Host status of different crops for Meloidogyne ethiopica control

Reação de diferentes culturas para controlar Meloidogyne ethiopica

RESEARCH ARTICLE ARTIGO

Host status of different crops for Meloidogyne ethiopica control

Reação de diferentes culturas para controlar Meloidogyne ethiopica

Edriana A. Lima^I; Jean K. Mattos^I; Antônio W. Moita^II; Rui Gomes Carneiro^III; Regina M.D.G. Carneiro^IV

^IDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Brasília, 79919-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil

^IIEMBRAPA Hortaliças, 70359-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil

^IIIInstituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR, 860001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

^IVEMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70849-979, Brasília, DF, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Two greenhouse experiments were carried out to characterize the resistance or susceptibility reactions of 52 species of plants to Meloidogyne ethiopica and their possible adverse effect on nematode population under greenhouse conditions. Tested plants with Reproduction Factor less than one (RF<1.0) were rated as non-hosts or resistant, including: peanut (Arachis hypogaea) 'Cavalo Vermelho', forage pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) 'IAPAR 43'and 'PPI 832', Crotalaria grantiana, C. apioclice, C. spectabilis, dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), castor bean (Ricinus communis) 'IAC 80', sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 'SARA', cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 'Espace 10' and 'Australian', black oat (Avena strigosa) 'IAPAR' 61', ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) 'Italian', forage radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) IPR116' and rye (Secale cereale) 'IPR 69'. The first 11 are summer plants and the last four winter plants. The other 37 species/cultivars tested were good hosts or susceptible. Some crop succession systems alternating summer and winter non-host plants are suggested for field experiments to validate these greenhouse results.

Keywords: antagonistic plants, crop rotation, nematode management, root-knot nematode.

RESUMO

Dois experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação, visando a caracterização de resistência ou suscetibilidade de 52 espécies vegetais a Meloidogyne ethiopica e os seus possíveis efeitos adversos sobre a população do nematóide, em condições de casa de vegetação. As plantas que apresentaram o Fator de Reprodução menor que um (FR<1,0), consideradas não hospedeiras ou resistentes foram: amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) 'Cavalo Vermelho', guandus (Cajanus cajan) 'IAPAR 43' e 'PPI 832', Crotalaria grantiana, C. apioclice, C. spectabilis, mucuna anã (Mucuna deeringiana), mamona (Ricinus communis) 'IAC 80', sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) 'SARA', caupi (Vigna unguiculata) 'Espace 10' e 'Australiano', aveia preta (Avena strigosa) 'IAPAR 61', azevém (Lolium multiflorum) 'Italiano', nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus ) 'IPR116' e centeio (Secale cereale) 'IPR 69'. As 11 primeiras são espécies de verão e as quatro últimas de inverno. As outras 37 espécies de plantas testadas foram boas hospedeiras ou susceptíveis (FR>1.0). Alguns sistemas de rotação de culturas alternando plantas de verão e de inverno não hospedeiras foram sugeridos para realização de experimentos a campo para validar os resultados de casa de vegetação.

Palavras chave: plantas antagônicas, rotação de culturas, manejo de nematóides, nematóide de galhas.

INTRODUCTION

Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead 1968 was described from a single egg mass culture on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) from the Mlalo region, Lushoto District, Tanga Province, Tanzania, where cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), was given as a host. At the same time, Whitehead (1968) studied specimens of this species sent from Zimbabwe and from South Africa. Later on, it was re-collected from the Mlalo region of Tanzania on bean (Vicia faba), black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cv. Capitata, pepper (Capsicum frutescens), potato (Solanum tuberosum), pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) (Whitehead, 1969). O'Bannon (1975) found M. ethiopica in two locations in Ethiopia on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), soybean (Glycine max), sisal (Agave sisalana) and the weeds Ageratum conyzoides, Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum. Carneiro et al. (2003) detected M. ethiopica in Brazil parasitizing kiwi plants (Actinidia deliciosa) in Rio Grande do Sul state, and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Casablanca, Chile. The species was re-described from this new material and compared with the type description and with another population from Kenya (Carneiro et al., 2004). Biochemically, the esterase phenotype E3 (Rm: 0.9, 1.15, 1.35) is species-specific and it is the most useful character for differentiating M. ethiopica from other root-knot nematode species (Carneiro et al., 2004).

Tomato cv. Rutgers, tobacco cv. NC95, pepper cv. California Wonder, watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) cv. Charleston Gray are good hosts, whereas cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Deltapine 61 and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Florunner are non-hosts, which makes M. ethiopica present the same reaction in differential host plants as M. incognita race 2 (Carneiro et al., 2004). Glasshouse tests with important crops for Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul state revealed that rice (Oryza sativa) cv. BR 410, soybean cv. Cristalina, peach (Prunus persica) cv. Capdebosq and grapevine (Vitis labrusca) cv. Niágara Rosa are good hosts, whereas wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. BR4, apple (Malus domestica) rootstocks cvs Maruba and M7, pear (Pyrus calleryana) rootstock, strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cvs Dover and Vila Nova, raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cv. Tupi, mulberry (Morus nigra) cv. Batu, blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) cv. Powderblue and grapevine (Vitis rupestris) cv. Rupestris du Lot are non-hosts (Carneiro et al., 2003). M. ethiopica was detected also on soybean in São Paulo state, and on tomato and yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia) in the Federal District, Brazil (Carneiro & Almeida, 2005). The species was probably introduced in Brazil through Chile, where it has caused serious economic problems to grapevine (Carneiro et al., 2007). Brazil has 67,800 ha of grapevine areas, located mainly in the South, Southeast and Northeast regions, which have brought in increasing amounts of foreign currency (Agrianual, 2004). The presence of this nematode in Brazil can represent a serious risk to local grapevine production. In Chile, control has been done exclusively with chemicals (Carneiro et al., 2007), which are often associated with environmental problems (Ferraz &Freitas, 2004).

Crop rotation with antagonistic resistant or non-host plants is an important and efficient method to control root-knot nematodes, allowing the use of nematicides to be kept to a minimum. It improves physical, chemical and biological conditions of soils, the control of weeds, pests and diseases and also brings additional benefits by avoiding exposure to climatic agents that cause soil erosion (Derpsch & Calegari, 1992). As no information is available about M. ethiopica control using management techniques, in this work we aimed to characterize the reaction of 52 crops in relation to M. ethiopica under greenhouse conditions. It is expected that our results may support future recommendation of crop succession schemes designed to provide effective control of the nematode without nematicide applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The summer and winter plant species/cultivars evaluated in greenhouse experiments are listed in Table 1. Seeds of each plant species were sown in 300 cm³ plastic pots containing a mixture of sterilized (120ºC) substrate (58.5% sand, 7% silt and 34.5% clay) and the seedlings were thinned to one per pot prior to nematode inoculation. Jatropha curcas was sown pre-germinated.

Nematode inoculum used in the experiment was originally collected from kiwi from Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul State, identified by esterase phenotype (Carneiro et al., 2003, 2004) and multiplied for 90 days on tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz. Eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) were extracted using the 0.5% Na OCl method (Boneti & Ferraz, 1981). A suspension (5mL) containing 5,000 eggs/J2 (initial nematode density, IP), was poured into 5 small 3.5-4.5 cm-deep holes surrounding the root system. Sixty days after plant inoculation, the roots were removed from the pots and carefully washed, weighed and colored (B- phloxin; 0.015mg/L) for 20min and rated for root galling and egg mass on a 0-5 scale (Taylor & Sasser, 1978). Eggs were then extracted with 1% NaOCl as described previously. Final number of eggs (FP) for each plant was calculated and the reproductive factor (RF = FP/IP) determined. Host suitability was designated as follows: RF > 1.0, good host or susceptible, RF < 1.0, poor host or resistant and RF = 0, immune (Oostenbrink, 1966). The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with 32 (summer plants) and 20 (winter plants) treatments, tomato plants used as controls and eight replications. Data were transformed in Log₁₀ (x+1) prior to analysis of variance and treatments were compared using Scott-Knott test (1974). The statistical analysis was used to differentiate the host status of different plants: immune, resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible.

RESULTS

Differences were observed among summer and winter plants to M. ethiopica evaluated in terms of root galling and egg mass index numbers (Tables 2 and 3). But galls and egg masses were not correlated on all good or poor hosts based on RF. Sometimes plants with RF > 1.00 showed no galls or egg masses. Then, the galling and egg-mass indexes were not a reliable indicator of nematode multiplication rates because the root symptoms caused by M. ethiopica on different plants were sometimes variable and difficulty to quantify. Based on these findings, the best variables are the number of eggs/g of roots and the reproductive factor (RF) (Tables 2 and 3).

Eleven of the 32 summer plants evaluated were poor hosts (resistant): Arachis hypogaea (peanut 'Cavalo Vermelho'), Cajanus cajan (forage pigeon pea 'PPI 832' and 'Dwarf' pigeon pea 'IAPAR 43'), Crotalaria apioclice, C. grantiana, C. spectabilis, Mucuna deeringiana ('Dwarf' velvet bean) and Vigna unguiculata ('Australian' and 'Espace 10'cowpeas). Ricinus communis (castor bean 'IAC 80') and Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum 'SARA') were considered non-hosts (immune) to M. ethiopica (RF =0.0) (Table 2). Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea), Crotalaria juncea, C. lanceolata, C. okoelvka (rattlepods), Dahlstedtia pentaphylla (timbó), Euchaena mexicana (teosinte grass), Glycine wightii (cooper), Mucuna aterrima ('Black' velvet bean) and Oryza sativa ('Pelotas' rice) were considered moderately resistant (Table 2).

Among 20 winter plants, only four were considered poor hosts (resistant): Avena strigosa (black oat 'IAPAR 61'), Lolium multiflorum ('Italian' ryegrass), Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus (forage radish 'IPR 116') and Secale cereale (rye 'IPR 69') (Table 3). Other four plants were considered to be moderately resistant: Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat 'IPR 92'), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Ornithopus compressus ('Yellow' serradella) and Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet 'ADR 500').

DISCUSSION

Since there is little reported research on non-host plants related to control of M. ethiopica in cropping sequences or crop rotation, the discussion was based on data about other root-knot nematode species and races. In this work, sorghum cv. SARA was immune to M. ethiopica. Similar results were observed by Carneiro et al. (1998) for M. javanica and M. incognita. In field conditions, Rodriguez-Kábana et al. (1991) observed that rotation of soybean with sorghum increased productivity and was effective in controlling various nematodes, among them M. arenaria. Castor bean was also immune to M. ethiopica. This plant was used as an organic amendment in some experiments, and it was effective in improving plant growth and reducing nematode population levels (Ritzinger & McSorley, 1998).

Crotalaria apioclice,C. grantiana and C. spectabilis were efficient to reduce M. ethiopica populations. Several research works using Crotalaria spp. (rattlepods) to control Meloidogyne spp. have been published (Ferraz & Freitas, 2004). C. grantiana is also resistant to M. incognita races 1, 2 and 4 (Silva & Carneiro, 1992). C. spectabilis was resistant to M. javanica, M. incognita (race 1, 2, 3, 4) and M. exigua (Asmus & Ferraz, 1988; Silva et al., 1990; Silva & Carneiro, 1992 and Inomoto et al., 2006).

Among the four Mucuna species tested in this work, only dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana) was a poor host of M. ethiopica. Similar results were observed for M. incognita (Resende et al., 1987) and M. arenaria (Ritzinger & McSorley, 1998). Velvet bean has a good antagonistic response, whether aerial parts were incorporated in the soil or not, due to release of toxic substances during decomposition (Moraes et al., 2006; Inomoto et al., 2006; Asmus & Ferraz, 1988). Without soil incorporation mass, green and black mucunas and velvet bean were not effective in controlling M. javanica and M. incognita (Resende et al., 1987; Asmus & Ferraz, 1988; Lopes et al., 2005).

Resistance to M. ethiopica was observed in both cultivars of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) tested, and similar results were observed for M. javanica and M. incognita races 1, 2 and 3 (Costa et al., 1998, Silva & Carneiro, 1992; Costa & Ferraz, 1990; Inomoto et al., 2006). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 'Australian' and 'Espace' were both resistant to M. ethiopica. The same results were observed in four major Meloidogyne species in cowpea 'Mississipi Silver' (Hare, 1967). The resistance in this cultivar was shown to be inherited as a single dominant gene. The same gene was also found in the cultivars Iron and Colossus (Fery & Dukes, 1980). Cowpea resistance to root knot may vary with the Meloidogyne species, race, and host cultivar (Swanson & Gundy, 1984). Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) 'Cavalo' was also a poor host of M. ethiopica. Peanut is resistant to several species of Meloidogyne and, when included in a crop rotation system, provides farmers with more revenue, as well as side-effects such as improvements in physical, chemical and biological soil conditions (Ferraz & Freitas, 2004).

Among winter plants, the forage turnip 'IPR'(Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus), black oat (Avena strigosa), 'Italian' ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and rye (Secale cereale) were resistant. Similar results were found with forage turnip for M. javanica and M. incognita (Carneiro et al., 1998). The black oat was resistant to M. incognita race 1 and 3 and M. paranaensis (Carneiro et al, 2006a). 'Italian' ryegrass were also resistant to race 1 and 3 of M. incognita, M. javanica and M. paranaensis (Carneiro et al., 2006b). Timper et al. (2006) concluded that rye was a poor host for M. incognita and when used as a cover crop did not increase root galling on cotton.

Considering the results obtained in these experiments, we can suggest field experiments, planting successions of different summer and winter plants: A. Mucuna deeringiana, Avena strigosa, Arachis hypogaea; B. Crotalaria spectabilis, Lolium multiflorum, Cajanus cajan 'PPI 832'; C. Vigna unguiculata, Secale cereale 'IPR 69', Cotralaria apioclice; D. Ricinus communis 'IAC 80', Raphanus sativus 'IPR 116', Crotalaria grantiana; E. Crotalaria grantiana, Secale cereale 'IPR 69', Cajanus cajan 'PPI 832'; F. Crotalaria grantiana, Lolium multiflorum, Mucuna deeringiana; G. Vigna unguiculata, Avena strigosa, Arachis hypogaea. These plant sequences should be adapted to different regions and areas where M. ethiopica is a major agricultural problem. Since different regions have different agronomic realities, field experiments should be undertaken to show how these successions will be established to maintain M. ethiopica below the threshold population in the field.

Received 26 June 2008

Accepted 8 May 2009

Author for correspondence: Regina M.D.G. Carneiro, e-mail: [e-mail]

TPP 8075

Associate Editor - invited: Vicente P. Campos

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  18 Sept 2009
• Date of issue
  June 2009

History

• Accepted
  08 May 2009
• Received
  26 June 2008