Vascular endothelial growth factor gene variations as a risk predictor in disc degeneration

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, as well as to identify a potential risk haplotype among the polymorphic regions in this gene in patients with disc degeneration and in the Control Group. Methods This study analyzed a total of 217 individuals distributed into the Disc Degeneration and Control Groups. Peripheral blood was collected from all patients to detect VEGF gene polymorphisms identified by qPCR (rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs833061 and rs3025039). All patients presenting disc degeneration had the confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance test and were rated according to disc degeneration level. Results All polymorphisms were in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05) in the studied population. The genotypic frequency for Disc Degeneration and Control Group were rs699947 p = 0.475, rs1570360 p = 0.862, rs2010963 p = 0.823, rs833061 p=0.596 and rs3025039 p=0.230. In haplotype analysis, the compositions CAGGC (p=0.094) and CCGGC (p=0.054) stood out. Conclusion The correlation between VEGF gene polymorphism as a risk predictor for disc degeneration was negative in the studied population. However, the VEGF gene has a large polymorphic region, and it is activated by various catabolic and metabolic factors in the disc degeneration process, which has not been fully elucidated.


INTRODUCTION
The low back pain is one of the most common health problems in society -between 50 and 80% of people report an episode during the lifetime -and it is an important cause of work absenteeism and use of health services. (1)Among the pathological processes, which can affect the intervertebral disc, the intervertebral

Vascular endothelial growth factor gene variations as a risk predictor in disc degeneration
Variação do gene fator de crescimento endotelial vascular como preditor de risco para a degeneração discal Considering the VEGF influence in the new vessels formation and the importance of nutrition of the intervertebral discs for their vitality, we raised a hypothesis of a possible relation between the VEGF gene polymorphisms and the disc degeneration.
Considering the Case Group, a total of 110 patients with chronic back pain were selected from the Clinical Specialties − Spinal Surgery Group, of the Hospital Estadual Mário Covas, coordinated by the Sector of Diseases of the Locomotor System at the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André (SP) Brazil.The patients inclusion criteria were: patients with chronic low back pain (longer than three months); age under 50 years old; and magnetic resonance confirming disc degeneration in at least one disc, analyzed in the sagittal plane T2 mainly, involving the discs between L4 and L5, and L5 and S1.For the rating of the disc degeneration the Pfirrmann et al., (13) grading system was utilized, and two radiologists confirmed the disease after nuclear magnetic resonance imaging test.The exclusion criteria were: patients who underwent a previous surgical treatment; with congenital spinal deformities; and with lumbar disc herniation.
For the Control Group, samples of 107 healthy individuals with no spine deformities and no back pain history were collected; they were seen at the Outpatients Clinic of Faculdade de Medicina do ABC.The inclusion criteria were based on clinical observations, as follows: age between 20 and 45 years; no previous spinal surgery; no history of herniated disc treatment; no history of hospitalization due to lower back pain; no use of medication for lower back pain for longer than 7 days; and no relatives aged under 50 years with herniated disc or clinical treatment for back pain.4)(5) The degeneration occurs primarily as a result of the intervertebral disc aging, nevertheless, young patients have also been affected by disc degeneration; it is considered that genetic and environmental factors as well as risk factors like work overload, smoking and overweight (6) may be influencing more and more the current population who has a poor quality of life associated with increased obesity and sedentary lifestyle combining with chronic pain. (7)natomically, the intervertebral disc consists of three major structures: the cartilaginous end-plates, the central nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus located on the disk periphery. (8,9)The lumbar intervertebral disk is the largest avascular tissue, and its nutrition process occurs mainly through the surrounding vasculature by diffusion from the vertebral end-plates.Therefore, blood flow changes in the intervertebral disc were suggested as causal factor in disc degeneration. (10)urthermore, it may occur a blood vessels involution on degenerated disc through the vertebral end-plate or through the annulus fibrosus. (11)nce the angiogenesis occurs simultaneously with the intervertebral disc degenerative process, it is reasonable to assume that angiogenesis-related genes are candidates to determine the disc degeneration development risk. (11)Thus, polymorphisms in genes previously implicated in angiogenesis may contribute to the etiology of the intervertebral disc degeneration.
One of the most important peptides related to the angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) coded by VEGF gene, which is highly polymorphic, it is located on 6p21.3 chromosome and contains 14kb in the coding region with eight exons and seven introns. (12)he VEGF operates directly and selectively through the VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors, expressed predominantly and perhaps exclusively in the vascular endothelium.The VEGF connection to these receptors causes cytoplasmic calcium influx, increasing its concentration up to four times, changes the shape, division and migration of cells.This increased venous permeability to macromolecules allows plasma proteins to spread to the extra vascular space, leading to fibrinogen coagulation and fibrin gel deposition, which acts as a provisional matrix for the new blood vessels growth.The increased microvascular permeability seems invariably precede and/or follow the angiogenesis in a range of physiological and pathological processes, which makes the VEGF gene to be considered an important angiogenesis mediator. (12)ascular endothelial growth factor gene variations as a risk predictor in disc degeneration einstein.2017;15(4):403-8 The recruitment of all patients and methods were performed between January 2015 and November 2016.This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, under protocol 1.142.930,CAAE: 45904515.9.0000.0082.

Polymorphism study
A volume of 4mL of peripheral blood was collected for DNA extraction, according to the Lahiri and Nurnberger (1991) protocol, using the salting-out method.The DNA obtained was quantified and qualified by Thermo Scientific NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer, and diluted to a standard concentration of 25ng/uL.

RESULTS
The sample characteristics are shown in table 2.

Statistical analysis
The results were statistically analyzed using the Stata 11.0 software.Genetic Power Calculator (14) was used to estimate the statistical power of the results concerning individual polymorphism data.
The χ² test was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies among the groups, and to estimate the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The odds ratio (OR) was calculated in relation to the presence of the reference genotype using a logistic regression model.The significance level was 0.05 (α<0.05).Moreover, the association between the combined genotype of VEGF gene polymorphisms and the disc degeneration The VEGF gene polymorphisms analysis was performed in all patients of the study.Polymorphism and alleles frequency are observed for rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs833061 and rs3025039 in table 3. The sample size power calculated was <0.50 (0.05) to the Disc Degeneration Group considering the polymorphisms studied.
No statistically significant differences were observed in the VEGF gene polymorphisms studied.Furthermore, we described the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and all polymorphisms were in equilibrium in the studied population.The same data was applied to haplotype analysis to estimate whether there is a correlation among the studied polymorphisms (Table 4).
Haplotyping results identified two haplotype blocks that involved all polymorphisms studied.The first, CAGGC, correlated with the presence of disc degeneration (p=0.094),whereas CCGGC was more present in the Control Group (p=0.054).

DISCUSSION
The present study showed no correlation between VEGF polymorphisms and disc degeneration in Brazilians.However, we observed that the haplotype CAGGC is correlated with disc degeneration, while the haplotype CCGGC was more present in Control Group.The intervertebral disc is an avascular tissue, but the adjacent vasculature supplies adequate nutrients and removes metabolic waste, and these processes are important to maintain a healthy disk.In the stages of angiogenesis, several factors contribute to this process: cytokines (polypeptides), enzymes, extracellular matrix components and surface molecules.Two factors primarily stimulate the growth of vascular endothelium − VEGF and FGF-2.By means of immunohistochemistry tests, David et al., (15) confirmed the presence of this VEGF polypeptide in herniated intervertebral disc and/or degenerated disc.However, how the expression in this tissue is changed in herniated or degenerated disc has not been fully elucidated. (16)ome authors (17,18) have associated the VEGF expression in degenerated disc tissue.Lee et al., (17) concluded that it would be necessary to activate interleukin (IL) 1β during the disc degeneration, so that VEGF, NGF and BDNF could express, resulting in the angiogenesis.However, Lu et al., (18) found a positive rate of VEGF expression of 73.42% (116/156) in disc degeneration.In cases the intervertebral disc tissue was normal, there was no positive expression for VEGF.Furthermore, this expression is greater in discs with vascular infiltration as compared to discs with no infiltration.
One possible mechanism would be polymorphisms in the VEGF gene, thus altering its expression.The change in the gene by polymorphisms and its expression have already been demonstrated in clinical studies.For the polymorphisms -2578A -1154A of VEGF, there is a decrease in VEGF expression, but VEGF-634G> C SNP was correlated with a poor capacity for the production of VEGF. (10,19,20)wata et al., (21) proposed that the VEGF -634C allele is associated with increased transcript levels of VEGF, while Lambrechts et al., (22) reported that VEGF -634G is associated with a lower VEGF expression.However, no biomarker of VEGF has been fully associated with back pain and its mechanisms. (23)an et al., (24) observed that the frequency of combined genotypes VEGF-2578CA + AA/-634CC is higher in patients with disc degeneration.In addition, they considered that the allele VEGF-634C can be important in susceptibility to develop degeneration.This was one of the first studies conducted in the Korean population correlating the VEGF gene to disc degeneration. (25)ascular endothelial growth factor gene variations as a risk predictor in disc degeneration einstein.2017;15(4):403-8 In this paper, the polymorphisms rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963, rs833061 and rs3025039 were studied and no statistically significant differences were observed in these polymorphisms in relation to disc degeneration.The frequency of polymorphisms or even between alleles did not differ between the Case and Controle Groups.However, for the haplotype analysis, we observed a trend to significance for the haplotype CCGGC, patients with this combination would show a protection for the development of disc degeneration.Studies relating to disc degeneration and VEGF gene polymorphisms are rare in the literature, being the present paper a highly relevant work to the academic community.
This divergence between results shows that different mechanisms can activate gene transcription of VEGF.Binch et al. (16) studied the expression of cytokines and described the responses mediated by cytokines showing minimal effects on disc degeneration.Nonetheless, nucleus pulposus cells could potentially regulate the growth of endothelial cells in a process of disc degeneration through catabolic pathways leading to chronic lumbosciatalgia. (26)It is not known exactly in which stage of disc degeneration that the neovascularization process is enabled, but some factors, such as smoking, overweight and practice of exercises, can also influence the angiogenesis process. (15)olymorphisms are important factors to understand the difference between gene expressions; for example, in a normal or pathological tissue, but today they are rarely observed in clinical practice.In this study with the Brazilian population, the VEGF polymorphisms were not associated with disc degeneration.However, considering that many polymorphisms may have an adding effect, the haplotype analysis can still be exploited by increasing the sample size.
The sample size in the present study is a major limitation; however, the small number of patients studied is the result of selection criteria once all patients admitted in this study presented solely disc degeneration, no history of surgery and were aged under 47 years.On the other hand, the samples were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and allowed genotype and haplotype analyses.Another weakness of the study could be attributed to non-evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging tests in the Control Group, but a rigid criterion of exclusion was applied.
There are several strengths in the present study.The field of genetics has been identified as a promisor area, increasing the chance of better understanding each condition that can compromise patient health.Low back pain is often underdiagnosed, and only the symptoms are treated.Sharing new tools to diagnose, treat and prevent these conditions could be essential understand health problems.

CONCLUSION
The presence of VEGF gene polymorphism as a risk predictor for disc degeneration was negative in the population studied.However, the VEGF gene has a large polymorphic region, and it is activated by various catabolic and metabolic factors in the disc degeneration process, which have not been fully elucidated.

Table 1 .
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphisms and respective TaqMan assays

Table 2 .
Patient characteristics

Table 3 .
Frequency of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphism in the population with intervertebral disc degeneration and in the control population SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% of confidence interval; HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.