V.; MIRANDA, F. A. N.; COSTA, G. M. C. Vivência da maternidade para presidiárias. Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem , Goiânia, v. 17, n. 2, p. 360-369, 2015. Universidade Federal de Goiás. DOI: 10.5216/ree.v17i2.29784 https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v17i2.29784... )	Paraíba State Penitentiary System, from July to December 2012.	Understand the experience of motherhood for prisoners.	Exploratory-descriptive study, with questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, in a physical space supervised directly by a prison officer. Content analysis was carried out. 21 women in a closed regime were included, sharing prison with a child or with a previous history of sharing, the majority aged between 18 and 25 years old, single and with incomplete primary education, a history of alcohol and/or other drug use and imprisoned for drug trafficking, with provisional legal status.	- Report of exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive care for the baby made possible by the prison situation as a means of strengthening the mother’s relationship with her child;
				- Great fear, suffering, and anguish regarding the period of separation of the mother-baby binomial and the end of the breastfeeding period;
				- Family abandonment gives rise to a feeling of helplessness for women, and when they are mothers, suffering and insecurity are heightened due to the lack of family support to take care of their children while they serve their sentence.
Santos et al. (2018SANTOS, R. M. A. et al. Diagnósticos de enfermagem de mães encarceradas. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, São Paulo, v. 52, e03338, 2018. DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2017024503338.7 https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220x201702... )	Recife Women’s Penal Colony (CPFR), in March 2014, in Recife, Pernambuco.	Identify the nursing diagnoses (ND) presented by nursing mothers deprived of liberty.	Quantitative, descriptive study, with data collected in a structured instrument. Clinical evidence was grouped and identified according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association I (NANDA-I) taxonomy. 18 women were included, mostly aged 19 to 21 years old, self-declared mixed race, with incomplete primary education, and imprisoned due to drug trafficking.	- All nursing mothers presented the following NDs: risk of impaired mother-child bond, ineffective sexuality pattern, poor knowledge about breastfeeding and poor recreational activity;
				- The imminent separation experienced by nursing mothers, in addition to the announced risk of interrupted breastfeeding, translates into the breaking of the bond between mother and child;
				- Risk factors found in the breastfeeding process refer to the inability or inconvenience of placing the child at the breast for breastfeeding and the need to wean the baby suddenly.
Guimarães et al. (2018GUIMARÃES, M. L. et al. Promoção do aleitamento materno no sistema prisional a partir da percepção de nutrizes encarceradas. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem, Florianópolis, v. 27, n. 4, e3030017, 2018. DOI: 10.1590/0104-07072018003030017 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018003... )	Prison unit located in Recife (PE).	Unveil the promotion of breastfeeding in the prison system based on the perception of incarcerated nursing mothers.	Qualitative study with semi-structured interviews, conducted by guiding questions, and analysis guided by the Collective Subject Discourse technique and conceptual framework support from Imogene King’s Goal Achievement Theory (perception, interpersonal relationships, and organization). 14 nursing mothers aged 19 to 29 years old were included, most of them single and imprisoned for drug trafficking, still awaiting trial.	- The promotion of breastfeeding focused on the child’s health;
				- Conflicting interaction with health professionals thanks to the approach centered on the biomedical model and harmonious and trusting relationship with the psychosocial sector;
				- Goals and rules trigger an increase in stress in nursing mothers, interfering with their perception, and hindering their social interaction;
				- The authority exercised by the prison system reduces the decision-making power of nursing mothers, which may lead to an increase in resistance to the implementation of strategies to promote breastfeeding.
Cavalcanti et al. (2018CAVALCANTI, A. L. et al. Born in Chains: perceptions of Brazilian mothers deprived of freedom about breastfeeding. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, João Pessoa, v. 18, n. 1, 2018. DOI: 10.4034/pboci.2018.181.69 https://doi.org/10.4034/pboci.2018.181.6... )	Four prison units located in the state of Paraíba, 2015.	To analyze the perception of breastfeeding people deprived of liberty about breastfeeding.	Cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample of prisoners who were breastfeeding and collection of data on prenatal care, breastfeeding, and sucking habits. 13 women were included, mainly aged 19 to 23, without a partner, with low schooling and other children.	- 90% of mothers participated in educational activities about breastfeeding, with nurses being the health professionals who provided this guidance (66.6%);
				- Only 69.2% of mothers reported breastfeeding, with the period of exclusive breastfeeding being a maximum of 2 months for 33.3% and 1 month for 66.7%;
				- 15.4% of mothers reported nighttime breastfeeding for the child sleep;
				- All the mothers complement breastfeeding.
Mariano e Silva (2018MARIANO, G. J. S.; SILVA, I. A. Significando o amamentar na prisão. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem , Florianópolis, v. 27, n. 4, e0590017, 2018. DOI: 10.1590/0104-07072018000590017 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018000... )	Six penitentiaries in the state of São Paulo, between February 2014 and May 2016.	Understand the meanings of the breastfeeding experience attributed by women deprived of their liberty.	Qualitative research, with comparative data analysis and symbolic interactionism as a theoretical framework. Interviews carried out by appointment and with the permission of the prisons. 27 nursing mothers and three pregnant women were included. There was no characterization of the interviewees.	- Breastfeeding identified as a form of protection for nursing mothers and children, with a feeling of self-worth and acceptance, allowing the perception of full capacity and completeness in carrying out the maternal role;
				- Concrete beginning of the separation process perceived with the need for weaning, determined by the institution, with a feeling of submission to the rules of the prison system and symbolic distance;
				- Despite the difficulties, breastfeeding allowed dedication, care, and love for the child, making it worth it for both parties.
Silva et al., (2011SILVA, E. F.; LUZ, A. M. H.; CECCHETTO, F. H. Maternidade atrás das grades. Enfermagem em Foco, Brasília, DF , v. 2, n. 1, p. 33-37, 2011. DOI: 10.21675/2357-707x.2011.v2.n1.71 https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707x.2011.... )	Nursery Gallery of the Madre Pelletier Women’s Penitentiary (PFMP), Porto Alegre (RS).	Understand the experiences of motherhood in prison and maternal and child health conditions in the prison system.	Qualitative, exploratory research, with semi-structured interviews conducted in the prison facilities from January to February 2010, at scheduled times, and thematic content analysis. Eight participants between 19 and 33 years old and an average of seven years of schooling were included, four of whom single.	- Concerns about breastfeeding due to the recognition that it is a protective source of health conditions, but in an environment that is not conducive to the baby’s growth and development, and with fear that their children will become ill;
				- Difficulties related to lactation and lack of specialized support to overcome problems, resources and family support for child health care;
				- Institution employees indicate that it is often in prison that, for the first time, these women take care of their child with attention, hygiene, and affection, truly feeling like mothers.
Oliveira (2011OLIVEIRA, V. S. Presidiária do Amapá: percepção sobre a importância de amamentar. Estação Científica (Unifap), Macapá, v. 1, n. 2, p. 127-141, 2011.)	Amapá Women’s Penitentiary Complex.	Analyze the perception of female inmates about the importance of experiencing the practice of breastfeeding, identifying the meanings involved.	A qualitative and descriptive study, with individual semi-structured interviews, explored through content analysis. 14 female inmates aged between 22 and 35, with low schooling, single or in a common-law marriage were included.	- Women report not being in an environment that motivates them to breastfeed, which can directly interfere with the success of breastfeeding;
				- Breastfeeding was presented in an ambiguous way, with statements that milk supports the child in addition to the need to supplement it with water, tea or others;
				- Absence of health professionals to assist in the breastfeeding process, showing that the information to which the inmates had access was not passed on by the institution.
Stella et al. (2016STELLA, C.; SEQUEIRA, V. C.; ROSA, T. L. Mothers and babies in a Brazilian prison: a study exploring the impact of prison conditions. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, Oklahoma, v. 2, n. 3, p. 104-110, 2016. DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2016.02.0005 https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2016.02.0... )	Women’s penitentiary in São Paulo.	Describe and analyze the only prison in the state of São Paulo that houses mothers and their babies.	Qualitative approach through systematic observations and interviews during weekly five-hour sessions, for six months, according to the desire and availability of the interviewees and without the presence of guards. Thematic analysis was performed. Eight incarcerated women aged 19 to 31 were included, the majority of whom were arrested for drug trafficking or robbery.	- Mothers complained a lot about the fact that there was not enough supply of industrialized milk by the State;
				- Penitentiary staff expressed the opinion that mothers who for any reason could not breastfeed their babies should not be in that particular unit;
				- Breastfeeding considered by the team from a medical point of view, without a socio-emotional approach, and as a requirement for mothers who adhered to this program.
Monteiro et al. (2011MONTEIRO, E. M. L. M. et al. Aleitamento materno no sistema penitenciário. Revista Enfermagem UFPE online, Recife, v. 5, n. 8, p. 1970-1978, 2011.)	Women’s penal colony located in Recife, opened in 1945, in the state of Pernambuco.	Identify the reaction of women prisoners to the confirmation of pregnancy, knowledge about breastfeeding and drug use, and describe perceptions about breastfeeding in conditions of deprivation of liberty.	Qualitative approach with a script for characterization and open questions, with data collection between January and February 2008 and analysis using the collective subject’s discourse. 13 women were included, eight pregnant women and five nursing mothers, the majority aged 18 to 28 years old and with low schooling.	- Knowledge about breastfeeding may be intertwined with their previous experience;
				- Reports of joy, satisfaction, high maternal self-esteem with breastfeeding experiences;
				- Re-educated women who did not breastfeed their children reported regret and incapacity;
				- Conflicting feelings between the desire to be close to their children, because they find a safe haven in them, and the desire to protect them from the difficulties and insecurities of prison, represented as a cold, gray, dark place, covered in cruelty and fear;
				- Cellmate relationships with solidarity and support, but there may be a risk to the baby’s physical integrity in moments of exacerbation and disagreements, and in an overcrowded environment, with restrictions on occupational activities and precarious hygiene conditions.
Araújo et al. (2014ARAÚJO, A. N. V. de et al. Percepção de mães presidiárias sobre os motivos que dificultam a vivência do binômio. Revista Enfermagem Contemporânea, Salvador, v. 3, n. 2, 2014. DOI: 10.17267/2317-3378rec.v3i2.411 https://doi.org/10.17267/2317-3378rec.v3... )	Women’s Penal Complex of Bahia.	To analyze the perception of female prisoners about the breastfeeding process.	Qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews. Eight women who were in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle and who went through the breastfeeding process in the prison were included.	- Manifestations of feelings of love, affection, and recognition of the importance of the baby being breastfed, despite the difficulties caused by prison;
				- Breastfeeding is understood as a supreme and special state;
				- In relation to guidance on pregnancy and breastfeeding, there was conflict over whether or not the guidance given by health professionals was known.
Freire (2017FREIRE, G. O. B. Cárcere e maternidade: o desafio de conciliar custódia e amamentação. 2017. 114 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Segurança Pública) - Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 2017.)	Maternal and Child Unit of the Women’s Recovery Center of Ananindeua (PA).	Analyze the guarantee of the right to breastfeeding, based on National and International Legislation and Conventions, and know its importance for incarcerated women.	Quantitative and qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews carried out on two visits in March 2017, with content analysis. Seven participants aged 19 to 26 and self-declared Black or mixed race were included, most of whom had committed drug trafficking.	- Breastfeeding mentioned and related to the meanings of importance and motivation;
				- The majority of participants related the importance of breastfeeding to the child’s physical and mental health, highlighting the nutritional aspect of breast milk and highlighting the feeling of satisfaction regarding breastfeeding within prison.
Santos et al. (2022bSANTOS, M. V. et al. O valor vital do aleitamento materno para mulheres custodiadas. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem , Florianópolis, v. 31, e20210455, 2022b.)	Female prison unit, specifically for women to breastfeed their babies (Maternal and Child Unit - UMI), in the state of Rio de Janeiro.	Understand the perceptions of the values of breastfeeding for breastfeeding women in custody by the criminal system.	Descriptive-exploratory research, with a qualitative phenomenological approach, based on the axiological dimension of Schelerian thought. Seven participants aged 20 to 35, self-declared as mixed race and Black, with low schooling and family income were included. The majority reported having partners and being imprisoned due to trafficking, without a trial yet.	- Guidance on breastfeeding provided within UMI, by health professionals and nurses;
				- Two participants reported not having received guidance;
				- Under “bonding value as a process of expanding breastfeeding,” there was a perception from the first feeding, with a pleasant sensation and a good relationship with health professionals. Conflicting feelings between expanding the bond, with breastfeeding being a tool for well-being, and the weight of being the baby’s only reference, with feelings of insecurity, tiredness, and anxiety;
				- Under “breastfeeding as a value of safety and protection for the baby,” there was recognition of the safety value of breastfeeding for the baby, despite obstacles to women’s physical health. Milk has biological protection value for the baby’s health in the prison system, thus being an instrument of protection and doubt for women.
Santos et al. (2022cSANTOS, M. V. et al. Breastfeeding booklet in prison institutions: initiative for promotion, protection and support. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, Brasília, DF , v. 75, n. sup. 2, e20210214, 2022c.)	Institutions that received the booklet in the states: SC (1), MT (2), SP (1), PR (1), BA (1), SE (1), RS (1), ES (2), DF ( 1) and RJ (2).	Understand the use of the booklet “Breastfeeding in prison in times of COVID-19” by those who work with pregnant and breastfeeding women deprived of liberty.	Descriptive and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach. 13 participants, five of whom directors (managers) of prison units and eight health professionals (seven nurses and one from social services) were included.	- Professionals reported educational material as a strengthening tool for promoting breastfeeding in prison, by valuing women and disseminating information to family members, alleviating the anxieties of breastfeeding women;
				- Professionals expressed interest in the esteem and attention to inmates, stating that the booklet favored the perspective of attention to the needs of this specific public;
				- Clarifications of the material made it possible to guarantee the right to breastfeeding, being a relevant strategy for confronting the pandemic and a strengthening instrument promoting breastfeeding in prison in times of COVID-19.
Medeiros et al., (2020MEDEIROS, A. N. et al. Aleitamento materno no sistema penitenciário: sentimentos da lactante. Revista Ciência Plural, Natal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 18-31, 2020. DOI: 10.21680/2446-7286.2020v6n1ID18255 https://doi.org/10.21680/2446-7286.2020v... )	Women’s Penal Colony Bom Pastor (CPFBP), Recife (PE).	Understand the feelings of breastfeeding women in prison about breastfeeding.	Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive research, using thematic content analysis. Eight participants between 21 and 32 years old were included, the majority of whom were single, had low schooling and had other children. The period of incarceration varied from eight months to more than three years.	- Knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding for disease prevention, with reports on biological aspects of the composition of breast milk and its influence on the infant’s health;
				- Discourses transmitted by cultural values, based on experiences in relation to mothers and grandmothers;
				- Breastfeeding associated with the possibility of fulfilling the expected role of mother, with a feeling of obligation, or instinctively, as a way of mutual compensation between mother and baby;
				- Contexts of early weaning and the process of separation from children, with a dichotomy of positive feelings (desire and pleasure in breastfeeding and transmitting love) and negative feelings (inclination not to breastfeed for fear of suffering);
				- There was no consensus on the intramural experience regarding the impacts of prison on breastfeeding, with indifference and feelings of regret (lack of family support and breastfeeding management provided by the prison environment).
Ferreira et al. (2021FERREIRA, A. C. R. et al. Cuidados maternos em ambiente penal: representação por meio de desenho-estória. Revista Enfermagem UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 29, n. 1, e51211, 2021. DOI: 10.12957/reuerj.2021.51211 https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2021.512... )	Women’s Penal Institute (IPF) Aquiraz (CE).	Understand maternal feelings in relation to caring for their child within the penal unit.	Exploratory study with a qualitative approach, using the Story-Drawing technique so that women could represent caring for their children. 17 participants were included (four pregnant women and 13 with children in the nursery), aged 20 to 29 years, with low education, mostly mixed race and with more than one child.	- All inmates in the unit breastfed, but breastfeeding was represented only once in the drawings. One case of cross-nursing was observed.
	Women’s Penal Institute (IPF) Aquiraz (CE).			- Breastfeeding care was represented by inmates in the child’s relationship in a prison environment.

Authors	Place/context of realization	Research question/objective of the study	Methodological approach and characterization of participants	Main findings
Simas et al. (2015SIMAS, L. et al. A jurisprudência brasileira acerca da maternidade na prisão. Revista Direito GV, São Paulo, v.11, n.2, p.547-572, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/1808-2432201524 https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-2432201524... )	Databases of the STF, STJ, and courts of justice in Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, and Mato Grosso, from 2002 to 2012.	Critically analyze decisions involving women prisoners and their children born in prison.	Sectional study with analysis of local case law for a comparative approach in the state Courts of Justice. Official positions of second instance magistrates and Superior Courts were systematized, with contributions from law, social sciences, public health, and criminology. 122 documents were selected.	- Court rulings have moved towards reaffirming the discourse of security and maintenance of order in the face of the child’s unavailable and inalienable right to food, including the practice of breastfeeding, to health and to living with their mother.
Nunes, Deslandes and Jannotti (2020NUNES, L. R. C.; DESLANDES, S. F.; JANNOTTI, C. B. Narrativas sobre as práticas de maternagem na prisão: a encruzilhada da ordem discursiva prisional e da ordem discursiva do cuidado. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 12, e00215719, 2020. DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00215719 https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x0021571... )	Maternal and Child Unit of the Gericinó Penitentiary Complex, Rio de Janeiro.	Analyze the exercise of maternal care practices in prison.	Qualitative study with narrative analysis, based on interviews carried out between March and July 2018, including two women who experienced motherhood during the period of imprisonment (open regime and semi-open regime) and four NGO professionals, who worked with women who had babies during their imprisonment.	- Prison standards and care standards are tensioned and converge in a dynamic that seeks to benefit the baby, but without ceasing to punish the woman, reaffirming gender morality;
				- Reprimand for women who offer bottles due to exhaustion with breastfeeding;
				- Early introduction of food motivated by the moment of separation of mother and baby and breakdown of the relationship;
				- Tension between WHO and MS recommendations and the judicially established separation of mother and baby.
Diuana et al. (2016DIUANA, V. et al. Direitos reprodutivos das mulheres no sistema penitenciário: tensões e desafios na transformação da realidade. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 21, n. 7, p. 2041-2050, 2016. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015217.216 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015217... )	Prison units that housed mothers living with their children located in capitals and metropolitan regions (24 states and FD).	Identify and discuss violations and challenges to the realization of the reproductive rights of women deprived of liberty, with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive health.	Survey of the main national and international legislation on the reproductive rights of women deprived of liberty. Profile interviewed: pregnant women and women whose children were with them in prison (n=22) and professionals who work in the context of criminal execution (n=19), whose practices interfere with the experience of pregnancy and the exercise of motherhood in this context.	- The ban or restriction on monitoring children in hospital constitutes serious violence committed against mother and child in the context of healthcare;
				- Violation of the child’s right to family protection, simultaneously with a moral violation by preventing the mother from breastfeeding, caring, being informed and providing information to the health team at a time of great anxiety.
Santa Rita (2006SANTA RITA, R. P. Mães e crianças atrás das grades: em questão o princípio de dignidade da pessoa humana. 2006. 162 f. Tese (Mestrado em Política Social) - Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2006.)	Rio Grande do Sul (daycare), São Paulo (traffic and breastfeeding) and Rio de Janeiro (maternal and child unit).	Analyze institutional actions related to a particular situation experienced by women prisoners with children in the criminal execution space.	Documentary analysis of legislation and review of specialized literature to build a historical-conceptual reference framework; data collection from the State Secretariats, which manage the local penitentiary system; and semi-structured interviews with women prisoners in prison units in Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. 10 participants were included, whose majority were between 20 and 28 years old, single, with low schooling and in a situation of incarceration for drug trafficking.	- The criterion for a child’s stay in the prison unit or in female wards or cells refers to the period of breastfeeding, and may be linked to the unilateral decision of the prison administration, whether or not it stipulates a time limit;
				- The Federal Constitution and the Criminal Execution Law do not define a minimum period for the child to remain with the mother who is serving a prison sentence, they only mention the right to breastfeeding;
				- Assistance Center for Imprisoned Women in the State of São Paulo, with length of stay with the mother of 4 months, is considered the most limited;
				- Opinion of women prisoners about the “ideal” length of stay with the baby reflects the period pre-established by the institution (RJ: 6 months, SP: 4 months, RS: 3 years) of a policy of respect for diversity;
				- Testimonials convey the connection between the mother’s pain and the separation from her child.

Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública. Av. dr. Arnaldo, 715, Prédio da Biblioteca, 2º andar sala 2, 01246-904 São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7880 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: saudesoc@usp.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Correspondence Beatriz Oliveira Santos Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. CEP 01246-904.