Direct selection for phenotypic traits in carrot genotypes

Selection of more productive carrot genotypes is fundamental for crop breeding programs aiming to increase productivity and reduce cost production. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate gains from direct selection and to measure its effects on other agronomic traits of interest in carrots. Thirty six carrot genotypes were evaluated in two experiments: the first, sown in the second half of November 2016 and the second one in the first week of March 2017. The experimental plots covered a useful area of 1.5 m2, in transversal rows and 0.10m double spacing between single rows x 0.20-m between double rows in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. At 90 days, the incidence of leaf blight was evaluated using a note scale and 100 days after sowing, roots were harvested measuring the number and mass of total, commercial and non-commercial roots of each plot. The direct selection of commercial root mass allowed to estimate indirect and expressive gains for most evaluated traits, allowing to select seven genotypes (populations 758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 and 742) which can be released as cultivar or for the formation of a broader genetic-based population.


Scientific communication
C arrot occupies a prominent place among the vegetables grown in Brazil. Estimates of this tuberous vegetable production are superior to 700 thousand tons per year. The main production regions are Minas Gerais, Paraná, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, considering the region of São Gotardo, located in Alto Paranaíba Mineiro, responsible for approximately half of all carrot produced in Brazil, supplying most Brazilian's Southeast, Midwest, North and Northeast (IBGE, 2018).
Currently, carrot breeding programs aim to develop mainly hybrid cultivars. Although market has focused on this type of cultivar; multi-character selection in breeding base populations is an important phase in breeding programs (Carvalho et al., 2016).
A c c o r d i n g t o G o l d e n b e r g (1968), selection for a specific trait provides changes in other traits, in relation to genetic correlations. This fact is called "correlated response to selection", considering that this selection sometimes does not interest the breeder. Quantifying the magnitude of this correlated response, also called indirect selection is of great importance considering low-heritability or difficultto-measure or difficult-to-identify traits.
For Cruz & Carneiro (2003), direct selection is carried out by a breeder when the aim is to obtain gains for an isolated trait. However, this selection can provide indirect desirable and undesirable gains for other traits depending on the correlation degrees between the traits under selection. Depending on the intensity degree of trait changes in certain population, this population can be seriously compromised, to the point of being rejected by the market.
Direct and indirect selections are the first options for obtaining rewarding gains (Martins et al., 2003). Direct selection for carrot was studied by Carvalho et al. (2017)

ABSTRACT
Selection of more productive carrot genotypes is fundamental for crop breeding programs aiming to increase productivity and reduce cost production. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate gains from direct selection and to measure its effects on other agronomic traits of interest in carrots. Thirty six carrot genotypes were evaluated in two experiments: the first, sown in the second half of November 2016 and the second one in the first week of March 2017. The experimental plots covered a useful area of 1.5 m 2 , in transversal rows and 0.10m double spacing between single rows x 0.20-m between double rows in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. At 90 days, the incidence of leaf blight was evaluated using a note scale and 100 days after sowing, roots were harvested measuring the number and mass of total, commercial and non-commercial roots of each plot. The direct selection of commercial root mass allowed to estimate indirect and expressive gains for most evaluated traits, allowing to select seven genotypes (populations 758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 and 742) which can be released as cultivar or for the formation of a broader genetic-based population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experiments were installed in field at Embrapa Hortaliças (15 o 55'44"S; 48 o 08'35"W; 1000 m altitude), located in the rural area Ponte Alta. Thirty six carrot genotypes were evaluated in two experiments: the first one was sown in the second half of November 2016 (total rainfall 840 mm and averge temperatura 20.24 o C during the experiment), the second one in the first week of March 2017 (total rainfall 240 mm and averge temperatura 20.37 o C). The local climate is Aw type, tropical with dry winter, according to Köppen-Geiger classification. The soil in the experiental area was classified as typic distrophic Red Latosol, clayey texture.
For planting, the area which was under fallow with cultural remains of carrots from the previous year, was desiccated with non-selective herbicide and incorporated in plowing operation, 60 days before planting. One week before planting each experiment, soil was harrowed with a disc chisel; on the planting day of the experiments, beds were formed by bed former machine.
The following 36 summer carrot genotypes belonging to Embrapa and resistant to leaf blight were evaluated: 734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,755,758,1413, 708*555-60-1, 710*555-60-1, 710*588-11-4, 731*555-7-1, Alvorada, Brasília, GL-756 and BRS Planalto; from Horticeres cv. Carandaí; from ISLA Sementes the cv. Suprema and from Vilmorin cv. Verano. Experimental plot consisted of a 1.5-m-long x 1-m-wide seedbed. Seeds were manually sown in furrows, transversal to the seedbed, double spacing 10 x 20 cm, 10 cm between simple rows and 20 cm between double rows. Experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates. Plants were irrigated through conventional sprinkler, in order to meet the crop demand in periods of rain scarcity. Plants were thinned 30 days after sowing to leave a population of 600 thousand plants per hectare. Top dressing fertilization was done right after thinning at 400 kg ha -1 of ammonium sulfate (80 kg ha -1 N). Other cultural practices were those normally used for carrot cultivation in the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) Region (Filgueira, 2003).
Roots were harvested 100 DAP and values of different traits converted to t ha -1 or number of roots x 10 3 x ha -1 , considering effectiveness 1.5-m-wide seedbed: 1-m seedbed, plus 0.5 m of the walkway formed by the tractor wheels. Measurements, carried out in laboratory, of the following traits were: total root mass (TRM, t ha -1 ), weighing all the harvested roots in plots using a digital scale; commercial root mass (CRM, t ha -1 ), weighing roots without external defects and showing diameter higher than 25 mm and length over 12 cm; non-commercial root mass (NRM, t ha -1 ), using the difference between TRM and CRM; number of commercial roots (NCR, number of roots ha -1 x 1000) by counting roots without defects and diameter higher than 25 mm and length over 12 cm; number of total roots (NTR, number of roots ha -1 x 1000) counting all the roots harvested in the plot; number of non-commercial roots (NNR) by the difference between NTR and NCR; CRM/TRM ratio (PROP), root average mass (RAM, in grams) using TRM/ NTR ratio and commercial average mass (CAM, in grams) using CRM/NCR.
After checking the assumptions of the variance analysis, analyzes and sources of variation were tested by F test. Heritability estimates ( 2 ĥ ) and selection gains were calculated using the following estimators: and gains from selection: in which: i= selection index based on phenotypic standard deviation; 2 ĥ : heritability in the broad sense in the average genotype and F ó : phenotypic standard deviation based on average of genotypes.
All analyses were performed using Genes VS 2013.5.1 computational application (Cruz, 2013).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A difference among genotypes was verified for leaf blight (SLB), showing variability for this trait in the set of carrot genotypes evaluated. In relation to difference between environments, differences between the two evaluation times were verified, which shows that different times influence on the behavior of the evaluated carrot genotypes. In relation to interaction between genotypes x environments (GxE) no significant difference was noticed by F test, for traits SLB, non-commercial root mass, number of commercial roots (NCR), number of non-commercial roots (NNR), commercial mass/total root mass ratio (PROP), average mass of total roots (TAM) and average mass of commercial roots (CAM) showing that different times do not influence the expression of these traits.
In relation to total root mass (TRM), commercial root mass (CRM) and number of total roots significant differences were observed (P<0.05) for interaction between GxA. This fact shows the variability among genotypes and that these genotypes express differently, depending on the evaluated time. RAM showed highly significant differences between genotypes and environments, but no significant difference was noticed for interaction between GxA; this fact shows that the interaction changes genotype classification in different environments in relation to production of total and commercial roots, but the same is not true for non-commercial root mass. The first experimental time was characterized by the beginning of rainy season, with still little rainfall and mild night temperatures. The second experimental time is characterized by heavier rainfall and higher temperature. High interference between environments changing the classification of carrot genotypes was also verified by Silva et al. (2011) evaluating seven carrot genotypes in 5 environments in two agricultural years. In another study carried out by Grangeiro et al. (2012), eight carrot cultivars originated from cultivar Brasilia were evaluated. These cultivars were commercialized by different seed companies, in Mossoró-RN, from August to November in 2007 and 2008. These authors verified a complex interaction, it means, change in genotype classification for commercial root mass.
The coefficients of experimental variation ranged from 5.37% for SLB to 25.83% for NCR. These values are suitable for experiments with carrots for Brazilian conditions (Carvalho et al., 2017;Oliveira, et al., 2008). CVg/ CVe ratio, measured to show if a trait has favorable or unfavorable condition for selection , ranged from 0.26 for NTR to 0.88 for CRM. These authors report that favorable condition for selection represent values close to or above the unit. For a set of evaluated traits, many traits do not show this condition. The most favorable ones for this selection are CRM, which is the most important trait in this study, and TRM.
In Table 1 are shown averages of traits under selection. From the 36 evaluated genotypes, the direct selection for CRM was 26.09 t ha -1 in average, whereas the seven selected populations (758, 751, 737, 736, 735, 744 and 742) by direct selection presented an average of 35.35 t ha -1 . A gain of 29.17% of improved population was estimated in relation to the average of original genotypes. Using CRM as a selected trait, the effects of this selection on other traits were estimated: 5.58; 19.39; 5.53; 1.57; 15.79; -1.17; 10.64; 14.77 and 6.05% for SLB, TRM, NRM, NTR, NCR, NNR, PROP, TAM and CAM, respectively. In this case, the direct selection was effective for selecting the best carrot genotypes, since it allows an increase of values for most agronomic important traits, besides contributing, at least to a small extent, to reduce the amount of non-commercial roots.
Estimated gains for root mass in this study are quite superior to real gains calculated by Silva & Vieira (2010) and Silva et al. (2012a). In the first case, the authors obtained gains of 2.82% per selection cycle evaluating three carrot populations of Brasília group, selected on six selection cycles for traits which provided higher root productivity (thicker and longer roots). In the second study, the authors obtained gains of 0.97% with selection for root mass of two carrot populations during eight years in a row. These estimated direct gains are also quite superior to direct gains estimated by Silva et al. (2013) for root mass in selection of 30% of best plants of three populations from Brasília group, in a selection cycle, which was 0.55%.
However, gains similar to this study for CRM were obtained by Carvalho et al. (2017), selecting three best populations among 11 evaluated carrot genotypes; in this case, possibly by the highest proportion of genetic variance over phenotypic variance showing heritability coefficient of 74% and 86% accuracy of selection, besides low coefficient of experimantal variation, 14.17%. Thus, it was estimated that gains under selection are varied, depending on experimental accuracy resulting from genetic variability present among genotypes under selection.
More expressive values of gains estimated in the selection of 20 best families among 100 evaluated families of a population belonging to Brasília group, and 50% of best plants in families for commercial root mass, were obtained by Silva et al. (2012b), with values ranging from 11.41 and 15.09% between families and 2.75 to 11.41% within families. All these values show that estimated gains can vary a great deal and depend on the evaluated genetic material Table 1. Direct selection gains in commercial root mass (CRM, t ha -1 ) and indirect gains in leaf blight (SLB, note); total root mass (TRM) and non-commercial (NNR) x 1000 ha -1 ; CRM/TRM ratio (PROP); individual root average mass, considering all roots per plot (TAM) and considering only commercial roots per plot (CAM); evaluating 36 carrot genotypes in Distrito Federal during seasons 2016/17 and 2017/17. Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2017  and existence of genetic variability superior to environmental variability.
In relation to selection effect on commercial root mass for leaf blight (SLB), 5.58%, Pereira et al. (2012b) calculated the direct gains under selection in three carrot populations for both traits and verified that in two populations showing higher genetic variability for these traits, gains of 7.17% and 11.01% for CRM and 11.35 and 23.76% for tolerance to SLB were possible; whereas considering a population with lower genetic variability these gains were 0.00% for SLB and 9.61 for CRM.
Despite the positive results of direct selection in the present study,  report that selection, based on only one trait, may result in a very positive result for this selected trait, but also may lead to unfavorable results for the other traits. Thus, the authors suggest the use of methods which consider combinations which provide more balanced gains in superior genotypes selection, such as nonparametric indices.
Ta b l e 2 p r e s e n t s g e n o t y p i c correlations, which express association between two traits. These traits can be observed directly in the individual, among the evaluated traits. A strong and positive correlation between CRM and SLB (0.74), TRM (0.96), NCR (0.95), PROP (0.87), TAM (0.98) and CAM (0.89) can be noticed. This fact highlights the importance of CRM in selecting the best genotypes seeking formation of new base populations for breeding or for nomination as new candidates to be released as cultivars.
Genotypic correlation between CRM and SLB (0.74) is common in carrot trials, as defoliation caused by leaf blight affects productivity (Brito et al., 1997;Pereira et al., 2012a;Perrin et al., 2017). Defoliation caused by leaf blight reflects in lower productivity and root quality.
Direct selection on CRM provides considerable gains in almost every other traits related to production in the evaluated carrot genotypes. Among the seven genotypes (Xs) ( Table 1) selected from the 36 evaluated genotypes (Xo) ( Table 1), direct selection (GS%) ( Table  1) in CRM (29.17%), provided indirect and high gains in TRM (19.39%), NCR (15.79%), PROP (10.64%) and TAM (14.77%). Direct selection also provided smaller gains, but favorable for SLB (5.58%) and CAM (6.05%) and undesirable for NRM (5.53%), very small gains for NTR (1.57%) and NNR (-1.17%), both favorable to selection. Using these results, for the set of evaluated traits, direct selection for CRM provides indirect gains for all variables, except for NRM, able to be used in carrot breeding programs aiming to obtain superior populations. Table 2. Genotypic correlations between blight leaf incidence (SLB, note); total root mass (TRM); commercial (NCR) and non-commercial (NNR) x 1000 ha -1 ; CRM/TRM ratio (PROP); total average mass, considering all roots per plot (TAM) and considering only commercial average mass (