Photosynthetic and enzymatic metabolism of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi seedlings under water deficit Metabolismo fotossintético e enzimático das mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi sob déficit hídrico

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a tree species that can be used in the recovery of degraded areas, as it exhibits rapid growth and has a very expansive root system, facilitating water uptake from the deeper layers of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate photosynthesis and enzymatic activity in S. terebinthifolius seedlings under conditions of water deficit and their potential to recover following re-irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under a plastic covering where plants were distributed into two groups: Group 1 – control plants, where irrigation was maintained at 70% of the water retention capacity, and Group 2 – stressed plants, where irrigation was suspended until the photosynthetic rate neared zero, followed by rehydration for 12 days, then a further suspension of irrigation. At the beginning of the experiment and during the suspension of irrigation and rehydration, plants were evaluated for gas and antioxidant enzyme exchanges. Hydric stress significantly reduced photosynthesis, stomatal transpiration conductance, carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, and the chlorophyll content of the S. terebinthifolius plants. Following rehydration, plants recovered the carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, but not the photosynthetic rate. Antioxidant enzyme activity increased in both the aerial part and the root in response to water deficit.


INTRODUCTION
Schinus terebinthifolius is known as the Brazilian pepper tree or the rose pepper, mainly owing to the appearance of its fruits.It can be used in the recovery of degraded areas, as it demonstrates rapid growth and has a very expansive root system that facilitates water uptake from the deeper layers of the soil (Souza et al., 2013).In Brazil, this tree is found along the coast, from Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul (Oliveira;Araújo, 2007), and in the Amazônia and Minas Gerais regions (Carvalho et al., 2013).However, there is limited information on the ecophysiology of the initial growth of this species.
Hydric stress occurs when low water availability affects physiological processes, such as transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal opening, and abscisic acid (ABA) production (Costa; Marenco, 2007;Melcher et al., 2009).There is no universal mechanism for resistance to drought, as plants respond to water shortage through various adaptive processes, such as their capacity to reduce the water potential associated with morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations (Damayanthi;Mohotti;Nissanka, 2010;Anjun et al., 2011;Ashraf;Harris, 2013).
Considering the broad distribution of S. terebinthifolius, we hypothesized that it would exhibit tolerance to water deficit.Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate changes in photosynthesis and enzymatic activity under water deficit conditions and the potential of S. terebinthifolius to recover upon rehydration.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Seedlings were grown in 8 kg pots containing a substrate consisting of a mixture of soil (dystroferric Red Latosol), sand, and Bioplant ® (2:1:1), and kept in a greenhouse under 40 % shade cloth.During the experiment, the plants were protected from rain by a plastic cover.
At the start of the experiment (T 0 ), the pots were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1 -control, with plant irrigation maintained at 70% of the water retention capacity; and Group 2 -subject to stress, where irrigation was suspended until the photosynthetic rate neared zero (1 st P 0 -41 days after the beginning of the experiment).This was followed by a period in which the plants were once again subjected to daily irrigation for 12 days, maintaining 70% of the water retention capacity, until the levels of photosynthetic rates of the Group 2 plants subjected to irrigation suspension presented values close to those of the control.A second cycle of irrigation suspension/reirrigation (S/R) was then carried out (1 st S/R -53 days after the beginning of the experiment) and the seedlings were evaluated when zero photosynthesis was observed (2 nd P 0 -78 days after the beginning of the experiment).
To evaluate the effect of intermittent water deficit, the plants were monitored every two days, until the photosynthetic rates were close to zero.The plants were then rehydrated daily for one week, and then the following characteristics were evaluated: -Relative chlorophyll content: Obtained with the help of a chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta, SPAD 502).
-Leaf water potential (Ψw): Obtained from readings performed on the second pair of fully extended leaves from the apex to the base, between 10:00 h and 11:00 h, using a Scholander pressure chamber (Portable Plant water status console -model 3115) (Scholander et al., 1964), immediately after leaf collection.The values were obtained in bars and later converted to MPa.
To determine the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, extracts were obtained by homogenization of 1 g of leaves from each treatment, which were initially fragmented in a mortar in the presence of liquid nitrogen.Then, 2 mL of extraction solution was added, consisting of 0.1 mM EDTA in 0.1 M pH 6.8 potassium phosphate buffer containing 20 mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone, before further homogenization.The activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase were measured following the methodology compiled by Broetto (2014).
To analyze the gas exchanges, the design was completely randomized with four repetitions of the two water regimes (control -irrigated periodically and stress), in which each value corresponded to one seedling.The results were submitted to analysis of variance and where there was a statistical significance, the means of each treatment were submitted to a t test at 5 % probability in the Sisvar statistical program.
For the remaining analyses, a completely randomized factorial design was used for both water regimes (control -irrigated periodically and stress) × four evaluation periods (time zero -T 0 ; first and second photosynthesis -1 st P 0 and 2 nd P 0 ; first cycle of irrigation suspension/rehydration (1 st S/R) and four repetitions, in which each value corresponded to one seedling.The results were submitted to analysis of variance and statistical effect of water regimes; the averages were compared using t tests, whereas the interaction between the treatments were compared using the Scott Knott test, both at 5% probability in the Sisvar statistical program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The water potential (Ψw) was strongly influenced by the water regime, since the greatest water potential reduction (-2.0 to -2.5 MPa) occurred when photosynthesis reached values near to zero while in the control, the average value was -0.65 MPa (Figure 1).
Seedlings of S. terebinthifolius under restricted water conditions demonstrated reduced water potential (Ψw), with average values of -2.0 to -2.5 MPa when the photosynthetic rates were reduced to values near zero (1 st and 2 nd P 0 ), showing a loss of turgidity in the leaves.When plants lose water at a greater rate than their absorption and transport capacity, Ψw is reduced, stomata close, and photosynthesis is reduced (Costa; Marenco, 2007); these phenomena were all observed in this study.
The photosynthesis rates (A) were lower in stressed plants than in the controls.Upon rehydration, these values increased; however, they did not reach the values observed for the control plants (Figure 2a).This was also observed for the transpiration rate (E), in that the values remained lower for the stressed plants than for the control plants even after the 1 st period of suspension/rehydration (Figure 2b).
Water use efficiency (WUE) oscillated throughout the evaluation, with the greatest values observed in the control seedlings (Figure 2c).The lowest value for WUE occurred when photosynthesis initially approached zero (1 st P 0 -41 st day), and recovery was observed during rehydration (1 st S/R), following which a fall in WUE occurred due to the second period of zero-value photosynthesis (2 nd P 0 ).
The internal concentration of CO 2 (Ci) was greater in the stressed plants, which induced lower instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci), resulting in values that were close to zero 41 days after the irrigation suspension.This was a period during which the stomatal conductance (Gs) also showed the lowest values (Figures 3a, b and  c).Subsequently, these values increased following rehydration.The behavior of these three characteristics varied in the two periods of water restrictions.With less water availability, there was a reduction of Gs, however the C i remained high until day 38 according to the smaller A/Ci.However, with the second suspension of irrigation, these characteristics were reduced by 78 days after the start of the experiment.Similar results for WUE, Gs, Ci and A/Ci were also observed by Junglos et al. (2016) in Campomanesia adamantium seedlings under water restriction, but in this species, it took only 31 days for the level of photosynthesis to approach zero.
The IWUE (A/Gs) of the control and stressed plants was similar, such that at 64 days (23 days after rehydration) it was significantly higher in the stressed plants than in the control plants (Figure 3d).At 15 days after the second period of suspended irrigation (68 days), both the WUE and the IWUE decreased significantly in the stressed plants.
The S. terebinthifolius seedlings presented low tolerance to hydric deficiency in the soil, with elevated sensitivities for A, Gs, E, and Ψw.Characteristics of wateruse economy under stressful conditions were not observed since the WUE and IWUE also decreased during these critical periods.This suggests that stomatal closure (data not shown) did not maintain IWUE under water stress conditions, since these relationships should have remained high.The capacity of plants to restore photosynthetic activity after rehydration is of fundamental importance, as is the capacity to avoid and/or support hydric stress.Reduction in Ψw may lead to a decrease in photosynthetic activity, as observed in Campomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings under water restriction.The seedlings showed a reduction of the water potential (Ψw), reaching an average value of -2.4 MPa, when the photosynthetic rate was reduced to values close to zero, displaying the loss of leaf turgescence (Bento et al., 2016).This was also observed in the S. terebinthifolius plants, since the intrinsic carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci) of the Rubisco enzyme decreased with the decrease in Ψw, which reached -2.0 MPa after 41 days of suspended irrigation.Under conditions of low water availability, stomatal closure, caused by elevated levels of ABA, constitutes one of the first strategies used by plants to decrease the transpiration rate and maintain cellular turgidity (Melcher et al., 2009).Stomatal closure reduces stomatal conductance and limits the assimilation of CO 2 (Ashraf;Harris, 2013).Beyond these responses, under severe hydric stress, dehydration of the mesophilic cells and inhibition of the metabolic basis of photosynthesis takes place (Ashraf;Harris, 2013).
In our study, the relative chlorophyll content was reduced by the stress associated with water deficit.The lowest values were observed during the periods when the seedlings reached near-zero photosynthesis (1 st P 0 ) and did not recover following irrigation (1 st S/R) after the second period of zero photosynthesis (2 nd P 0 ) (Figure 4).The decreased relative chlorophyll content observed in stressed plants, even after the re-establishment of irrigation, suggests that the drought caused not only substantial damage to photosynthetic pigments, but also lead to deterioration of thylakoid membranes (Anjum et al., 2011;Kannan;Kulandaivelu, 2011).The reduced chlorophyll levels in the leaves might affect photosynthesis (Ashraf;Harris, 2013).In the present study, chlorophyll degradation appears to have occurred in the S. terebinthifolius plants, as they showed typical signs of chlorosis.
The activity of antioxidant enzymes in the aerial part and roots of the seedlings was greater in the stressed plants than in the control plants.The SOD activity was greater in the aerial part in the 2nd P 0 and in the root in the 1st P 0 .The greatest POX activity was observed in the aerial part in the 1st P 0 and in the roots in the 1st and 2nd P 0 .For CAT, the greatest activity was observed in both the leaves and roots in the 1st P 0 (Figure 5a-f).
The increased SOD, POX, and CAT activity in the aerial part and root system of the S. terebinthifolius plants suggests that the intermittent water deficit causes oxidative stress and that the changes in these enzymes represent a protective mechanism.Evidence in the literature indicates that the activity of one or more antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and POX, is observed in plants exposed to stressful conditions, and their increased activity might be related to increased stress tolerance (Allen;Webb;Schake, 1997).Together with other physiological mechanisms, the efficiency of the antioxidant system increases the tolerance capacity of the plant by decreasing the effects of ROS (Giannakoula et al., 2010).The plants subjected to stress were able to modulate their defense response by producing antioxidant enzymes in order to overcome the stress and restore normal metabolism (Soares;Machado, 2007).

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Average values of water potential (Ψw) of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi submitted to intermittent water deficit.Lowercase letters represent treatments (stressed plants and control), capital letters represent control, and capital letters in italics represent the stressed seedlings within the evaluation periods.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Average values of photosynthetic rate -A (a), transpiration rate -E (b), water use efficiency -WUE (c) of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi submitted to intermittent water deficit.Means followed by different letters differ by t test at 5% probability.The dashed lines represent the photosynthesis levels next to zero (41 and 78 days).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Mean values of internal CO 2 concentration -Ci (a), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency of CO 2 -A/Ci (b), stomatal conductance -Gs (c) and intrinsic efficiency of water use -IWUE (d) of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius submitted to intermittent water deficit.Means followed by different letters differ by t test at 5% probability.The dashed lines represent the photosynthesis levels next to zero (41 and 78 days).

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Mean values of relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi submitted to intermittent water deficit.Lowercase letters represent treatments (stressed plants and control), capital letters represent control, and capital letters in italics represent the stressed seedlings within the evaluation periods.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD -units mg -1 fresh matter -1 ), catalase (CAT -µKat µg Prot -1 ), and peroxidase (POX -µKat µg Prot -1 ) in the aerial part (a, c, e) and roots (b, d, f) of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi submitted to intermittent water deficit.Lowercase letters represent treatments (stressed plants and control), capital letters represent control, and capital letters in italics represent the stressed seedlings within the evaluation periods.