First report of Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas , 1892 ( Hemiptera : Lecanodiaspididae ) and the associated parasitoid Cephaleta sp . ( Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae ) in Brazil

Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae) and the associated parasitoid Cephaleta sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are reported for the first time in Brazil. Specimens of this scale insect were collected on branches and stems of Acacia mangium Willd., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Fabaceae), Morus nigra L. (Moraceae), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae), Tectona grandis L. f. (Verbenaceae), Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Annona squamosa L. and Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae), in three municipalities of the Roraima state. All plants here mentioned are recorded for the first time as a host for L. dendrobii. Morphological characters of L. dendrobii and symptoms presented by the host plants infested by this pest are included in this work.

Macroscopically the body of the adult female of L. dendrobii is purplish-brown, flattened, covered by a light brown test infused with secondary white wax; test with longitudinal mediodorsal carina intersected by transverse raised lines.Male test similar in texture and appearance, more elongate.Microscopically L. dendrobii is characterized by having 3 to 5 cribriform plates on each side of body; anterior and posterior spiracular setae present; posterior spiracular furrows divided; antennae 7-to 9-segmented; legs rudimentary (Howell and Kosztarab, 1972;Miller et al., 2014).

First report of Lecanodiaspis dendrobii in Brazil
Studies on the biology of this species have not been conducted yet and information about damages on their host plants are inexistent.
The lecanodiaspidid L. dendrobii was described by Douglas in 1892, collected on Dendrobium calceolaria (Orchidaceae) in Demerara, Republic of Guyana (Douglas, 1892).Later it was recorded in several places in Central and South America: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Corrientes, San Juan and Tucuman), Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Uruguay and Venezuela.Recently, it was also recorded in northern Mexico (Nearctic Region) (García et al., 2015).As a consequence of their presence in Mexico, this pest was already included on the list of pests of quarantine importance to the U.S. (Miller et al., 2014).
The state of Roraima is bordered by two countries where L. dendrobii has been reported, Republic of Guyana and Venezuela, thus their occurrence has been expected in Brazil.
The present paper aims to report L. dendrobii for the first time in Brazil, as well as its parasitoid, morphological characters of this scale insect, symptoms presented by the host plants infested by this pest and suggestions for its management are given.
Part of the samples of the scale insect were stored in vials filled with 75% ethanol and the other part were placed in glass tubes, closed with cotton until the emergency of the parasitoids, and posteriorly stored in 100% ethanol.The scale insects and the hymenopterous parasitoid were identified respectively by the authors (A.L.B.G.P. and V.A.C.).
The lecanodiaspidids were mounted on microscopic slides following the methodology described by Gullan (1984) and identified according to morphological characteristics of the adult female as described by Howell and Kosztarab (1972) and Miller et al. (2014).The hymenopterous parasitoids were double-mounted on points and identified using Bouček and Heydon (1997) at the genus level and pertinent literature for species.The specimens of coccoids were deposited at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil and the hymenopterous parasitoids at the "Coleção de Insetos Entomófagos Oscar Monte", Instituto Biológico, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Results
All samples of lecanodiaspidids collected on A. mangium, L. leucocephala, M. nigra and X. aromatica, in Boa Vista; on A. occidentale, C. reticulata and A. squamosa, in Cantá; and T. grandis, in Alto Alegre; were identified as Lecanodiaspis dendrobii Douglas, 1892 (Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae) (Figure 1); and all these plants are recorded for the first time as host plants for L. dendrobii.
Based on material collected in Roraima, adult females (Figure 2) measure about 2.0-4.5 mm long and 1.5-3.5 mm wide.Eggs (Figure 3), and all instars of females and males (Figure 4) were found.
Mature plants when infested by L. dendrobii showed drying of apical branches (Figure 5), but when infestation occurred in young plants, injuries caused the death of the host (Figure 6).The honeydew excreted on the leaves, by this insect, favored the development of sooty mold (Figure 7), compromising plant photosynthesis and causing premature leaf drop.
The parasitoid associated with L. dendrobii was identified as Cephaleta sp.(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (Figure 8) and it emerged from specimens collected on M. nigra in the municipality of Boa Vista.

Discussion
Lecanodiaspis dendrobii is the second species of the genus recorded in Brazil, previously only Lecanodiaspis rugosa Hempel, 1900 was known.The genus includes 54 species distributed in all zoogeographic regions except Antarctica, most restricted to Afrotropical and Australasian regions.For South America only seven of these species are known (García et al., 2015).
According Miller et al. (2014), L. dendrobii and Lecanodiaspis prosopidis (Maskell, 1895), distributed between South Mexico and North USA, may be synonyms.Lecanodiaspis dendrobii differs by having 2 long setae anterior of vulva (absent in L. prosopidis) (Howell and Kosztarab, 1972;Miller et al., 2014).In this case, due to great microscopic similarity between the two species, additional morphological and molecular studies may help to confirm this supposition.
Six years after the record of L. dendrobii in Brazil, in Boa Vista, it was found in rural areas of the two neighboring municipalities, Cantá and Alto Alegre (Figure 1), and on new host plants, showing a good adaptation of the species in the region.At short distances, immature stages of these insects are easily transported by wind, water or animals, whereas the dispersion over long distances is done mainly through transport by the host plants.For monitoring of the distribution of L. dendrobii in Roraima and other states, visual inspection would be the best method and, the main measure to reduce the spread of this insect is to avert that plants or part of plants infested by lecanodiaspidids can be transported to places free of this insect.
Although damage caused by L. dendrobii on their host plants has not been mentioned, Trelles (1938) reported that this pest was very abundant throughout Argentina, both in wild as cultivated plants, including Citrus spp.More recently, Granara de Willink and Claps ( 2003) made an inventory of scale insects associated to ornamental plants in Tucuman, Argentina, and they mentioned that L. dendrobii was not abundant on ornamental plants.
In Brazil, significant damage was recorded mainly on A. mangium, M. nigra and L. leucocephala.The injuries presented by these plants as partial or total plant dry is similar with those observed for some species of Diaspididae, differing from damage mentioned by Howell and Kosztarab (1972) to some members of Lecanodiaspididae that typically cause a depression in the host plant's tissues and often distortion of the shoots.
This Cephaleta species is thought to be new because it differs from C. brasiliensis, the only specie of the genus known to occur in Brazil (De Santis, 1963), by the proportions of veins and absence of infumated area in the fore wings.Also, it differs from C. brunniventris and C. australiensis, which are the more widespread species of the genus, by the proportions of funicle segments and color of the gaster, in the case of C. brunniventris.
The potential of Cephaleta sp. in the biological control of L. dendrobii needs to be studied as well as the inventory of other potential predators and parasitoids.
Following the norms for the notification of the occurrence of exotic pest in the country, immediately after the confirmation of L. dendrobii in Boa Vista, Roraima, the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) was communicated, according to IN 52 of the MAPA (Brasil, 2007), in order that preventive measures be taken to avert the spread of this pest for other Brazilian states.
Based on the observed damage in plants infested by L. dendrobii in the state of Roraima, this scale insect could become an important fruticulture and silviculture pest in Brazil, if biological control agents are not effective in controlling this exotic species.