Lopesia davillae ( Diptera , Cecidomyiidae ) , a new species of gall midge from Brazil associated with Davilla rugosa ( Dilleniaceae )

Lopesia davillae, a new species of gall midge associated with the reproductive structures of Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae), is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female, and damage) based on material collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This new species is compared with its congeneric species. This is the first record of Lopesia on Dilleniaceae.

Davilla rugosa Poir (Dilleniaceae), often known as "cipó caboclo", is a native plant in Brazil, recorded for Brazilian northern states of Amapá, Pará and Tocantins, the northeastern states of Bahia, Maranhão and Piauí, the southeastern states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and the southern states of Paraná and Santa Catarina.It occurs in two biomes: the Amazon and Atlantic forests (Fraga and Paula-Souza, 2015).The species is used as a treatment for ulcers, elephantiasis, and swelling of the limbs, as well as an aphrodisiac and diuretic (Coimbra, 1942;Corrêa, 1984).
Two species of Cecidomyiidae have been recorded so far for this plant species.The first induces discoid leaf gall and was found in Três Marias, Minas Gerais (Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes, 2001) and Porto de Trombetas, Pará (Almada and Fernandes, 2011).The second species induces imbricate bud gall and was found in São Tomé das Letras (Maia, 2013) and Serra de São José (Maia and Fernandes, 2004) (as D. brasiliana DC, synonym of D. rugosa), Minas Gerais and Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Rodrigues et al., 2014).The former species was identified at the family level, while the latter was assumed to be an unrecognized species of Asphondylia.Maia et al. (2014) recorded the occurrence of imbricate bud galls on an undetermined species of Davilla in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, and a third species of Cecidomyiidae (also undetermined) associated with fruits.
In the present study, we found a new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908 on D. rugosa in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, in which the larva feeds freely on the reproductive structures, mainly the ovaries of developing flowers.
In this study, we describe this new species of Lopesia and add Dilleniaceae as a host plant.(ICMBio, 2015) and ranges from 300 to 2,263 m in altitude (Radambrasil, 1983).It comprises the highest peaks of the Serra do Mar (Drummond, 1997).The flora is diversified, with approximately 2,000 plant species recorded so far.At altitudes from 100 to 2,000 m, the vegetation is classified as montane forest, with trees reaching 40 m ofheight.Above 2,000 m, there is a predominance of grasses and species dwelling in the rocks (Drummond, 1997).

Material and Methods
The Biological Reserve of Poço das Antas is situated in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State and has approximately 5,000 hectares of Atlantic forest.The flora consists of approximately 365 plant species, 3% of which are vulnerable and 1% endangered, converning the conservation status (ICMBio, 2015).
Samples of the host plant were collected, pressed, and dried for preservation, later they were identified by comparison and incorporated into the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (record number: RFA-40632).
Branches with reproductive structures were removed from the host plant and transported in plastic bags to the laboratory, where part of the sample was dissected to obtain the larvae and part was kept in plastic pots covered with a fine screen to obtain adults and pupal exuviae.The specimens were first preserved in 70% ethanol and then mounted on microscope slides, following the Gagné (1994) methodology.

Results
Adults (males and females), pupal exuviae and larvae were obtained only from the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, and were used to describe the new species.
Diagnosis.Adults with setulose antennal flagellomere necks in both sexes, four-segmented palpi, reduced male mid-circumfila, toothed tarsal claw, male tergites 7 and 8, and female tergite 8 narrow, elongated, and without setae or scales.Larva with only two pairs of terminal papillae; pupa with simple antennal horn, long prothoracic spiracle, and a single row of unconnected abdominal spines.
Damage (Figure 14) and attack frequency.The females lay eggs on D. rugosa flowers.The larvae feed on the ovary and complete their development within the reproductive structure with the dry ovary.The development time from   egg to adult emergence is at least 8 months, including larval diapause during the coldest months in PARNASO, from May to September, at 850 m altitude asl.Upon collection, it was impossible to state the exact development status of the reproductive structure attacked after the flower stage.Therefore, we adopted the term "reproductive structure" to refer to the unity of collection.From 30 reproductive structures sampled on June 6, 2015, in three adjacent plants, 19 had one and two had two cecidomyiid larvae, as a consequence no seeds developed.The other nine structures collected had developed seeds but no cecidomyiid larvae were found.
In the Biological Reserve of Poço das Antas, from 94 reproductive structures collected in a patch of three or four plants, 33 was attacked by cecidomyiid larvae (26 with one, six with two, and one with five larvae) and had no seeds.In 60 structures, all with seeds, no larvae were found, and in one structure, one small larva and one seed were found.
No parasitoid species, larvae or adults, were observed or obtained from D. rugosa reproductive structures from both study areas.
Etymology.The name davillae refers to the genus of the host plant.
Comments.Lopesia includes adults with either bare or setulose flagellomere necks.The first condition is found in 13 of the species of the genus, while the second condition is found in 11 species.The new species has setulose flagellomere necks as observed in L. brasiliensis Rübsaamen, 1908, L. caulinaris Maia, 2003, L. conspicua Maia, 2003, L. elliptica Maia, 2013, L. erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2010, L. linearis Maia, 2003, L. marginalis Maia, 2001, L. maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, 2010, L. similis Maia, 2004, L. simplex Maia, 2002, and L. tibouchinae Maia, 2004.Among them, seven species have male flagellomeres with basal and distal circumfila with loops and linear mid-circumfila (as in the new species), namely L. conspicua, L. eichhorniae Urso-Guimarães, 2014, L. linearis, L. marginalis, L. similis, L. simplex, and L. tibouchinae.The others have gynecoid circumfila (L.caulinaris and L. elliptica), all with loops (L.erthroxyli and L. brasiliensis), or all with reduced circumfila (L.maricaensis).Among the species with basal and distal circumfila with loops and linear mid-circumfila, only L. conspicua and L. tibouchinae have female tergite 8 elliptical, as observed in the new species.However, L. conspicua has four pairs of terminal papillae (larva) and a shorter prothoracic spiracle, while the new species presents only two pairs of terminal papillae and a longer prothoracic spiracle.In addition, L. tibouchinae has three-segmented palpi (adults), bifid antennal horns, and abdominal spines connected to one another (pupa), differing from the new species, in which the palpi are four-segmented, antennal horns are simple, and dorsal spines are not connected.
The description of Lopesia davillae adds a new species to the genus, expands the host plant list to Dilleniaceae and enhances the number of species from the Atlantic Forest.