THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AMENDED AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY? AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

ABSTRACT Background Bariatric surgery has been an alternative when conservative methods of weight loss fail. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery have an increased risk of up to 6.5% of problems related to alcohol Objective: Integrative review out to analyze the change of alcohol consumption in this public Method: Database was accessed from June of 2015 to January of 2016 by searching "bariatric surgery" AND "alcoholism", and their Portuguese equivalents. ScienceDirect, PubMed, Lilacs and Medline, besides manual search, were searched. To be included, the paper should have been published between 2005-2016 and related to bariatric surgery and alcoholism. Theses, dissertations, unpublished papers, case reports and theoretical studies were excluded, and a database was subsequently composed Results: In 2005 there was only a review of change in alcohol metabolism in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. There were no publications in 2006. In 2007, only one study was published, and it did not meet the inclusion criteria. In 2010, there was an increase of 13% in publications and of 20% in 2012, reaching 40% in 2013 Conclusion: The prevalence and incidence of alcohol consumption in relation to the postoperative time was six months to three years with higher incidence for follow-up treatment by men. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass showed greater association with increased consumption of alcohol during the postoperative period. Alcohol consumption proved to be essential to be faced in bariatric surgery.


INTRODUCTION
A bout 3.4 million adult deaths annually with cases of obesity and the prevalence of adult obesity is 11% globally and 35% in the United States 1 In cases in which patients do not show positive responses to conventional weight loss attempts as diet, physical activity and drug therapy, surgery has been taken into account, more precisely the bariatric surgery (BS) 24 .
Aiming to better health conditions, and following strict standards to be performed, the BS has been an alternative and an effective treatment for morbid obesity, in cases that body mass index ≥40 kg/m 2 or ≥35 kg/m 2 4 with associated comorbidities, failure of well conducted conservative weight loss methods, and absence of alcohol consumption and psychiatric disorders 21 .
A situation to be observed before and after the surgery that calls more attention is the alcohol consumption in patients undergoing BS for weight loss 11,16 , which can increase the risk of developing problems related to alcohol abuse in up to 6.5% 26 .
Among the problems, can be highlighted the possibility of transferring compulsive eating to alcohol abuse 22,23 . The prevalence rates indicate an increase of 7.6-9.6% in 12 months after BS 15 . Studies also show that there is not the intent on correcting the problematic 2, 16 .
The use of alcohol prevents regular glycemic control5 and causes poisoning and changes with less dosage, compared to the period before the surgery 15 , being considered a challenge in the rehabilitation process 15 .
Considering this problematic for research, the need for an integrative review on alcohol consumption in patients undergoing BS come to light, with the following guiding questions: "Does the pattern of alcohol consumption change in patients undergone BS?"; "What do the investigations about this subject reveal?" The objective of this review was to summarize the scientific knowledge produced on the pattern of alcohol consumption in patients undergoing BS between the years 2005 to 2015.

METHOD
This is an integrative review 20 guided by the question of alcohol abuse among individuals who have undergone BS, inquiring about the change or not in the pattern of this substance use in this population. Therefore, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Lilacs and Medline were accessed.
The search in the databases was conducted between June and August 2015 simultaneously by two researchers. Was used the terminology adopted by Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), identifying the descriptors the English and Portuguese version "bariatric surgery" AND "alcoholism". Later, with the selected items, was proceeded with a manual search (hand-search) in their references.
The inclusion criteria for the selection of manuscripts were: results of research that addressed the theme, that is, the relationship between alcohol consumption in patients undergoing BS; field investigations, as original articles and short communication; publications between the years 2005 to 2016 in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Theses, dissertations, unpublished papers, case reports and theoretical studies were excluded, as well as manuscripts that were repeated in databases.
The studies were organized in Excel 2007 ® with records of information guided by the data collection instrument: title, author/year, journal, year of publication, objective, study design, population, level of evidence and main results and conclusions found.
The level of evidence was assigned according to the classification by study design in seven categories 24 : level 1, for systematic reviews and meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled clinical trials or derived from clinical guidelines based on systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials; level 2, for evidence derived from at least one randomized controlled clinical trial and well-designed; level 3, for evidence from well-designed clinical trials without randomization; level 4, for evidence of cohort studies and well-designed case-control; level 5, for evidence of systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies; level 6, for evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study; and level 7, for evidence from officials opinion and/or expert committees report 19 .
After this step, the observational analysis was carried out, with assessment of the main types of studies; and observation of the relationship between the alcohol consumption and the type of procedure performed.
A database was built with information about changes in the pattern of alcohol consumption and substance abuse in patients undergoing BS, in order to facilitate access to major developed research on this topic

RESULTS
In Pubmed were initially found 33 articles and after observational analysis were selected 10. The themes addressed by the articles were: characterization of the prevalence of alcohol consumption pre-and postoperative check with the independent predictors; description of the disorder phenotypes by alcohol abuse by the AUDIT and analysis of the relationship between the degree of weight loss the incidence of AUDIT.
In Science Direct were initially selected 53 articles and after observational analysis were selected four articles that met the requirements for this review. The issues addressed highlighted the verification of the change in alcohol metabolism after bypass; characterization of alcohol consumption pre-and postoperative follow-up for two years of surgery and determination of the associated factors and absorption of alcohol before and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
In the Lilacs and Medline were found respectively four and 15 articles, but they were in duplicate.
In the manual search two articles were selected. The themes were addressed to prospective evaluation on the relationship between the consumption of alcohol and smoking before and after bariatric surgery through the AUDIT, and analysis of the sensitivity of patients to alcohol consumption after surgery, as well as changes in the pattern of consumption during the postoperative.
In total were selected for this review 16 articles describing the title, objectives, level of evidence, instruments used, number of participants and the main aspects and results of each study. Figure 1 shows the main studies in the past 10 years relating to bariatric surgery to alcohol consumption with emphasis in relation to the objectives, scientific evidence, the instruments used in the studies, number of participants and main characteristics and results.
In 2005 there were just a review of alcohol absorption and metabolism in non-surgical and bariatric surgical patients. In 2006 6 there were no publications 6 . In 2007 was found a quantitative study that suggested provide caution regarding alcohol use by gastric bypass patients 14 . In 2009 was found an interventional observational study but it was not included in this integrative review because it was not in the inclusion criteria9.
From 2010, the number of publications increased with prevalence of 13% 18,26 and this increase continued in 2012, with 20% of publications 10,15,28 .
From 2013 there was an increase in the number of longitudinal studies (level of evidence IV), in order to respond, with more robust methodologies and greater scientific nature, changes in the pattern of consumption, association of type of procedure with alcohol, and interventionist attitudes regarding the reduction of alcohol consumption during the postoperative period 3,7,8,16,17,23 .

DISCUSSION
Studies regarding the use of psychoactive substances in patients undergoing BS showed limitation about the sample size, as 53% of the studies analyzed showed an average of 90 participants 2,7,11,17,18,26,27,28 in addition to the restriction of not being considered probabilistic or population-based samples. Five studies were guided by retrospective data collection, which can interfere with the quality of information that, in turn, is dependent on the quality of previous records 8,11,26,28,29 .
Likewise, methodological limitations were observed: 33% of the studies were of cross-sectional type, which makes the causality between effect and exposure/impact 5,11,18,26,28 . However, relevant associated factors for the production of knowledge of this subject could be observed.
Still considering the methods, is highlighted the existence Increased frequency of alcohol use for patients undergoing RYGB and adjustable gastric banding. The prevalence of AUDIT did not differ between 1 year presurgery to 1 year after surgery (7.6%; p=0.98); however, an increased prevalence (9.6%; p=0.01) was found after 2 years of postoperative  Taking into account the surgical indications and in accord to the objectives of this integrative review, we have intended to list the high risk criteria that contraindicate the procedure, through the guidelines of American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Abusive history of psychoactive substances; regular use of alcohol pre-surgery; the realization of the Rouxin-Y gastric bypass surgery procedure and smoking 21 are some of these criteria.
Among the high-risk criteria, checking the real prevalence of alcohol abuse during the postoperative period has been observed 5,11,15,16,28 . There is evidence that 3.0% 11 of individuals undergoing the surgery will develop problems resulting from the use of alcohol. At the same time, was observed an incidence of alcohol consumption of 4.9% 8 and a 6-6.5% 11 variation of prevalence in the postoperative period 26 .
Considering the pattern of alcohol consumption during the postoperative period, changes in this period are described 5,11,18,26,28 . There is a correlation between the use of alcohol with time after surgery, with an increase of 2% of alcohol consumption rate in two years in the postoperative 15 .
The postoperative time relationship was also described. Study found a lower prevalence of substance use in the period up to six months after surgery, while those who had a higher intake of alcohol were in over one year of the procedure. This can be justified by the discouraging alcohol consumption in the prior period to six months 5 .
With reference to the change in the pattern of alcohol use, its increase has been reported in 33% of cross-sectional studies selected in this integrative review 7,15,16,23,28 . On the other hand, in 13% of the studies, more precisely in the longitudinal studies10 the reduction of alcohol consumption after BS was estimated with a decrease of 9.1% 17 .
Two studies addressed the reduction of alcohol use after weight reduction surgery referring to patients submitted to RYGB 10,14 . However, these are individuals or database studies, which contained only patients who were submitted exclusively to such surgical procedure. In this integrative review, 40% of the studies investigated patients undergoing various techniques and showed different results, that is, we identified an increase in alcohol consumption in the postoperative with the RYGB procedure 7,8,15,23,27,28 .
Other findings observed were related to hypoglycemic episodes, due to the reduced availability of glucose, by suppressing gluconeogenesis, a situation that gets worse with alcohol consumption 5 . Individuals are more sensitive to the effects of alcohol 5,23,27 resulting in intoxication because of the quantity of alcohol ingested after BS 11 . We also noted an increasing prevalence of hospitalizations resulting from alcohol consumption, with men seeking more treatment compared to women 11 . In contrast, a higher prevalence of hospitalization in female and nonsmokers bariatric patients was also observed 26 .
Other remarks are about the possibility of transferring eating to alcohol consumption, which would strengthen the dependency status of this substance 22,23 . Patients with high body mass index are more likely to develop alcohol consumption during the postoperative period 17 . Also the weight loss appears as a risk factor for the consumption of alcohol during postoperative 13 .
AUDIT 4 , originally developed as a collaborative project of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the late 1980s and validated in Brazil in 1999, is configured today as one of the methods employed worldwide for early detection screening of risk to the harmful use of alcohol. The same applies to the tracking of alcohol abuse in clinical samples and the general population 12,25 .
The AUDIT was used in different ways in these studies. Some applied this tracker before and after the surgical procedure 15,17,29 ; others, at the time of data collection, generating risk estimates or dependence at the time of the survey 7,8,28 . Finally, the AUDIT was applied comparing bariatric patients with non-obese individuals suggesting the realization of a preventive AUDIT in patients who should undergo RYGB 8 .
We emphasize the importance of pre-operative advice regarding the consumption of alcohol as a protective factor against the risk of alcohol abuse16. We should let the patients know about the adverse effects of alcohol, with the intention of reducing the consumption during the postoperative period. These studies also observed that the search for improvement in health figured as a motivation to reduce alcohol consumption7,16.

CONCLUSIONS
In principle, was found differences in postoperative period and gender related to the use of alcohol. The prevalence and incidence of alcohol consumption had a variation of about six months to three years in postoperative period. As to gender, both sexes were involved, but there was a higher incidence of men seeking treatment because of alcoholic substance use.
However, there was no consensus about sensitivity to the use of alcohol, which increases after the BS. Smaller alcoholic doses cause greater toxicity, compared to the period prior to the surgery. Likewise, research studies have addressed more frequently studies on BS that used RYGB technique, because this is the most usual procedure for the surgical treatment of obesity.The RYGB technique was more associated with increased alcohol consumption during the postoperative period. The studies had mainly presented the comparison between laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy. In the studies analyzed, there was no comparison between the sleeve technique and RYGB.
Another relevant point was the transfer of binge eating to alcohol consumption, but was found that this dimension was addressed only theoretically.
In synthesis, the evaluation of patient pattern of alcohol consumption is important for treatment strategies and to contribute to health care and, also, to confront the obesity problem.