inventory Arctiinae moths ( Lepidoptera , Erebidae ) of the Emas National Park , Goiás , Brazil

Arctiinae are a species-rich subfamily of moth, with approximately 1,400 species in Brazil and 723 recorded in the Cerrado biome. A list of species of these moths was compiled during three years of sampling in four vegetation types within the Emas National Park. A total of 5,644 individuals belonging to 149 species were collected. About 67% of these species are new records for the Emas National Park, 31% for the State of Goiás and 9% for the Cerrado biome. Cerrado sensu stricto and semideciduous forests have higher species richness, followed by campo cerrado and campo sujo. The vegetation type with the highest number of exclusive species was the semideciduous forest, followed by cerrado sensu stricto, campo cerrado and campo sujo. The high species richness and the high proportion of new species records for Goiás and Cerrado reinforce the importance of the Emas National Park region as a center of diversity for this group of moths. The conservation of areas not yet cleared around the Park, including the creation of new protected areas, and the establishment of ecological corridors between these areas and the Park would be strategies to preserve the fauna of these moths.


Introduction
The biodiversity knowledge is still insuficient due the Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls (Bini et al., 2006).The first is related to the lack of taxonomists, since a significant proportion of species have not been described for many taxa, mainly the rich tropical invertebrate groups.The second is related to the limited knowledge of species occurrences, since, for the majority of taxa, geographical distributions are poorly understood and contain many gaps.The best way to reduce the Wallacean shortfall is to invest in biodiversity inventories and publish lists of species.The results of these inventories, i.e. the species lists, provide support for actions on conservation and management, which are especially important in areas undergoing rapid environmental degradation (Lewinsohn et al. 2005).They are also important in macroecological and evolutionary studies.
Arctiinae moths are a species-rich subfamily of Lepidoptera (Heppner 1991).There are approximately 11,000 species worldwide, with 6,000 in the Neotropics (Watson & Goodger 1986) and 1,400 in Brazil (Ferro & Diniz 2010).According to Ferro et al. (2010), 723 Arctiinae species have been recorded in the Brazilian Cerrado.However, the number of species occurring in this biome should be much higher, because less than 60% of the one degree latitude/longitude cells that cover the area of the Cerrado have sampling records of Arctiinae, and only one of these cells was adequately sampled (Ferro et al. 2010).
According to the new classification of Zahiri et al. (2012), Arctiinae moths consist of the tribes Arctiini, Lithosiini, Amerilini and Syntomini, with the two latter not occurring in the Neotropics (Heppner 1991, Hauser & Boppre ´1997).The vast majority of Lithosiini species have a small body size (Weller et al. 2009).The moths of this tribe mainly feed on mosses, lichens and algae (Weller et al. 2009) and are generally more associated with vegetation types in early stages of succession (Hilt & Fiedler 2006).The Arctiini tribe are composed of small to medium sized moths whose larvae feed on a wide variety of plants, including grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees (Weller et al. 2009).Furthermore, Arctiini moths can explore different vegetation types because they are polyphagous (Singer & Bernays 2009) and can therefore inhabit a wide variety of terrestrial habitats.
The Cerrado is a biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities (Myers et al. 2000).Only 2% of its area is legally protected (Klink & Machado 2005) and the Arctiinae fauna is not known properly, even in this area.The Cerrado biome is composed by a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from open areas with no shrub element to areas with a high density of tall trees (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002).The vegetation types that comprise the cerrado sensu lato are campo limpo, campo sujo, campo cerrado, cerrado sensu stricto and cerrada ˜o.These five vegetation types represent a gradient of vegetation increasing in woody plant density and decreasing in herbaceous density (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002).The Cerrado also contains forest formations, which are not considered to belong to the cerrado sensu lato (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002).The Arctiinae moths respond to these differences in vegetation, and the fauna of the forest formations differs from the savanna formations (Ferro & Diniz 2007, Moreno et al. 2014).
We present a list of Arctiinae moth species of the Emas National Park, one of the largest conservation units of the Cerrado biome.The park includes the Brazilian Long Term Ecological Research Network.We have performed sampling in different vegetation types of the park and measured the observed and extrapolated richness of species across the study area and in each vegetation type.We have also measured the exclusive species of each vegetation type and the number of species that are new records for the Park, the State of Goia ´s and for the Cerrado biome.

Material and Methods
Specimens of Arctiinae were sampled in the Emas National Park (ENP), located between the cities of Mineiros and Chapada ˜o do Ce ´u, in the State of Goia ´s, Central West of Brazil (17°49 0 -18°28 0 S and 52°39 0 -53°10 0 W) (Figure 1).The ENP covers 132,941 ha and approximately 80% of this area consists of grasslands (campos limpos and campos sujos).Approximately 15% of the ENP area is composed of campo cerrado and cerrado sensu stricto and 5% of the remaining area consists of campos u ´midos, veredas and forests (Franc¸a et al. 2007).The climate is Aw in Koppen classification, i.e. the climate is tropical humid with three to six months of dry winter and rainy summer, which imposes a strong seasonality in the vegetation (Ramos-Neto & Pivello 2000).The annual precipitation ranges from 1,200 to 2,000 mm, concentrated between September and March, with an average annual temperature of 24.6°C (Ramos-Neto & Pivello 2000).
Sampling units consisted of 40 plots of 10x10 m, distributed in four vegetation types: semideciduous forest (n ¼ 10 plots); cerrado sensu stricto (n ¼ 10 plots); campo cerrado (n ¼ 14 plots); campo sujo (n ¼ six plots) (Figure 1).In each plot, the moths were collected from dusk until dawn through a Luiz de Queiroz light trap (Silveira-Neto & Silveira 1969) equipped with a 15 W black lamp.The traps were suspended 1.5 m above the ground in the center of each plot.The minimum distance between plots was 100 m to minimize the capture of species from surrounding vegetation types.This distance corresponds to the radius of attraction of a 125 W lamp (Muirhead-Thompson 1991), a power eight times greater than that we used in this study.Sampling was restricted to periods of new and waning lunar phases due to the radius of attraction of the traps being greater (Yela & Holyoak 1997).Sampling was conducted for three years during both the dry (June to July 2010, July 2011 and July 2012) and rainy seasons (December 2010 to February 2011, November 2011 and December 2012).The moths were collected in all plots over two non-consecutive nights in order to increase the representativeness of the fauna, totaling 12 nights of sampling in each plot (2 in each dry season and 2 in each rainy season) and 84 nights of sampling in total.On each sampling night, we set eight light traps, two in each vegetation type.Plots sampled in the same night were the most distant possible to avoid pseudoreplication.Each plot was sampled once at the new moon and once during the waning moon.
Arctiinae individuals were identified by comparison with digital images of the identified species of the V.O.Becker Collection (where the identification was confirmed by comparison with types) and through the literature (Hampson, 1898, 1900, 1901, 1914, Watson & Goodger 1986, Pin ˜as-Rubio et al. 2000, Pin ˜as-Rubio & Manzano 2003).All individuals were deposited in the Zoological Collection of the Federal University of Goia ´s (Goia ˆnia, Brazil).
We used three non-parametric species richness estimators (first and second order Jackknife and second order Chao) to better estimate the total richness of Arctiinae in the study area and in each vegetation type.These three estimators are based on incidence (presence/ausence) of species in assemblages (Melo 2004).
It was estimated by first order Jackknife, second order Jackknife and second order Chao, that the sample region has a richness of approximately 190, 214 and 197 species respectively (Table 1).Fourteen species (9%) were new records for the Cerrado, 47 (31%) were new records for the State of Goia ´s and 101 (67%) were new records for the ENP (Appendix 1).Cerrado Table 1.Observed (Obs.rich.) and extrapolated richness (first order Jackknife, second order Jackknife and second order Chao) and percentage of extrapolated richness sampled in each phytophysiognomy (Phyto) and also in the total study area (ENP).In the first column, CS means campo sujo, CC campo cerrado, CSS cerrado sensu stricto, SF semideciduous forest and ENP, Emas National Park.

Phyto
Obs. rich.sensu stricto and semideciduous forest vegetation types had the highest species richness (98), followed by campo cerrado with 86 and campo sujo with 51 (Appendix 1).About 41% of the sampled species (n ¼ 62) occurred in only one vegetation type, 16% (25 species) occurred in two vegetation types, 18% (27 species) in three and 23% (35 species) occurred in all vegetation types (Appendix 1).The semideciduous forest had the highest number of exclusive species (27), followed by cerrado sensu stricto (17), campo cerrado (10) and campo sujo (eight) (Figure 2, Appendix 1).Campo cerrado and cerrado sensu stricto had more shared species and campo sujo and semideciduous forest had the least shared species (Figure 2, Appendix 1).Most species that occurred in three vegetation types (88.8%) were shared between campo cerrado, cerrado sensu stricto, and semideciduous forest.Some species ocurred in only one season (58 species ocurred only in the dry and 30 species only in the rainy season) and the others species in both seasons (N ¼ 61).The dry showed more species (N ¼ 119) than the rainy season (N ¼ 91) (Appendix 1).
This high richness, the large number of new distribution records (including 14 for the Cerrado), and the existence of at least another 40 species in the study area (according to the first order Jackknife estimator), reinforces the importance of conserving the ENP and its surroundings.Despite being well preserved, the ENP is a large fragment surrounded by extensive monocultures of soybean, corn, cotton and sugarcane matrix.These monocultures can act as a barrier to the dispersal of individuals and hence cause problems associated with small, isolated populations, such as inbreeding, genetic drift and increased susceptibility to future stochastic events.Furthermore, the use of insecticides on these crops can cause increased mortality of insects at the edges of the park, affecting, for example, pollination of entomophilous plants.Moreover, the invasion of alien species such as Brachiaria can reduce the natural vegetation due to competition among species (Almeida-Neto et al. 2010), for example, which results in a lower availability of host plants.All of these factors can affect the assemblages of insect herbivores and pollinators.Thus, among the priority actions for the conservation of the ENP (and its surroundings) Arctiinae fauna are the creation of new protected areas in their surroundings and the creation of ecological corridors between protected areas for the fauna of the region (Rodrigues et al. 2002).
The semideciduous forest had the highest number of exclusive species in relation to other vegetation types.This result can be explained by the fact that this vegetation type has a different microclimate, plant species and soil types than cerrado sensu lato (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002, Ruggiero et al. 2002).
Both seasons presented exclusive species, but this was more evident in the dry season.The dry presented more Arctiinae species than the rainy season, as found for other Lepidoptera species (Morais et al. 1999, Pinheiro et al. 2002).In Cerrado biome, the dry winter season is marked by adverse conditions, like low humidity and cold temperature (Ramos-Neto & Pivello 2000).Also, the vegetation faces a water deficit and a reduction in nutritional quality in this season (Ramos-Neto & Pivello 2000, Pinheiro et al. 2002) and it can affect the Arctiinae moths, as they depend on the plants, both in larval (herbivorous) and in adult (pollinator) phases.Thus, we believe that the more Arctiinae species found in the winter dry season must be due to a temporarily enemy-free space (Jeffries & Lawton 1984, Morais et al. 1999).In this period, the predators and parasitoids should be less abundant than in the rainy season (Morais et al. 1999) and it should enable more Arctiinae species to coexist in the severe dry season.
The Cerrado biome has diminished in recent decades mainly due to agricultural expansion (Klink & Machado 2005).Many species may have been lost in this process, including species not yet known to science.According to Ferro et al. (2010), much of the biome has not yet been inventoried.Thus, studies that generate lists of species, especially in places rarely or never sampled regarding the fauna, are urgent and very important to understand the biodiversity.Furthermore, these data improve our estimation of the geographical distribution and the status (e.g.rare, endemic, threatened) of species.These data, therefore, can be analyzed by niche modeling and guide future conservation strategies, such as the location of new conservation units.However, these estimates will be much more accurate if natural history data are included and if the species identification is correct.Appendix 1. List of Actiinae moth species sampled in four phytophysiognomies of the Emas National Park (ENP), in the dry and rainy seasons.CS means campo sujo, CC campo cerrado, CSS cerrado sensu stricto and SF semideciduous forest.Species with symbols #$* are new records for Cerrado, #$ for Goias State and # for ENP.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Brazil showing Goia ´s State in black (a); map of Goia ´s State showing the Emas National Park (ENP) in black (b); area of the ENP showing the sample plots (black points, c); smaller scale of c (d); smaller scale of the squares indicated in d (e, f, g).The symbols indicate the vegetation type: semideciduous forest ('), cerrado sensu stricto (), campo cerrado (m) and campo sujo ( þ ).The numbers represent the code of sample plots.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Venn diagram indicating the number of species that were sampled only in a vegetation type (numbers within the ellipses) and the number of shared species between vegetation types (numbers next to the lines).Campo sujo (CS), campo cerrado (CC), cerrado sensu stricto (CSS) and semideciduous forest (SF).