Fracture Toughness and Charpy CVN Data for A36 Steel with Wet Welding

Méndez, Gerardo Terán; Colindres, Selene I. Capula; Velázquez, Julio Cesar; Herrera, Daniel Angeles; Santillán, Esther Torres; Bracarense, Alexandre Queiros

doi:10.1590/0104-9224/SI2203.04

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Technical Papers • Soldag. insp. 22 (3) • Sept 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/SI2203.04 copy

Fracture Toughness and Charpy CVN Data for A36 Steel with Wet Welding

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study presents K_IC data obtained from K_IC-CVN correlations from Charpy CVN values. For this study, T-welded connections were manufactured from ASTM A36 and E6013 electrodes in dry conditions. Then, a rectangular grinding at the weld toe was carried out and filled with wet welding. Charpy specimens were extracted to obtain CVN values. An exhaustive search through the literature of several authors was performed to collect experimental CVN data about wet welding being applied to A36 steel for comparison with CVN data obtained in this study. By using Charpy impact energy (CVN), K_IC values could be predicted by K_IC-CVN correlations. In addition, correlations were presented to obtain K_IC values in the lower shelf, transition temperature zones and different zones for the energy-temperature curve of A36 steel. Of these correlations, Barsom’s equation was adopted, because he applied the stress yield (σ_YS) of the material and it can be applied in all zones for the energy-temperature curve. The results revealed that CVN values are proportionate to K_IC, this data decreases as water depth increases. This took place because several discontinuities, such as, porosity, slag inclusion, non-metallic inclusion, cracking and microstructures are present in the wet welding.

Keywords:
Fracture Toughness (K_IC); Charpy impact energy (CVN); Wet welding; A36 Steel; Porosity

Applied current (Ampers)	Electrode studying angle (Degree)	Electrode diameter (mm)	Water depth (m)
160	60	2.4 and 3.2	50 and 70
190	55	2.4 and 3.2	100

Transition temperature region
Barsom and Rolfe [³³33 Barsom JM, Rolfe ST. ASTM STP 466 - impact testing of metals: correlations between KIC and Charpy V-notch test results in the transition-temperature range. West Conshohocken: ASTM; 1970. p. 281-302.]
$\frac{K_{I C}^{2}}{E} = 2 {(C V N)}^{3 / 2}$	$k s i \sqrt{i n}$ , ksi, ft-lb	40-250 ksi, 4-82 J
Marandet and Sanz [³⁴34 Marandet B, Sanz G. STP 631: evaluation of the toughness of the medium-strength by using elastic fracture mechanics and correlations between KIC and Charpy V-notch, Flaw Growth and Fracture. West Conshohocken: ASTM; 1977. p. 72-95.]
$K_{I C} = 19 {(C V N)}^{1 / 2}$	$M P a \sqrt{m}$ _, MPa, J	303-820MPa 43-118ksi
Sailor and Corten [⁷7 Sailors SH, Corten HT. Relations between material fracture toughness using fractures mechanics and transition temperature test. Fracture toughness. Proceeding of the 1971, National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics – Part II, STP 514, ASTM; 1972 August 31-September 2; Illinois, USA. Illinois: University of Illinois; 1972. p. 164-191.]
$\frac{K_{I C}^{2}}{E} = 8 {(C V N)}^{}$	$p s i \sqrt{i n}$ _{, CVN=ft-lbf E= psi}	268-923MPa 39-134 ksi
Lower shelf region
Robert and Newton [³¹31 Roberts R, Newton CC. Report on small-scale test correlations with KIC data. New York: Welding Research Council; 1984. (WRC Bulletin; 299)]
$K_{I C} = 8.47 {(C V N)}^{0.63}$	$M P a \sqrt{m}$ , J
INSTA [³²32 INSTA. Technical report: assessment of structures containing discontinuities. Stockholm: Materials Standards Institution; 1991.]
$K_{I C} = 12 \sqrt{C V N}$	$M P a \sqrt{m}$ , J
Different zones
Barsom and Rolfe [³³33 Barsom JM, Rolfe ST. ASTM STP 466 - impact testing of metals: correlations between KIC and Charpy V-notch test results in the transition-temperature range. West Conshohocken: ASTM; 1970. p. 281-302.]
$K_{I C} = R_{p 0,2} \sqrt{\frac{5}{R_{p 0,2}} (C V N - \frac{R_{p 0,2}}{20})}$	$k s i \sqrt{i n}$ , ksi, ft-lb

	Depth [m]	J [Joules]	σ_YS [MPa]
West et al. [²²22 West C, Mitchell G, Linberg E. Wet welding electrode evaluation for ship repair. Welding Journal. 1990;69(8):46-56.]	2	41.5	539.5
	10	40.5	531
Szelagoswki et al. [²³23 Szelagowsky P, Pachniuk I, Stuhff H. Wet welding for platform repair. Proceeding Second International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 1992 June 14-19; San Francisco, California, USA. San Francisco; 1992. p. 208-215.]	55	31	444
	61	17	415
Szelagoswki [²⁴24 Szelagowsky P. Wet welding as a serious repair procedure? Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. 1998;120(3):191-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829540... ]	6	33	572
	55	22	524
	101	14	448
Grubbs and Reynolds [²⁵25 Grubbs CE, Reynolds TJ. State of the art underwater wet welding. Houston: World Oil Magazine; 1998. p. 79-83.]	6	46	531
	10	37	510
	50	42	434
	99	39	407
Rowe et al. [²⁶26 Rowe MD, Liu S, Reynolds TJ. The effect of ferro-alloy additions and depth on the quality of underwater wet welds. Welding Journal. 2001;81(8):156S-166S.]	21	21	489
	43	18	448
	61	16	407
	91	13	406
Perez-Guerrero et al. [²⁷27 Perez-Guerrero F, Liu S. Smith, C., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E. Effect of nickel on toughness of underwater wet welds. OMAE. 2003;37261:1-6.]	50	20	483
Di Lorenzo et al. [³⁰30 Di Lorenzo RF, Soares WA, Bracarense AQ. Fracture toughness of ferritic steel underwater wet welding. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Structure Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 18); 2005 August 7-12; Beijing, China. Beijing: SMiRT 18; 2005. p. 1882-1895.]	19	39	--
	38	33	--
	58	25	--
Pessoa [²⁸28 Pessoa ECP. Estudo da variação da porosidade ao longo do cordão em soldas subaquática molhadas [doctor thesis]. Belo Horizonte: Federal University of Minas Gerais; 2007. ]	50	13	450
	100	12	425
Santo [²⁹29 Santos VR, Bracarense AQ, Pessoa ECP. Underwater welding consumables development. International studieshop on the state of the art science and reliability of underwater and inspection technology. In: International workshop on the state of the artc science and reliability of Underwater welding and inspection technology. 2010 November 17-19; Houston, Texas, USA. Houston; 2010, p. 172-197.]	0.5	45.6	511
Teran et al. [¹⁷17 Teran G, Capula-Colindres S, Angeles-Herrea A, Velazquez JC, Fernandez-Cueto MJ. Estimation of fracture toughness KIC from Charpy impact test data in T-welded connections repaired by grinding and wet welding. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2016;153:351-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.12.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.... ,¹⁸18 Teran G, Cuamatzi-Melendez R, Albiter A, Maldonado C, Bracarense AQ. Characterization of the mechanical properties and structural integrity of T-welded connections repaired by grinding and wet welding. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014;599:105-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01... ]	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	19.0	430
	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	19.7	372
	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	25.1	409
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	19.0	363
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	19.7	365
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	15.6	318
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	10.0	301
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	12.5	323
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	10.0	285
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	16.0	410
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	18.0	392
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	18.5	382
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	16.0	376
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	12.5	327
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	9.0	364
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	19.0	347
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	16.0	316
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth, & for Di Lorenzo, a temperature of 50 °C was chosen.	14.0	357

	Depth, [m]	Barsom-Rolfe´s equation, [³¹31 Roberts R, Newton CC. Report on small-scale test correlations with KIC data. New York: Welding Research Council; 1984. (WRC Bulletin; 299)]
	Depth, [m]	K_IC $[M P a \sqrt{m}]$
West et al. [²²22 West C, Mitchell G, Linberg E. Wet welding electrode evaluation for ship repair. Welding Journal. 1990;69(8):46-56.]	2	112
	10	110
Szelagoswki et al. [²³23 Szelagowsky P, Pachniuk I, Stuhff H. Wet welding for platform repair. Proceeding Second International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 1992 June 14-19; San Francisco, California, USA. San Francisco; 1992. p. 208-215.]	55	87
	61	59
Szelagoswki [²⁴24 Szelagowsky P. Wet welding as a serious repair procedure? Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. 1998;120(3):191-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829540... ]	6	100
	55	75
	101	53
Grubbs and Reynolds [²⁵25 Grubbs CE, Reynolds TJ. State of the art underwater wet welding. Houston: World Oil Magazine; 1998. p. 79-83.]	6	118
	10	102
	50	103
	99	96
Rowe et al. [²⁶26 Rowe MD, Liu S, Reynolds TJ. The effect of ferro-alloy additions and depth on the quality of underwater wet welds. Welding Journal. 2001;81(8):156S-166S.]	21	71
	43	63
	61	56
	91	49
Perez-Guerrero et al. [²⁷27 Perez-Guerrero F, Liu S. Smith, C., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E. Effect of nickel on toughness of underwater wet welds. OMAE. 2003;37261:1-6.]	50	69
Pessoa [²⁸28 Pessoa ECP. Estudo da variação da porosidade ao longo do cordão em soldas subaquática molhadas [doctor thesis]. Belo Horizonte: Federal University of Minas Gerais; 2007. ]	50	50
	100	46
Santos [²⁹29 Santos VR, Bracarense AQ, Pessoa ECP. Underwater welding consumables development. International studieshop on the state of the art science and reliability of underwater and inspection technology. In: International workshop on the state of the artc science and reliability of Underwater welding and inspection technology. 2010 November 17-19; Houston, Texas, USA. Houston; 2010, p. 172-197.]	0.5	116
Teran et al. [¹⁷17 Teran G, Capula-Colindres S, Angeles-Herrea A, Velazquez JC, Fernandez-Cueto MJ. Estimation of fracture toughness KIC from Charpy impact test data in T-welded connections repaired by grinding and wet welding. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2016;153:351-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.12.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.... ,¹⁸18 Teran G, Cuamatzi-Melendez R, Albiter A, Maldonado C, Bracarense AQ. Characterization of the mechanical properties and structural integrity of T-welded connections repaired by grinding and wet welding. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014;599:105-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01... ]	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	64.0
	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	62.0
	50^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	74.5
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	60.1
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	61.5
	70^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	50.5
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	36.9
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	44.0
	100^* * for 10 mm grinding depth.	36.3
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	39.7
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	59.7
	50⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	60.4
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	54.6
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	44.2
	70⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	35.6
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	59.0
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	51.2
	100⁺ + for 6 mm grinding depth.	49.1

	Depth [m]	J [Joules]	σ_YS [MPa]	K_IC
Minimum	50	9	285	35.6
Maximum	100	25.1	430	74.5
Mean	73.33	16.08	357.61	52.40
Standard Deviation	21.14	4.17	39.92	11.16

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[1] E-mails: gerardoteranm@gmail.com (GTM), selenecapula@gmail.com (SICC), jcva8008@yahoo.com (JCV), dangelesh0600@alumno.ipn.mx (DAH), esthersantillan@gmail.com (ETS), bracarense@ufmg.br (AQB)