Arctiini Leach, [1815] (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) of the Brazilian Amazon. V – Subtribes Arctiina Leach, [1815], Callimorphina Walker, [1865] and Spilosomina Seitz, 1910

: The Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina moths comprise 340 species in the neotropics. Here we provide a list of Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina species from the Brazilian Amazon. The list was produced from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and from literature data. We registered 17 species of Arctiina, two of Callimorphina and 16 of Spilosomina. The proportion of Brazilian Amazon Callimorphina (28.6%) and Arctiina (19.1%) in relation to Neotropical fauna were nearly to those found for other Arctiini subtribes in the Brazilian Amazon. However, the Spilosomina records were extremely low, corresponding to only 6.6% of the Neotropical species. Belém, Fonte Boa and Santarém were the municipalities with the highest number of registered species, with 14, 9 and 8, respectively. As this is the last article on the fauna of the Arctiini subtribes of the Brazilian Amazon, we summarize the main patterns observed for the tribe and identify the main knowledge gaps regarding this taxon.

The Arctiina and Callimorphina moths have a worldwide distribution (Weller et al. 2009). In the neotropic there are seven genera and 89 species of Arctiina and there is one genus and seven species of Callimorphina (Vincent & Laguerre 2014). In adults of Arctiina the size varies from medium to large and the coloring is also varied, with spots and stripes. Male genitalia are simple or reduced. Female pheromone glands can be swollen, divided, and digitated. Larvae have short hair and several species are polyphagous, feeding on plants with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Weller et al. 2009).
Several Callimorphina species tend to be large and brightly colored, and some are diurnal. The morphology of adults, especially in the male genitalia, varies, and in most of them there is a reduced counter-tympanal hood. Larvae feeding on various herbaceous plants, including plants with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Weller et al. 2009).
The Spilosomina moths are also cosmopolitan (Schmidt 2009). In the Neotropics there are 23 genera and 244 species (Vincent & Laguerre 2014). Adults are medium to large in size and vary in color. Larvae feed on low-growth herbaceous plants, and are more common in non-forest habitats, typically xeric forests, savannas, prairies, and wetlands (Schmidt 2009).
The caterpillars of some species present in these three sub-tribes are polyphagic and feed on plants of economic importance, but they are not pests of any importance (Schmidt 2009;Weller et al. 2009 andTeston et al. 2019b).
Here, we present a list of Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina moths occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. In this article we conclude the series of inventories of Arctiini for the Brazilian Amazon (Teston & Ferro 2016ab, Teston & Ferro 2019and Teston et al. 2019a).

Materials and Methods
We intensively searched the literature and examined specimens from entomological collections of the  (Hampson 1901, 1920, Seitz 1919-1925, Vincent & Laguerre 2014, Watson 1971, 1973 and specimens deposited in the visited collections. The systematic organization to generic level follows Vincent & Laguerre (2014).
The geographical coordinates of the localities in the Brazilian Amazon with Arctiinae records were obtained from the Geo Loc tool of "Species Link date & tools" (http://splink.cria.org.br/geoloc) and Google Earth (https://earth.google.com/web/). The list is organized alphabetically. Species and records without precise location data, and those from locations that belong to more than one biome (e.g., Cerrado and Amazon) were not included in the list.

Results
We registered 17 species of Arctiina, 2 of Callimorphina and 16 of Spilosomina (Table 1). Of the total of 35 species, five were new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon (three Arctiina and two Spilosomina) (indicated by "NEW" in the Table 1). One Spilosomina species appear as new records for the municipalities and their respective States (indicated by "AMZ"). In total, 41 (5.2%) Amazonian municipalities had moths species records of three Subtribes (Table 2 and Figure 1). Belém (PA), Fonte Boa (AM), and Santarém (PA) were the municipalities with the highest number of species, with 14, 9, and 8, respectively.

Discussion
We consider low the total number of records for these three subtribes for the Brazilian Amazon (35). This value corresponds to only 10.3% of the Neotropical fauna (340, Vincent & Laguerre 2014, Teston et al. 2019b and are slightly larger than the southest Brazilian State (Rio Grande do Sul, 29, Ferro & Teston 2009), which has an area approximately 18 times smaller and a latitude about 6 times larger than the Brazilian Amazon. Considering the subtribes separately, the proportion of Brazilian Amazon Callimorphina (28.6%) and Arctiina (19.1%) in relation to Neotropical fauna were nearly to those found for other subtribes in the Brazilian Amazon (between 17 and 31%, Teston & Ferro 2016ab, Teston & Ferro 2019, Teston et al. 2019a, Vincent & Laguerre 2014. However, the Spilosomina records were extremely low, corresponding to only 6.6% of the 244 Neotropical species (Vincent & Laguerre 2014). A possible explanation for this low richness would be the difficulty in identifying the Spilosomina species. Paracles and Hypercompe, for example, are genera with a large number of species with similar color and size patterns. As we considered in our study only the species with no doubtful identification, many species (including Paracles and Hypercompe) were not included in our list. However, the low number of species in this subtribe in the Amazon may indicate that this taxon is less diverse at low latitudes.  (Rothschild 1910b), Codajás (Rothschild 1910b), Fonte Boa (Rothschild 1910b), Tefé to Fonte Boa (Rothschild 1910b); PA, [Belém] (Rothschild 1922); RO, Porto Velho {Calama} (Rothschild 1910b)  In a Peruvian site (latitude 13S), for example, only 5 species of Spilosomina were sampled (Grados, 2002), but in the southernmost state of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, latitude about 30S) were recorded 26 species of Spilosomina (Ferro & Teston 2009), 10 more species than the entire Amazon biome. Nevertheless, other samplings carried out at higher latitudes (between 22 and 32S) (but with a much smaller sample effort) found a low number of Spilosomina species: 7 in the Bosque Serrano de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina (Beccacece et al. 2012), and 5 in the Chaco Serrano and Yungas Ecoregions, also in Argentina (Beccacece et al. 2016). The highest richness for the three subtribes (Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina together) in an Amazonian site were 14,9 and 8 species (Belém,Fonte Boa and Santarém,respectively). These values are similar to those found in well-sampled Atlantic Forest sites, as Boracéia, (10 species, Ferro & Diniz 2007) and Joinville (11, Ferro et al. 2012). In the Cerrado well-sampled sites, however, were recorded only seven (Scherrer et al. 2013) and six (Moreno & Ferro 2016) species of these three subribes.
With this paper we concluded the series of faunal inventories about Brazilian Amazon Arctiini (Teston & Ferro 2016a, b, Teston & Ferro 2019, Teston et al. 2019a. Some common patterns could be observed in these papers. First, there was a great overlap in relation to the locations with the highest number of Arctiini species records. Belém, the capital of the state of Pará, was among the three most diverse locations in all Arctiini inventory papers (Teston & Ferro 2016a, b, Teston & Ferro 2019, Teston et al. 2019a, this work), followed by Santarém (Teston & Ferro 2019, Teston et al. 2019a, this work), Cacaulândia (Teston & Ferro 2016a, Teston et al. 2019a and Fonte Boa (Teston & Ferro 2016a, this work). This pattern was probably related to historical sampled effort (several naturalists sampled in the Amazon in the 19th and 20th centuries), and to the proximity/easer access to sampled sites and research institutions. Second, the number of Brazilian Amazon arctiid records was underestimaded for all subtribes. The tiger moth fauna was never sampled in the vast majority of the biome.   (Teston & Ferro 2016b), 69 for Phaegopterina (Teston & Ferro 2016a), 71 for Euchromiina (Teston & Ferro 2019), and 75 for Ctenuchina (Teston et al. 2019a). Besides, the sampling points are poorly distributed and usually restricted to more populated cities and along major rivers. In addition, the majority of the locations were insufficiently sampled, as observed by the large proportion of sites with only one species record (e.g. 58.5% for Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina). Third, the Arctiini fauna was more diverse in humid than in xeric biomes. There are currently 1,058 Arctiini moths registred to the Brazilian Amazon, considering the subtribes Ctenuchina, Euchromiina, Pericopina and Phaegopterina (Teston & Ferro 2016a, b, 2019, Teston et al. 2019a) and those listed in this study. The Arctiini richness of the the Brazilian Amazon is high but slightly lower than the Atlantic Forest (1,193 species, Ferro & Melo 2011). This suggest a pattern of higher diversity in humid forest environments since in the Cerrado biome there are only 595 Arctiini recorded species .
In order to suggest efficient conservation policies for the Amazon Arctiini fauna, it is urgent to intensify the sampling effort in this biome, both spatially (more locations, several strata and types of vegetation), and temporally (sampled also during the day, during several months/ years, throughout all nocturnal period). Besides, it is necessary a higher investment in taxonomy/systematic research on the Neotropical Arctiinae fauna to reduce the Linnean shortfalls. Finally, we think it is important to expand the studies for the Lithosiini tribe and to understand in more depth the issue of the low richness of Spilosomina in the Amazon.