Development of an Augmented Reality environment for the assembly of a precast wood-frame wall using the BIM model

his article presents the development of an Augmented Reality (AR) application to assist in the assembly of a precast wood-frame wall, based on the BIM model of the wall execution sequence. The research study used the Design Science Research approach and its aim was to develop an AR application named “montAR” (version 2.0). This application offers a tutorial that combines a wall model visualized in AR in actual scale, followed by an audio with step-by-step instructions of the assembly process. Its applicability was simulated in a laboratory with the participation of volunteers (architecture and engineering students). Two visualization gadgets were used and compared: smartphones and smart glasses. The potentialities and difficulties of the use of the AR system were assessed through a questionnaire answered by the participants and through direct observation and result analysis by the researchers. The results demonstrated the potential of using AR for precast wall assembly. From a technological innovation perspective, this study emphasizes the potential use of AR as a technology suitable for training and for construction quality control.


T Introduction
The light wood-frame construction method, or simply wood framing, combines a commitment to the environment with new construction techniques.Around 95% of the residences in the United States rely on the aforementioned technology, however in Brazil, its adoption is still incipient (MOLINA; CALIL JUNIOR, 2010), restricted to some regions of the country.The embracement of new construction technologies, like wood framing, depends on individuals' training to develop and execute projects that involve such technologies.Hence, it is important to highlight that new skills must be gained and applied to the work.
For beginners, doubts and the inevitable occurrences of failures in the wood-frame panel assembly could be minimized with the aid of Augmented Reality (AR).As a tool to assist visualization, AR can contribute to the construction of wood-frame buildings as it exhibits additional information that enables better comprehension and also gradually guides the execution of the project.Embedded information into virtual models can be used if connected to the real construction elements and visualized in AR.This way, AR can provide a visualization of the assembly procedure in an interactive way at the same time it shows superimposed models onto the real world.By allowing individuals to be aided in the assembly process of wood-frame edifications, the AR technology would act as a facilitator to the diffusion of this construction system.
As an initiative to teach people about this construction method in Brazil, the application "montAR" (version 2.0) was developed.It offers a tutorial to aid the assembly of a wood-frame wall panel.This tutorial comprises a wall modeled in a Building Information Modeling (BIM) software with a real scale visualization through AR, accompanied by audio step-by-step assembly process instructions.The application was developed for two different mobile devices: smartphone and smart glasses with Android operational system.Smart glasses are a type of optical Head Mounted Displays (HMD) that integrates first-person cameras with hands-free displays (ALVAREZ CASADO et al., 2015).As in the smartphones, the smart glasses already have the processing power and an integrated operational system together with tracking technology (usually GPS and 9 axis head tracking), battery, memory, storage, audio output, image and video capture and display.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of the use of AR for precast wall assembly and identify difficulties and limitations associated with the assessed gadgets: smartphone and smart glasses.The next section presents some researches involving assembly tasks supported by AR technologies.

AR as a tool for assembly tasks
AR is a technology that combines virtual elements with the real world in real time.The Augmented Assembly is the application of AR in an augmented environment where virtual objects are combined with the real world to enhance the artifact assembly (NEE et al., 2012).In the assembly processes, two or more objects are joined.AR use is being explored to guide the tasks required to put together parts of an artifact.In an augmented environment, physical parts of an artifact, real feedback and virtual contents are used to aid assembly of planned artifacts, allowing the benefits of both physical and virtual worlds.
In the last five years, numerous research studies have been conducted on the use of AR to assist assembly tasks.AR has been applied to, e.g., an animated system to improve the construction assembly process (HOU et al., 2013); an experiment focusing on verifying the performance in retaining work memory according to the user gender (HOU; WANG, 2013); assisted interactive manual assembly design systems (WANG et al., 2013, WANG;ONG;NEE, 2013, ONG;WANG, 2011); a piping assembly in order to examine physical and cognitive potential of the assemblers (HOU; WANG; TRUIJENS, 2015); a building structure model assembly using wooden blocks in order to teach abstract construction and civil engineering topics in a more practical manner (SHIRAZI; BEHZADAN, 2015).These researches are summarized in Figure 1.The localization technology aims to determine where to display digital content.Its accuracy possesses limitations on how AR applications can superimpose virtual information onto the real world (CHI; KANG; WANG, 2013).The hardware device can determine the level of mobility provided, so it is important to observe the display and processing device used.The control mechanism specifies the interaction techniques used to interact with the system, such as gestures or indirect controllers.The AR implementation may not be suitable for all applications (NEE et al., 2012).Therefore, it is important to identify which applications would bring significant benefits to the user performance in terms of ease of learning new tasks, low rate of errors and decreased cognitive workload.In addition, it is important to analyze the effects of prolonged use of the devices and, from that, develop a highly interactive, efficient and customized interface for each application so that the user is satisfied, recognizes the advantages of the new technology and agrees to adopt it in the execution of their work (NEE et al., 2012).In the proposed use of AR, the users are likely to spend a substantial amount of time using the system; this is the reason the user experience must be studied and taken into account.

Materials and methods
The question leading this research is if and how AR could work as an assisting tool to the assembly of a precast wood-frame wall.The purpose is that an AR system could make the assembly stages and execution visible and explicit.Hence, the Design Science Research methodology was adopted in this research process.
The Design Science Research objective is to produce applicable and useful knowledge for problem solving, to enhance existing systems and to create new solutions or artifacts (LACERDA et al., 2013).According to Peffers et al. (2007), this method allows the creation e evaluation of Information Technology artifacts designed based on a research problem.Piirainen and Gonzalez (2013) add that this type of methodology contributes to the existing knowledge by reaching for solutions to non-trivial questions in an innovative manner.
In short, the process of this research consists of five stages iteratively related: (a) understanding wood-frame house construction process; (b) objective: AR as a tutorial tool for construction tasks; (c) design and development for AR usage; (d) simulation; and (e) evaluation.
The overall research process is represented in Figure 2.These stages carry relation to the Design Science Research stages suggested by Peffers et al. (2007), shown in the superior portion of the figure.
The first stage of this research involved the study of related researches and also the understanding of wood-frame house construction process.A visit was carried out to a company specialized in the manufacture of wood-frame residences in an industrialized way in order to collect data to support the artifact's conception and development.
Both the wood-frame panel assembly process in the factory and their installment on the building site were ascertained, Figure 3.
This study sought to establish a parallel on how the AR technology could assist the panels assembly process allowing the self-construction.How could someone build wood-frame structures without specific technical knowledge about the subject?How could this construction system disseminate across Brazil?Could the AR function as a template for assembly?
The exploratory phase of this work allowed the researchers to familiarize themselves with the chosen construction technique and to comprehend the difficulties in the assembly process.This way, it was possible to establish a specific objective.The development stage consisted of BIM modeling, assembly steps idealization, preparation of components and application development.This stage is briefly described in the following section.
After the development of the application, it was possible to simulate its use in laboratory and assess it with real users.Then, the applicability of the AR proposal was analyzed.

Design and development for AR usage
The aim of this section is to demonstrate the process of bringing the existing graphic information with a BIM model to mobile applications in order to offer a tutorial tool by means of AR.

BIM modeling and assembly steps
The aim of this research was to use BIM as a data source for an AR application, thus a BIM model was the primary data source to the development of the actual system.Therefore, a BIM model of a wood-frame wall was designed using the Autodesk ® Revit ® software.This stage was developed in two phases: (a) wall structure; and (b) built-in installations and wall sheathing.
In the first phase, the wall structure was designed.
The proposed structure measures 1.70 meters wide by 1.75 meters high and possesses a central opening for a window.The structural framing material takeoff was extracted from Revit ® , Figure 4.
In the second phase, the built-in installations and wall sheathing were designed.The built-in installations were flexible conduit, electrical box, PVC pipe and elbow.Oriented Strand Board (OSB) was used as wall sheathing.The OSB panels provided were 1.22 x 2.20 meters.In the interest of exploring the most out of them, the cuttings were made after a study conducted on Revit ® .From that, only 3 panels were necessary for both front and back sheathing.The complete material takeoff was extracted from Revit ® , as presented in Figure 5.
The step-by-step was idealized through a BIM software by the "Phasing" resource.Hence, each step corresponded to a different phase in Revit®.In total, 10 phases were created, matching up with the 7 assembly steps and the 3 steps of inserting the pipe and conduit and placing the OSB panel.

Preparation of components for assembly
Molina and Calil Junior (2010) point that, in Brazil, structural wood-frame projects use rapid growth reforestation wood as raw material, such as Pinus and, to a lesser extent, eucalyptus.
According to Ferreira (2013), the wood used is from reforestation and it doesn't go through any transformation process that requires energy, favoring the low consumption of energy in the manufacture of residences In this research, Eucalyptus components, section 5x11 centimeters, were used.The eucalyptus was cut in accordance with the design.Each one was identified by a color according to its length and function.
Subsequently, the wall was physically assembled.
For the first phase, the components were drilled in order to offer a pre-set assembly system.Letters were written alphabetically to identify elements of the same color to favor its location in the panel.
For the second phase, the built-in installations and OSB wall sheathing were placed, Figure 6. 68

Application development
Next, the artifact's functionality, characteristics and development are presented.The "montAR" application was developed in order to offer an assembly guide of a wood-frame wall.Using AR, the user's view is augmented with the assembly sequence, annotations and audio instructions designed to facilitate the task comprehension, positioning and execution.
Two versions of the "montAR" application were developed.The first consisted of a tutorial developed for Phase 1, associated with the woodframe panel assembly.The 2.0 version adds Phase 2, which includes the built-in systems and OSB wall sheathing.The "montAR" application is available on Google Play1 and on Moverio Apps Market2 .
The "montAR" application was developed from the Metaio's Software Development Kit (SDK) for Unity 3D ® .Its functionality is based on the use of an ID Marker (a kind of a fiducial marker) associated with the assembly execution steps of a wood-frame panel.When the ID Marker is seen in AR, it indicates the correct position of the pieces that make up the panel by displaying the model in Development of an Augmented Reality environment for the assembly of precast wood-frame wall from the BIM model 69 real scale, highlighting its position on the assembly board.Markerless tracking techniques, such as tracking using the salient geometric features of real spatial objects, were considered to be adopted.However, as all of the wood components have the same rectangular shape, this approach was dismissed.
After the downloading, the "montAR" application could be accessed by its icon on the screen of the devices.When running, the application displayed a menu with the options: Phase 1, Phase 2 and Acknowledgement (in Portuguese).In Phase 1 and 2, there was a menu on the right side numbered from 1 to 7 to access the panel execution steps.These steps consist of the exhibition of the AR model elements and also of audio instructions that include the correct positioning, orientation (vertical/horizontal), joints and additional assembly referral, Figure 7.
It's important to notice that an assembly sequence is valid only if all the assembly operations are geometrically feasible (WANG et al., 2013), so the assembly sequence was established without interference between parts during the assembly process.In each step, through AR visualization, the wood pieces added are highlighted with its correspondent color over the assembly board, indicating, in real scale, the right position that the pieces need to be inserted.Hence, the BIM model had to go through a treatment process described by Cuperschmid and Ruschel (2013), which includes: exportation file as FBX format, model optimization in the 3D Max ® software, setup of the correct scale, materials application (colors, textures and transparency), alignment in relation to the marker position and ideal illumination of the virtual scene in Unity 3D ® .
Additionally, audio instructions referring to each step were recorded.The Adobe Audition ® software was used to bring optimization to the recordings.They were, then, exported as MP3 format into Unity 3D ® .In the Unity 3D ® , the application interface was developed with an initial menu and a numbered menu with the assembly steps.The models and audio were associated with each step.Meshes were created corresponding to the measurements, so that the model, when seen in AR, could exhibit them, Figure 8.At the end of this process, the Unity 3D ® project was compiled into an APK file (Android application package).
The application was designed to run on Epson Moverio™ BT200 and on smartphones with Android operational systems, Figure 9.The Moverio™ BT200 is composed of binocular smart glasses (240g) that use two translucent screens to project the augmented content onto the surface of the real environment and a control pad (165g).It was used in this study because it: is capable of displaying three-dimensional models, provides a reasonable field of view (compared to other existing AR smart glasses at the beginning of the research) of 23 degrees, has a translucent optical display system, has a battery life of approximately 5.8 hours and was marketing available.
Through Metaio SDK, it was possible to encounter two ways of accessing AR resources in the Moverio™ BT200: (i) one in which the device captures the real scene by the glasses built-in camera, mixes the virtual content with the real scene and projects all of the content on the screen.In this situation, there is no possibility to use stereoscopy.(ii) and the other in which there is no capture of the real scene and the virtual content is included in the real scene.However, the insertion of a black background is needed, which causes partial occlusion of the real scene by the shading of the physical environment.In other words, the device always projects an image in 100% of the screen area, disallowing the resource of only adding the virtual content to the scene that is being visualized by a translucent screen.In this situation, there is the possibility to use stereoscopy.Given these possibilities, the first way of using the device was chosen in order to avoid the real scene occlusion, even though it offers a flat visualization.

Simulation and evaluation
The first version of the "montAR" application was used to evaluate the Phase 1, which was associated with the wood-frame wall panel assembly.Phase 1 was assessed using smart glasses (CUPERSCHMID; GRACHET; FABRICIO, 2015) and smartphone (CUPERSCHMID; GRACHET; FABRICIO, 2016).This paper proposes the comparison between the use of both devices for Phase 1 as much as for Phase 2, which includes the built-in systems and sheathing.For that reason, this paper contemplates the assessment of all the assembly process of a precast woodframe wall, assisted by the "montAR" application (version 2.0) running on smartphone and smart glasses.
The evaluation was conducted in a carpentry lab equipped with Epson Moverio™ BT200 smart glasses, a Samsung Galaxy S5 mini smartphone (both with pre-installed "montAR" application), an ID marker, plus specific materials for both phases.During Phase 1 it was used: color identified eucalyptus studs, screws, an electric and a manual screwdriver and an assembly board on which the wood-frame wall panel should be mounted.During Phase 2 it was used: OSB, flexible conduit, electrical box, PVC pipe and elbow.
Formal research to evaluate AR interfaces involving users, such as this one, has not been widely performed (DÜNSER; BILLINGHURST, 2011).AR systems diverge from desktop systems in various aspects; the most essential is that such systems are produced for being used as a mediator or amplifier of human visualization (NILSSON, 2010).One interface of AR includes the hardware (e.g.smartphone; smart glasses), the software (e.g."montAR"), the devices for visualization (i.e.smartphone screen, smart glasses screen), the interface elements (e.g.menus, icons), the markers, the interaction technique (e.g.rotating the marker, pinching the virtual model), and the content shown in AR.Depending on the device, the tracking system, the interaction technique used and the interface in AR is altered.These aspects may justify, partially, the lack of well-established methods to evaluate AR interfaces.
To perform this evaluation, the method described by Olsson (2013) of subjective measures was adopted for evaluating the quality of the interaction with the system.The system's applicability was simulated in the laboratory with the participation of volunteers.The procedure to perform this evaluation was planned to happen as follows: (a) presentation and Characterization: At first, the aim of the evaluation and the task goal (woodframe wall assembly) was explained.Then, a characterization questionnaire of the participant was applied, checking the age, gender, education level, the frequency of smartphone or tablet usage and the previous use of any AR systems; (b) appropriation of the technology by AR participants: The researcher demonstrated the functioning of the AR system.Next, participants used the application "montAR" for approximately 5 minutes, to familiarize themselves with this media language.During this period, the participants had the opportunity to handle the device and point it to the marker at the same time they visualized in AR the wood-frame wall model; (c) wood-frame wall panel assembly: The proposal of this stage was to verify the quality of the participant's experience when using the AR system in a way to assembly the wood-frame wall.The users could freely walk around in order to observe the augmented environment from different perspectives and execute the task.The task was to assemble the wood-frame wall panel using the "montAR" application through Epson Moverio™ BT200 or Samsung Galaxy S5 mini.This task was planned to happen in two phases; and (d) in addition to the questionnaire, the participant was asked to talk about the impressions, difficulties and opinions about the use of this technology.During the process, the researcher took notes and registered the process with photographs for further analysis.

Results and discussions
The assessment of Phase 1 took place in September 2015 and Phase 2 on February 2016.Two visualization gadgets were used and compared: smartphone and smart glasses.The evaluation conducted examines the quality of the user's interaction with the task.This evaluation aims a qualitative analysis of the interaction and manipulation of both the virtual information and the real wood studs for assembly.In this evaluation, subjective measures and qualitative analysis were performed.The quality of the user experience was evaluated through the categories described by Olsson (2013), an open question and direct observation.
The evaluation involved twenty-eight participants, among Architecture or Civil Engineering undergraduate students.Seven people at a time performed the evaluation of one phase with a distinct device (smartphone or smart glasses).The evaluation was conducted individually.All subjects voluntarily participated in the experiments.All of them had never used AR before.As AR training is equally effective for both males and females (HOU; WANG, 2013), in this study participated both genders, without the need of equal split.
All of the participants informed daily basis use of smartphone or tablet.None of them had previous experience in any kind of AR system neither had assembled a wood-frame panel before.Initially, the participants were given information about the research aim and explanation on the system operation.All of them took a few minutes to become familiar with the AR functioning before starting.
Results from the experiments indicate a positive effect of facilitations when using the AR system in assembly tasks.All participants demonstrated interest in the AR system used.The users could express their considerations about the application.For providing a realistic view of the users' motivation to actually use the application, both phases of the assembly process were very important.
Altogether, 28 evaluations were performed.All participants were able to assemble the wood-frame wall.In the first phase, each participant performed the assembly task in about 55 minutes and, in the second phase, 15 minutes.The first phase consisted of the structure assembly and the eucalyptus components used weighed around 10 kg each, which hampered the execution of the task.Also, the need to screw the elements together resulted in a longer completion time.In the second phase, less effort was required, as there were fewer steps and only the placement of the pieces was requested, without the need of nailing the OSB panels.
Users performing Phase 2 with smart glasses can be seen in Figure 10.It illustrates the effort to accomplish the task (from left to right): user standing in front of the panel to visualize the whole scene; user measuring the distance to place the PVC pipe; user placing the conduit; user positioning one part of the OSB; user holding the second part of the OSB with both hands; user putting the conduit onto the electrical box.

Figure 10 -Smart glasses users performing the assembly of the wood-frame wall
Figure 11 exemplifies participants using smartphones in order to accomplish the task.The first three images demonstrate users visualizing the scene in the smartphone screen and the last three images illustrate users performing tasks with hands-free.In this situation, users visualized the scene through the smartphone screen, however, to have their hands free to perform the steps, it was necessary to memorize them.In this sense, the mental workload was higher than with the use of smart glasses.
The evaluations were categorized from two devices: smartphones and smart glasses.The results indicate the user's overall judgment of the experience.Despite the use of different devices and the addition of a new phase, the results of the questionnaire did not diverge much from ones from Phase 1 (CUPERSCHMID; GRACHET; FABRICIO, 2015FABRICIO, , 2016)).
The results of the questionnaire, in general, indicate acceptance of the proposed system.All agreed that: the step-by-step provided was effective; the AR system was appropriate to the task; they felt satisfied with the way they performed and accomplished the task and they enjoyed the experience of assembling the woodframe panel using the AR system.Regarding the screen size, most users declared that it was appropriate to the task.The interface provided by the AR system seemed natural to the majority of the participants.All smart glasses users and most smartphone users felt the desire to continue using the system.More than a half of the users felt involved in something extraordinary.
On the other hand, many did not feel comfortable when using the devices during the whole assembly period.The rejection was 50% for the use of smart glasses and 21% for smartphones.Another factor that must be emphasized is the confusion caused by the superimposition of the virtual information onto the real world.About 21% of users of each device opted to abstain from opining.
In addition to the questions, an open question was provided destined to further considerations, where the participant could comment on his/her difficulties and suggest improvements on the system.Some important considerations, especially related to Phase 2, should be highlighted.The greatest objection involved the aforementioned visual confusion caused by the superimposition of the virtual information over the real one.A few number of users complained about the colors and textures chosen to the virtual components.Similar colors hampered the differentiation between real and virtual elements, Figure 12.Some participants complained about the virtual image stability.At various moments, the virtual model would move in relation to the marker.All along the application development, the virtual model position was determined in order to avoid alterations, even if the user moved.Unfortunately, given the technological limitations of the hardware as much as software, this issue couldn't be totally bypassed, Figure 13.
Even though the Moverio™ possesses a frame for prescription lenses, they must be specially designed in order to fit the frame.For this reason, the participants who wore prescription glasses felt difficulty in using the smart glasses.They stated that using the smart glasses over the other was uncomfortable, Figure 14.In addition, the adaption of a strap holder to the smart glasses was necessary to keep it from falling off of the users' face, even those who didn't wear prescription glasses.Amongst the improvement suggestions, one user requested an animation showing the assembly process instead of using static models.Corroborating, other participant suggested the addition of visual orientations such as arrows indicating the position of the components.Other stated that not only the position of the pipe and conduit should be shown, but also information on how to insert them in the panel.
On the other hand, one complimented the system claiming that it is much better than paper-based manual.This participant stated that, with 2D manuals, one can visualize isolated parts when the AR enables the user to see the whole model.Other participant declared that the system is very interesting and didactic.The detailed visualization of each step was also complimented for facilitating the understanding of the assembly.During the execution of the task of assembling the panel using AR, the participants' actions were registered.It was noted that the users would begin the task holding the smartphone and the Moverio's touch-pad.After a while, when the participants felt the need to have their hands free, they would place them in their pockets, Figure 15, and remove only when accessing a button to move to next step was necessary.It demonstrates an adaption process that involves both: the use of the technology and the task to be executed.
The majority of the users preferred to use the headphone in only one ear, Figure 16.This attitude is probably related to the connection to the real world.Hence, for the sake of not losing the sound connection, many users received the audio information from just one ear.Several smartphone users preferred not to use the headphones, listening only through the device internal speaker.

Conclusion and future work
In this article, we have presented the results of a user evaluation, in which a mobile AR system utilizing BIM models was created to assist the assembly of a precast wood-frame wall (including structure, built-in installations and OSB wall sheathing).This research is the first example of the use of AR for precast wood-frame wall assembly in actual scale.An AR prototype system was developed based on a BIM model.The "montAR" application was successfully designed and used to conduct a simulation.Then, an evaluation devised to assess the user experience between the use of a smartphone and smart glasses was undertaken.The users had the opportunity to test a prototype of the system.This study provides a comparison between the mobile devices used in the AR technology for guiding people in a wood-frame wall panel assembly.The concrete experience of holding a smartphone or wearing smart glasses and using the application in real settings provided an important aspect of the user experience.
Although it has been observed that improvements can be made, the majority of users considered the application efficient as an assembly aid.None of the 28 participants had previous experience in assembling wood-frame structures, still all of them were capable of executing the task.The AR application enabled the understanding of the tasks and could be used as a tutorial tool for assembly.The issues related to the difficulty in visualizing the model as a consequence of the adoption of certain colors, textures and transparency can be easily solved by altering them in the Unity 3D ® .However, the greatest complaint resides in the discomfort of using the devices all along the process, especially the smart glasses.The precision and stability of the superimposition of the virtual model over the real one were also inadequate.Therefore, a combination of improved hardware and software should be achieved in the interest of using this technology in working sites.Unlike Hou, Wang and Truijens (2015) that used cumbersome devices such as a PC, sensor, monitor and a large marker, this research required only smart glasses or a smartphone and a marker to work, which facilitates its use.This setup may favor its use in construction sites.Therefore, the knowledge produced, despite being used in the context of wall assembly in a laboratory, demonstrated potential application to the assembly of buildings in working site.
Furthermore, the study made enables the idealization of expanding this application to other fields, such as production control.Usually, methods of work verification are adopted, which include the use of checklists associated with in loco measurements to certify accordance with the initial project.In this respect, the exhibition of the virtual model superimposed onto the correspondent real elements in actual scale could reduce the inspection time and prevent errors.Therefore, in addition to the use as assembly guidance, the AR application could be used as a production control system, once it enables quick association between planning and execution.It is worth highlighting that the system offers assembly dimensions, which allows the checking of all elements positioning.As a tool for production control, a checklist associated with the virtual model could be added in order to ease the team communication and register important data, such as: who is responsible for verification, date of inspection, items approved and those that need repair, among others.
Future work should focus on adding support for the implementation of the AR system into real construction projects.The consolidation of AR in the assembly tasks in the construction sector still needs more tracking accuracy, virtual image stabilization, intuitive interaction techniques and suitable devices for construction sites (smart glasses more resistant with the capacity to project only the virtual image on the screen superimposed on the real world).This research would not be possible without the co-operation of many people, and the authors would like to thank everyone who has participated in the evaluation section.We are very grateful for the financial support for the Junior Post-doctorate scholarship (Process: 151435/2014-6) and for the Scientific Initiation scholarship (Process: 149755/2015-5) provided by the National Council of Scientific and Technologic Development (CNPq).

Figure 2 -Figure 3 -
Figure 2 -Figure The overall research process

Figure 7 -
Figure 7 -"montAR" application: icon, initial menu and the steps to assemble the wall

Figure 11 -
Figure 11 -Smartphone users perfoming the assembly of the wood-frame wall

Figure 12 -
Figure 12 -Similar colors and textures causing visual confusion

Figure 14 -
Figure 14 -User wearing two glasses at the same time: smart glasses and regular glasses (left) and the strap holder attached to smart glasses (right)

Recent AR researches involving assembly activities Research
Development of an Augmented Reality environment for the assembly of precast wood-frame wall from the BIM model 65 Figure 1 -