Psychology of Forced Displacement and Migration : A systematic review of the scientifi c literature

Forced displacement is a research fi eld in specifi c social and cultural contexts. This systematic review aims to identify, describe and analyze the research in Psychology of Forced Displacement and Migration published between 2006 and 2016. The databases selected were PsycINFO, Lilacs and SciELO following the criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, 2009. Content and methodology were assessed by Critical Appraisal Skill Programme. A total of 34 out of 491 articles fulfi lled the eligibility criteria and were categorized in a framework that summarizes the main research questions and methodologies, including authors, research questions, units of analysis, dominant theories, and hypotheses. In conclusion, the framework helped to comprehend the general aspects of the existing research and pointed out interdisciplinary tendencies in the studies on this phenomenon.

The migration phenomenon has lately been in the spotlight of international politics and a challenge for psychology in modern societies.This systematic review aims to identify, describe and analyze the main research issues and methodologies in Psychology on Forced Displacement and Migration (FDM) indexed in databases that disseminate scientific productions in electronic and printed format.
There are certainly multiple contributions to this complex phenomenon.The compendium developed by Brettell & Hollifield (2015) on the migration theory across disciplines describes the research questions and methodologies of Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, History, Law, Political Sciences, and Sociology, without including Psychology as a field of knowledge in the area.Meanwhile, the American Psychological Association (APA) has published the presidential report of the task force on immigration (American Psychological Association, 2012) entitled Crossroads: The Psychology of immigration in the new century.
The APA recommends a psycho-socioecological approach, based upon Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2007), and reports a moment of intense migratory flows, resulting from polysemic transformations that pervade crises in the economic system aggregated to factors of political and cultural institutions.In addition, these disciplines mentioned in the compendium Brettell & Hollifield (2015) also point to the interdependence of levels of human ecology from individual to more complex aspects.
The following questions were considered in this review: in Psychology, what are the research questions and methodologies in the scientific literature on FDM? Based on the selection of the articles in the 3 databases using the PRISMA criteria and the analysis of the results, following the 10 items of the CASP systematic review checklist, it was possible to examine the experiences of forced geographic displacement as they can be associated with different transversality issues and consequences.
Forced Displacement and Migration is often accompanied by relocation, which knowingly leads to adaptation problems to the new environment and physical and mental health issues (Siriwardhana & Stewart, 2013).The participation of Psychology in the current context of the migratory phenomenon and the particularities attributed to FDM, as well as the questions, units of analysis, dominant theories, and hypotheses of the selected articles will be addressed.Finally, directions for future research on FDM are suggested.
In this sense, previous to the APA report, European and North American Clinical Psychology have conducted scientific studies that deal with cultural adaptation and acculturation of migrants (Berry, 2004;Phinney, 2004).Interdisciplinarity is perceived as an important aspect for the understanding of the different theoretical and methodological approaches of migration.
In Brazil, similar phenomena have even greater force given the breadth of the territory.There is a greater tendency in the literature to study internal migration, particularly mobility from more impoverished regions to improve working conditions or for family reasons (Carvalho & Martins, 2016).Thus, other patterns such as forced displacement, compulsory migration, and environmental refuge can be added under the umbrella of migration theory.This relatively contemporary view (Cecconello & Koller, 2003) has promoted a reconciliation with migration studies such as forced displacement.Based on the relative interdisciplinary fluency, theoretical perspectives from cultural geography, including linguistics, sociology and part of psychology (Carvalho e Silva & Ertzogue, 2015), are included.A broad discussion that aggregates the environmental, cultural and psychological impact on people affected by specific mobility could be promoted.

Method
This empirical and evidence-based literature review was based on extensive research.The databases PsycINFO, Lilacs and SciELO were used.Keywords were defined in controlled vocabularies in English to expand coverage of articles in journals without Brazilian authors, such as "Displacement AND Psychology" and "Forced Migration AND Psychology".The most important word was "Psychology", as it correlated the phenomenon with the study area, and the measurements were "displacement" and "forced migration", followed by "AND".
In the databases, the terms were searched for in the titles, keywords and abstracts.For the inclusion criteria, the articles had to be peerreviewed in English, Spanish or Portuguese and written by authors in psychology or published by journals of psychology.Articles published more than 10 years ago were excluded.
The samples were selected by reading the abstracts for their relevance to the area on forced displacement and migration.A large number of manuscripts were retained at this stage for possible inclusion in the theoretical review (except for the systematic review, as they provided no evidence).In this sense, all articles were evaluated by eligibility criteria in the systematic review.The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) business migration (e.g.migration in oil companies in Scandinavian countries); (2) migrations in other historical contexts (e.g., Nazi regime, diaspora); (3) non-forced migration (e.g.migration of health professionals, migration as a secondary theme); (4) languages other than Portuguese, Spanish or English; (5) incomplete text (after contacting the first and/or second author); (6) lack of data; (7) literary studies.
The next three inclusion and exclusion criteria require further explanation.First, a number of articles were excluded because they reported psychological repercussions in broader contexts, identifying FDM as one of the contributing factors to the difficulties.Therefore, migration was assessed as a dependent variable, whereas FDM as independent variables.Finally, there were some concessions regarding the methodological rigor for examining the results in the CASP systematic review checklist: some studies presented few measurable data or from specific populations.Given the scarcity of research, especially with children and families, it was agreed to retain those relevant to the context of the topic, using the PRISMA selection criteria, which allows the inclusion of additional samples identified in other sources (Figure 1).A total of 34 articles were selected for the analysis as we will see below.

Results
The selected manuscripts were submitted to PRISMA 2009 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and assessed by the scales of the Critical appraisal skill program (CASP).All included articles received the necessary scores for levels A (9 to 10 positive items) and B (5 positive items -moderate bias) in the second instrument.Therefore, the information was organized in an organizational chart for the literature review.
Several studies have examined FDM in migrant children and adolescents and schools as mediators of conflicts inherent to this process: assessment of migrant children (Schölmerich, Leyendecker, Citlak, Caspar, & Jäkel, 2008); relationship between rural and urban migrant children (Shi, Qian, Lu, Plucker, & Lin, 2012).These samples were also extended to teachers, parents, and the school community (Valdez, Lewis Valentine, & Padilla, 2013).
The review pointed to violence as the preponderant cause of migratory processes, except for two articles on environmental disasters.One focused on women's mental health after an earthquake (Sezgin, 2016), and another qualitative study on the experiences of displaced survivors of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (Tuason, Güss, & Carroll, 2012).

Discussion
The framework of the articles (Table 1) was developed using the organizational chart.This is a usual procedure for a more comprehensive view of the selected bibliographic material and it synthesizes the available knowledge on the subject from different currents of psychology.
Units of analysis -The units of analysis were extracted from the field "Participants: identify" of the organizational chart.Regarding the levels, all articles were micro: individuals, family, groups (Brettell & Hollifield, 2015).This finding points to a significant approximation between the disciplines Psychology and Anthropology.
The prevalent units of analysis were groups (10) and ethnic groups (6).One article analyzed children (Schölmerich et al., 2008), teachers, parents and students (5), families (2), individuals (3) and adolescents (1) (Neto, 2010).Dominant theories -to establish the dominant theories of the revision we observed which themes were more often repeated in the bibliographical references of each article.The great number of psychoanalytic (5), cultural (5), ethnic-racial (4) and human rights (3) theories was remarkable.Other theories appeared less frequently as indicated in framework.
Hypotheses of the samples -The filling out in the fields "Main Results" and "Conclusion" of THEMATIC SECTION: MIGRAÇÃO E REFÚGIO | MIGRATION AND REFUGE Organizational chart from the different phases of the review.

Table 1
Methodological framework of the research on Psychology and Migration 1 of 2

Table 1
Methodological framework of the research on Psychology and Migration 2 of 2