Father Involvement: Construction of a Theoretical Model Based on a Literature Review

Santis, Ligia de; Barham, Elizabeth Joan

doi:10.9788/TP2017.3-03Pt

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• Trends Psychol. 25 (3) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2017.3-03Pt copy

Father Involvement: Construction of a Theoretical Model Based on a Literature Review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

An ample body of scientific evidence exists, documenting the importance of the father-child relationship. The objective of this study was to develop a theoretical model of father involvement, organized according to the principles of Structural Equation Modeling, which require specification of the variables associated with the central construct, based on empirical data. In 2015, a systematic search was conducted in the databases APA PsycNET, Bireme, PEPSIC, Web of Science and IndexPsi Periódicos, using the descriptors "involvement" and "father", crossed with "measure", "scale", "tool" or "instrument", in both the English and Portuguese languages. There were no restrictions on the year of publication. In total, 39 complete texts were located, that included data on father involvement. The information in these texts was grouped into three categories: (a) dimensions of father involvement, (b) factors affecting father involvement and (c) impacts of father involvement on other variables. The model presented synthesizes the results of these studies, representing an advance in theory development in this area. This model increases the visibility of conceptual issues about father involvement and its correlates, and, following empirical testing, may contribute to the improvement of intervention programs for fathers.

Keywords:
Father involvement; theoretical model; development; wellbeing

Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia R. Florêncio de Abreu, 681/1005 - CEP 14015-060 / Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: comissaoeditorial@sbponline.org.br

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[1] * Mailing address: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Psicologia, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP, Brazil 13565-905. Phone: (16) 3351-8361. E-mail: ligiasantis@gmail.com

Reference	Country	Participants	Child'sage	Dimensions of father involvement that were evaluated
Wysocki & Gavin (2004)Wysocki, T., & Gavin, L. (2004). Psychometric properties of a new measure of fathers' involvement in the management of a pediatric chronic diseases. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29(3),231-241. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsh024 https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsh024...	USA	224 couples (father and mother) - child with a chronic disease	2 - 18years	Quantity of father involvement
Finley & Schwartz (2004)Finley, G. E., & Schwartz, S. J. (2004). The Father Involvement and Nurturant Fathering Scales: Retrospective measures for adolescent and adult children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64 (1),143-164. doi: 10.1177/0013164403258453 https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258453...	USA	2353 men and women	R^* * R = a retrospective study; participants described interactions they had with their parents, in the past.	Measure 1: Quality of father's affective involvement Measure 2: Emotional, social, and spiritual involvement; Financial, ethical responsible, and protective involvement; Guidance involvement
Gomez & Leal (2007)Gomez, R., & Leal, I. (2007). Vinculação parental durante a gravidez: versão Portuguesa da Forma Materna e Paterna da Antenatal Emotional Attachment Scale. Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças, 8(2),153-165. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.mec.pt/pdf/psd/v8n2/v8n2a01.pdf http://www.scielo.mec.pt/pdf/psd/v8n2/v8...	Portugal	105 fathers and 107 mothers, during pregnancy	G^ G =data were collected during the gestation of the child; the parents were expecting a child.	Prenatal attachment
Escribano, Aniorte, & Orgilés (2013)Escribano, S., Aniorte, J., & Orgilés, M. (2013). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) for children Psicothema, 25 (3),324-329.doi: 10.7334/psicothema2012.315 https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2012.3...	Spain	423 children	8 - 12years	Parental Involvement; Positive Parenting; Inconsistent Discipline; Poor Supervision
Dick (2004)Dick, G. L. (2004). The Fatherhood Scale Research on Social Work Practice, 14(2),80-92. doi: 10.1177/1049731503257863 https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731503257863...	USA	311 men	R^* * R = a retrospective study; participants described interactions they had with their parents, in the past.	Positive Engagement; Positive Emotional Responsiveness; Negative Engagement; Moral Father Role; Good Provider Role; Gender Role Model; Androgynous Role Model; Accessible Father; Responsible Father
Halme, Tarkka, Paavilainen, Nummi, & Âstedt-Kurki (2010)Halme, N., Tarkka, M. T., Paavilainen, E., Nummi, T., & Åstedt-Kurki, P. (2010). The design and development of the father-child instrument (FCI) for assessing the characteristics of fathers› availability and engagement with their preschool children American Journal of Men's Health, 4(2),145-156. doi: 10.1177/1557988309331825 https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988309331825...	Finland	1084 fathers	3 - 6 years	Shared activity of father and child; Enjoyment of engagement; Potential engagement; Daily confrontations related to engagement.
Ly & Goldberg (2014)Ly, A. R., & Goldberg, W. A. (2014). A new measure for fathers of children with developmental challenges Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(5),471-484. doi: 10.1111/jir.12044 https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12044...	USA	101 fathers of children with atypical development	2 - 17years	Avoidance; Involvement with child's therapeutic activities

Reference	Country	Participants	Child's age	Factors affecting father involvement
Silva & Aiello (2009)Silva, N. C. B., & Aiello, A. R. L. (2009). Análise descritiva do pai da criança com deficiência mental Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 26(4),493-503. doi: 10.1590/S0103-166X2009000400010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-166X200900...	Brazil	13 fathers, each with a mentally disabled child	2 - 4 years	Father: educational level
Brandão & Figueiredo (2012)Brandão, S., & Figueiredo, B. (2012). Fathers' emotional involvement with the neonate: Impact of the umbilical cord cutting experience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(12),2730-2739. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.05978.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012...	Portugal	105 fathers	0 - 1 month	Father: practical involvement at the time of the child's birth
Cia & Barham (2006)Cia, F., & Barham, E. J. (2006). Influências das condições de trabalho do pai sobre o relacionamento pai-filho Psico-USF, 11(2),257-264. doi: 10.1590/S1413-82712006000200014 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8271200600...	Brazil	58 fathers	10 - 14years	Father: number of hours and work period (work shift)
Warpechowski & Mosmann (2012)Warpechowski, A., & Mosmann, C. (2012). A experiência da paternidade frente à separação conjugal: sentimentos e percepções. Temas em Psicologia, 20(1),247-260. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/tp/v20n1/v20n1a18.pdf http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/tp/v20n1/v...	Brazil	3 divorced fathers	3 - 16years	Father: marital status
Broger & Zeni (2011)Broger, B., & Zeni, M. B. (2011). Fathers' coping mechanisms related to parenting a chronically Ill child: Implications for advanced practice nurses. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 25(2),96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.09.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.09....	USA	54 fathers of chronically ill children	Up to 21 years	Father: marital status, age, and educational level
Grzybowski & Wagner (2010)Grzybowski, L. S., & Wagner, A. (2010). O envolvimento parental após a separação/divórcio Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(2),289-298. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722010000200011 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-7972201000...	Brazil	234 fathers and mothers, following separation or divorce	6 - 12years	Father: cohabiting with the child, educational level, type of occupation Father-mother relationship: quality of the marital relationship
Habib & Lancaster (2010)Habib, C., & Lancaster, S. (2010). Changes in identity and paternal-foetal attachment across a first pregnancy Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28(2),128-142. doi: 10.1080/02646830903298723 https://doi.org/10.1080/0264683090329872...	Australia	78 fathers - expecting first child	G^* * G = data were collected during the gestation of the child; the parents were expecting a child.	Father: father's emotional involvement during the gestation period
Van Ee, Sleijpen, Kleber, & Jongmans (2013)Van Ee, E., Sleijpen, M., Kleber, R. J., & Jongmans, M. J. (2013). Father-involvement in a refugee sample: Relations between posttraumatic stress and caregiving. Family Process, 52,723-735. doi: 10.1111/famp.12045 https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12045...	Netherlands	80 fathers with posttraumatic stress	18 - 42 months	Father: mental health
Cauce, Conger, King, & Widaman (2011)Cauce, A. M., Conger, R. D., Cruz, R. A., King, K. M., & Widaman, K. F. (2011). Cultural influences on positive father involvement in two-parent Mexican-origin families Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5),731-740. doi: 10.1037/a0025128	USA	450 children of two-parent Mexican-origin families	5^th grade	Father: adherence to cultural norms
Shapiro, Krysik, & Pennar (2011)Shapiro, A. F., Krysik, J., & Pennar, A. L. (2011). Who are the fathers in healthy families in Arizona? An examination of father data in at-risk families American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(3),327-336. doi: 10.1111/j.19390025.2011.01101.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.19390025.2011....	USA	197 mothers whose families were at risk for child abuse	3 months	Father: capacity to deal with financial tasks
Waller & Bitler (2008)Waller, M. R., & Bitler, M. P. (2008). The link between couples' pregnancy intentions and behavior: Does it matter who is asked? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 40(4),194-201. doi: 10.1363/4019408 https://doi.org/10.1363/4019408...	USA	3103 unmarried, expecting fathers and mothers	Newborn	Father: abortion intention
Murray, Rosengard, Weitzen, Raker, & Phipps (2012)Murray, A. L., Rosengard, C., Weitzen, S., Raker, C. A., & Phipps, M. G. (2012). Demographic and relationship predictors of paternity establishment for infants born to adolescent mothers Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25,322-327. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.0...	USA	300 pregnant, teenage mothers (12-19 years old)	G^* * G = data were collected during the gestation of the child; the parents were expecting a child.	Father: support given to the mother during pregnancy, practical involvement at time of birth Mothers: sociodemographic characteristics
Falceto, Fernandes, Baratojo, & Giugliani (2008)Falceto, O. G., Fernandes, C. L., Baratojo, C., & Giugliani, E. R. J. (2008). Factors associated with father involvement in infant care Revista Saúde Pública, 42(6),1-6. doi: 10.1590/S003489102008000600009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S003489102008000...	Brazil	153 families	4 months	Mother: if she has paid work Father-mother relationship: quality of the marital relationship
Ehrenberg, Gearing-Small, Hunter, & Small (2001)Ehrenberg, M. F., Gearing-Small, M., Hunter, M. A., & Small, B. J. (2001). Childcare task division and shared parenting attitudes in dual-earner families with young children Family Relations, 50(2),143-153. doi: 10.1111/j.17413729.2001.00143.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17413729.2001....	Canada	58 dual-earner couples	Up to 9 years	Father-mother relationship: shared parenting
Formoso, Gonzales, Barrera, & Dumka (2007)Formoso, D., Gonzales, N. A., Barrera, M., Jr., & Dumka, L. E. (2007). Interparental relations, maternal employment, and fathering in Mexican-American families Journal of Marriage and the Family, 69,26-39. doi: 10.1111/j.17413737.2006.00341.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17413737.2006....	USA	115 Mexican American two-parent families	11 - 14years	Father-mother relationship: quality of the marital relationship; parenting alliance

Reference	Country	Participants	Child'sage	Outcomes of Father Involvement
Ramchandani et al. (2013)Ramchandani, P. G., Domoney, J., Sethna, V., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., & Murray, L. (2013). Do early father-infant interactions predict the onset of externalizing behaviors in young children? Findings from a longitudinal cohort study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1),56-64. doi: 10.1111/j.14697610.2012.02583.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14697610.2012....	UnitedKingdom	192 families	1 year	Child: externalizing behaviors
Cia, Barham, & Fontaine (2010)Cia, F., Barham, E. J., & Fontaine, A. M. G. V. (2010). Impactos de uma intervenção com pais: O desempenho acadêmico e comportamento das crianças na escola. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(3),533-543. doi: 10.1590/S010279722010000300014 https://doi.org/10.1590/S010279722010000...	Brazil	20 teachers,99 children (whose fathers participated in an intervention program)	8 years (average)	Child: externalizing and internalizing behaviors
Cia & Barham (2009)Cia, F., & Barham, E. J. (2009). O envolvimento paterno e o desenvolvimento social de crianças iniciando as atividades escolares Psicologia em Estudo, 14(1),67-74. doi: 10.1590/S141373722009000100009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S141373722009000...	Brazil	97 couples (father and mother) and 20 teachers	6 - 9 years	Child: hyperactivity, externalizing and internalizing behaviors
Bronte-Tinkew, Moore, Capps, & Zaff (2006)Bronte-Tinkew, J., Moore, K. A., Capps, R. C., & Zaff, J. (2006). The influence of father involvement on youth risk behaviors among adolescents: A comparison of native-born and immigrant families. Social Science Research, 35,181-209. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.08.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.200...	USA	7242 children (teenagers)	Up to 18years	Child: externalizing behaviors
Freeze, Burke, & Vorster (2014)Freeze, M. K., Burke, A., & Vorster, A. C. (2014). The role of parental style in conduct disorders: A comparison between adolescent boys with and without conduct disorders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1),63-73. doi: 10.2989/17280583.2013.865627 https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2013.86...	SouthAfrica	80 male children	14 - 18 years	Child: externalizing behaviors
Cia, Barham, & Fontaine (2012)Cia, F., Barham, E. J., & Fontaine, A. M. G. V. (2012). Desempenho acadêmico e autoconceito de escolares: Contribuições do envolvimento paterno. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 29(4),461-470. doi: 10.1590/S0103-166X2012000400001 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-166X201200...	Brazil	97 couples (father and mother)	6 - 9 years	Child: academic achievement, self-concept
Falco, Esposito, Venuti, & Bornstein (2008)Falco, S. de, Esposito, G., Venuti, P., & Bornstein, M. H. (2008). Fathers' play with their Down's syndrome children. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(6),490-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01052.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008...	Italy	19 children	35.3 months (average)	Child: emergence of symbolic behavior
Salonna et al. (2012)Salonna, F., Geckova, A. M., Zezula, I., Sleskova, M., Groothoff, J. W., Reijneveld, S. A., & van Dijk, J. P. (2012). Does social support mediate or moderate socioeconomic differences in self-rated health among adolescents? International Journal of Public Health, 57,609-617. doi: 10.1007/s00038-011-0300-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0300-...	Slovakia	1863 children	16.8years(average)	Child: overall health
Uji, Sakamoto, Adachi, & Kitamura (2014)Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2014). The impact of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles on children's later mental health in Japan: Focusing on parent and child gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23,293-302. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9740-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9740-...	Japan	1320 adults	R^* * R = a retrospective study; participants described interactions they had with their parents, in the past.	Child: depression, anxiety, symptoms of stress-related health problems, social functioning, psychological wellbeing
Formoso et al. (2007)Formoso, D., Gonzales, N. A., Barrera, M., Jr., & Dumka, L. E. (2007). Interparental relations, maternal employment, and fathering in Mexican-American families Journal of Marriage and the Family, 69,26-39. doi: 10.1111/j.17413737.2006.00341.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17413737.2006....	USA	115 Mexican American two-parent families	11 - 14 years	Child: mental health (depression), externalizing behaviors
Cerniglia, Cimino, & Ballarotto (2014)Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., & Ballarotto, G. (2014). Mother-child and father-child interaction with their 24-month-old children during feeding, considering paternal involvement and the child's temperament in a community sample Infant Mental Health Journal, 35(5),473-481. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21466 https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21466...	Italy	77 families	23 - 26 months	Child: quality of the father-child relationship during meals, when the father fed the child
Tessier et al. (2009)Tessier, R., Charpak, N., Giron, M., Cristo, M., Calume, Z. F., & Ruiz-Peláez, J. G. (2009). Kangoroo mother care, home environment and father involvement in the first year of life: A randomized controlled study. Acta Pædiatrica, 98,1444-1450. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01370.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009...	Colombia	338 families	1 year	Child: locomotor, social, speech, hearing and motor coordination development Family: environmental stimulation, social openness, and positivity of the mother-child interactions
Séjourné, Beaumé, Vaslot, & Chabrol (2012)Séjourné, N., Vaslot, V., Beaumé, M., Goutaudier, N., & Chabrol, H. (2012). The impact of paternity leave and paternal involvement in childcare on maternal postpartum depression Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 30(2),135-144. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2012.693155 https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2012.69...	France	51 couples (father and mother)	0 - 4 months	Mother: postpartum depression
Fagan & Lee (2010)Fagan, J., & Lee, Y. (2010). Perceptions and satisfaction with father involvement and adolescent mothers' postpartum depressive symptoms Journal on Youth and Adolescence, 39,1109-1121. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9444-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9444-...	USA	100 teenage mothers	0 - 3 months	Mother: postpartum depression
Séjourné, Vaslot, Beaumé, Goutaudier, & Chabrol (2012)Séjourné, N., Vaslot, V., Beaumé, M., Goutaudier, N., & Chabrol, H. (2012). The impact of paternity leave and paternal involvement in childcare on maternal postpartum depression Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 30(2),135-144. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2012.693155 https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2012.69...	France	119 couples (father and mother)	0 - 2 months	Mother: postpartum depression
Alexander, O'Riordan, & Furman (2010)Alexander, A., O'Riordan, M. A., & Furman, L. (2010). Do breastfeeding intentions of pregnant innercity teens and adult women differ Breastfeeding Medicine, 5(6),289-296. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2009.0083 https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2009.0083...	USA	176 low-income, pregnant couples	G^ G = data were collected during the gestation of the child; the parents were expecting a child.	Mother: intention and involvement in breastfeeding
Shapiro et al. (2011)Shapiro, A. F., Krysik, J., & Pennar, A. L. (2011). Who are the fathers in healthy families in Arizona? An examination of father data in at-risk families American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(3),327-336. doi: 10.1111/j.19390025.2011.01101.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.19390025.2011....	USA	197 mothers whose families were at risk for child abuse	3 months	Mother: sense of loneliness Family: prenatal care, cases of domestic violence, family income
Bonner, Hardy, Willard, & Hutchinson (2007)Bonner, M. J., Hardy, K. K., Willard, V. W., & Hutchinson, K. C. (2007). Brief report: Psychosocial functioning of fathers as primary caregivers of pediatric oncology patients. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(7),851-856. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm011 https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm011...	USA	23 fathers (primary caregivers of a child with a chronic illness)	9.5 years (average)	Father: psychological distress, depression
Frascarolo, Zaouche-Gaudron, & Favez (2005)Frascarolo, F., Zaouche-Gaudron, C., & Favez, N. (2005). Variations in fathers' discourse on fatherhood and in family alliances during infancy European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20(2),185-199. doi: 10.1007/BF03173507 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173507...	Switzerland	13 fathers (first child)	0 - 18 months	Family: family alliance