Arctiini Leach, [1815] (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) of the Brazilian Amazon. IV - Subtribe Euchromiina Butler, 1876

Abstract: The Euchromiina moths comprise 735 species in the neotropics. Here we provide a list of Euchromiina species from the Brazilian Amazon. The list was produced from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and from literature data. Nearly 30% (219) of the neotropics Euchromiina species were recorded, including 13 new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon. Santarém and Belém were the municipalities with the highest number of species records, with 96 and 74, respectively. Although the number of Euchromiina records is high in the Amazon, this value is underestimated because the fauna was never sampled in the vast majority of the biome. This is a worrying scenario because the Amazon has the world highest absolute rate of forest reduction. In order to suggest efficient conservation policies for the Amazon Arctiinae fauna, it is urgent to intensify the sampling effort in this biome.


Introduction
Tropical rainforests support some of the hightest species richness of the Earth and correspond to 60% of the hotspots defined by Myers et al. (2000). The Amazon represents 40% of the tropical rainforest areas (Aragão et al. 2014). It covers part of nine countries in South America, with 69% of this area in Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008). However, the original area of the Brazilian Amazon has been reduced by 20% (INPE 2015).
Lepidoptera inventories in the Brazilian Amazon are scarce (Santos et al. 2008). Although there have been scientific publications on Amazonian Lepidoptera since the 19th century, many earlier inventories in the Brazilian Amazon do not provide an accurate description of the collection sites, which significantly restricts the use of their data (Casagrande et al. 2012). Several recent inventories also have problems, such as being made in a short period of time and/or poorly distributed in space (usually along major rivers or near urban centers).
Arctiinae was worldwide Lepidoptera taxa (Heppner 1991). With approximately 11,000 species, the tiger moths are divided in four tribes (Zahiri et al. 2012), but only Arctiini and Lithosiini occurred in the Neotropics. Arctiini are distributed in seven subtribes: Arctiina, Callimorphina, Spilosomina, Phaegopterina, Pericopina, Ctenuchina and Euchromiina (Weller et al. 2009, Vincent & Laguerre 2014. The Euchromiina moths are found mainly in the neotropics and comprises approximately 68 genera and 735 species (Weller et al. 2009). Several species have nocturnal activity, but some species are exclusively diurnal (Hagmann 1938). Many species of Euchromiina form mimetic rings with butterflies, beetles, and especially wasps (Simmons 2009). Their wings can have areas or be totally transparent, closely resembling the wings of Hymenoptera. Moreover, some species simulate the petiole of Hymenoptera by reducing of abdomen sclerites and increasing thorax sclerites (Simmons 2009). Males of several species have modified scales below the second abdominal segment that can be released in dangerous situations or during mating (Yack 2004). Some Euchromiina use ultrasound in courtship instead of or in combination with feromonal cues (Sanderford et al. 1998). Several Euchromiina larvae are brilliantly coloured (Weller et al. 2009) and feed on several plant families. Adults of some species are pharmacophagous on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Conner & Jordan 2009).
We present a list of Euchromina moths occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. We make the species list mainly from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and also from literature data. This study is a continuation of Teston & Ferro (2016a, b) and Teston et al. (2019) and aims to increase knowledge of the diversity of Arctiinae in the Amazon region.

Materials and Methods
We intensively searched the literature and examined specimens from entomological collections of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas To identify the species, we used literature (Hampson 1898, Seitz 1919-1925 and specimens deposited in the visited collections. The systematic organization to generic level follows Hampson (1898) and Weller et al. (2000), with updates of the generic names according Watson et al. (1995) and corrections of Pinheiro & Duarte (2013), Pinheiro & Gaal-Haszler (2015) and Pinheiro (2016).
The geographical coordinates of the localities in the Brazilian Amazon with Arctiinae records were obtained from the Geo Loc tool of "Species Link date & tools" (http://splink.cria.org.br/geoloc) and Google Earth (https://earth.google.com/web/). The list is organized alphabetically. Species and records without precise location data, and those from locations that belong to more than one biome (e.g., Cerrado and Amazon) were not included in the list.

Results
Our research generated a list of 219 Euchromiina species (Table 1), including 13 new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon (indicated by "NEW"). Eighteen species appear as new records for the municipalities and their respective States (indicated by "AMZ"). In total, 71 (9.2%) Amazonian municipalities had Euchromiina species records (Table 2 and Figure 1). Santarém (PA), Belém (PA), and São Félix do Xingu (PA) were the municipalities with the highest number of species, with 96, 74, and 47, respectively.

Discussion
The number of Euchromiina species recorded for the Brazilian Amazon was high. It corresponds to 29.8% of neotropics Euchromiina fauna (735, Weller et al. 2009)  The explanation of Santarém and Belém are the Amazon municipalities with the highest number of Euchromiina records probably are related to the proximity and access to the collection sites, which allow a larger sample effort. Belém is the capital of the state of Pará and has an important museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, founded in 1866) and other research institutions, as well as easy access to sampling sites. Santarém was widely sampled by H. Zerny and G. Hagmann (Zerny 1931, Hagmann 1938. Hagmann resided in Santarém and Zerny spent a season collecting moths there. Belém was also the second municipality with the highest number of Phaegopterina, Pericopina and Ctenuchina records (Teston & Ferro 2016a, b, Teston et al. 2019). Table 1. Euchromiina (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) species of the Brazilian Amazon. The record column shows the Brazilian state in abbreviated form followed by municipality. The name of the locality is enclosed in braces and the author of the first record is in parentheses. * New record. States abbreviations: AC = Acre, AM= Amazonas, AP = Amapá, MA = Maranhão, MT = Mato Grosso, PA = Pará, RO = Rondônia and RR = Roraima.
and Poliopastea) are canopy flyers (Brehm 2009). In order to suggest efficient conservation policies for the Amazon Arctiinae fauna, it is urgent to intensify the sampling effort in this biome, both spatially and temporally. Finally, in addition to reduce species distribution gaps, it is also necessary to invest in studies on the taxonomy of Euchromiina in order to decrease the bias of the Linnean shortfall (Whittaker et al. 2005) on diversity patterns since the taxonomy of this taxon is still complicated: there are many descriptions based on only one individual, many species to be described, and many synonyms to elucidate.