Bryoflora of Gallery Forest in Quirinópolis , Goiás State , Brazil 1

(Bryoflora of Gallery Forest in Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil). This study provides a survey of the bryophytes in gallery forest in the municipality of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from April 2012 to July 2013. The substrate colonization and frequency of species were analyzed. The material was collected according to the usual procedures and is deposited at HerbJAR of UEG. We found 38 species of bryophytes (25 mosses and 13 liverworts). The richest families were Hypnaceae for mosses and Lejeuneaceae for liverworts, with five and seven species recorded, respectively. Isopterygium tenerum (Sw.) Mitt. was the most frequent species, and has a wide distribution in Brazil. Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp. brasiliense (Herzog) J.-P.Frahm is a new record for the Cerrado, and Philonotis sphaericarpa (Hedw.) Brid., Lejeunea caulicalyx (Steph.) E. Reiner, and L. quinque-umbonata Spruce are new records for Goiás State.


Introduction
The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome in extension (Silva et al. 2008), formed by different phytophysiognomies (Visnadi 2004).The gallery forests constitute the humid areas in the Cerrado, occupying the banks of streams and small rivers, forming closed corridors above them (Ribeiro & Walter 2008).These environments are proper to the occurrence of bryophytes, since these plants exhibit dependence on water for reproduction (Weberling & Schwantes 1986).
One of the first surveys on the bryoflora in the Cerrado has been performed in Distrito Federal (Filgueiras & Pereira 1993), who reported 126 species of bryophytes.Since then, the number of bryologic inventories has increased in the last years (Glime 2006, Alvarenga et al. 2007).Today, 479 species are listed to Cerrado, and 309 of these species to Goiás State (Yano & Costa 2000, Gradstein et al. 2005, Yano & Peralta 2007, Yano & Peralta 2008, Costa 2013).
The bryologic surveys in the Cerrado have focus on floristic surveys (Vital 1983, Egunyomi & Vital 1984, Vilas Bôas-Bastos & Bastos 1998, Visnadi & Vital 2001, Castro et al. 2002, Visnadi 2004).The studies involving the abundance and richness of bryophytes are few, and there are only two studies on gallery forests (Peralta & Yano 2005, Genevro et al. 2006).For the of Goiás State, the survey in the gallery forest of Vale da Lua, Chapada dos Veadeiros with 33 species of mosses (Faria et al. 2012, Pinheiro et al. 2012), which registered 36 species of liveworts, being six new records for the Center-West and eight new records for Goiás State, and registered 52 new species of moss, being 15 new records for Goiás State, 7 for the Center-West Region, in clumps at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (Pinheiro 2012).
Thus, in order to contribute to the knowledge on the distribution and richness of the bryoflora, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and richness of bryophytes in the gallery forest of Quirinópolis, Goiás State.

Material and methods
The study area is a gallery forest in the city Quirinópolis, located around 50 km from the county seat (18°33'2.76"S-50°46'7.99"W) of Quirinópolis, Goiás State.The municipality is part of the Cerrado biome, in the Microregion 18 and Mesoregion South Goiano (IBGE 2010).
The samples were made between April 2012 and July 2013, following the usual methodology proposed by Frahm (2003).The especimens were collected through the polygonation method (Filgueiras et al. 1994), in a way to cover the different environmental gradients present in the phytophysionomy studied.
According to the substrate where the samples were collected, they were classified as corticolous, on the bark of living trees; epixylous, on dead or decaying wood; epiphyllous, on living leaves; rupicolous, on rocks; and terricolous, on the soil or litter (Robbins 1952).
The material collected was herborized according to the usual procedures and included in the collection of José Ângelo Rizzo Herbarium (HERBJAR), of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Unidade de Quirinópolis.
The absolute frequency of the species was determined based on the number of occurrences, where five classes were defined: 1-5: rare, 6-10: infrequent;11-20: assiduous;21-30: frequent;and > 31: very frequent (Silva & Pôrto 2007).The assiduous, frequent and very frequent species were classified into photophilic species (those occurring in sunny locations in open areas of gallery forest), shade species (those that occur in the shaded areas of the gallery forest), and generalists (adapted from Gradstein 1992).

Results and Discussion
Were studied 139 samples and 38 species of bryophytes were found.Mosses are represented by 14 families, 21 genera and 25 species, and liverworts by six families, 10 genera and 13 species.One morphospecie of Lejeuneaceae was identified in genus for not having the necessary structures for the identification of the specie (table 1).
In the study area, some species considered rare were sampled because they were poorly sampled in the country, being these the Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp.brasiliense, Orthostichidium quadrangulare mosses, and the Riccardia chamedryfolia, Taxilejeunea isocalycina, Zoopsidella macella e Porella swartziana liverworts.
Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp.brasiliense, an endemic species to Brazil, is a new occurrence for the Cerrado biome.This moss had only been sampled in the Mata Atlântica, in the States of Ceará, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro (Costa & Peralta 2014).
Philonotis sphaerocarpa, Lejeunea caulicalyx and L. quinque-umbonata are new records for Goiás State.Taxilejeunea isocalycina constituted a new record for the Goiás State in a survey in two paths of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, being collected on soil, in light and humid locations (Bernardes et al. 2012).All other species found are widely distributed in Brazil and in other neotropical areas, occurring in at least four Brazilian States (Costa & Peralta 2014).According to the List of Species of Brazilian Flora, regarding distribution in Brazilian phytogeographic areas, 83% of the species from the gallery forest studied occur in three or more phytogeographic areas.Dicranodontium pulchroalare subsp.brasiliense and Orthostichidium quadrangulare were registered as occurring only in the Mata Atlântica, and Taxilejeunea isocalycina as occurring in the Mata Atlântica and the Amazônia.Therefore, from the total of 35 species found (not included the six species of Lejeunea identified to the genus level), 34 species occur in the Mata Atlântica biome and the Cerrado (97%); 28 species occur in Amazônia (80%); 23 species occur in the Pantanal (66%); twelve species occur in the Caatinga (34%); and six species have occurred in the Pampas (17%).
Among the mosses, the family that had the highest species richness was Hypnaceae, with five species, followed by Pterobryaceae with three species, Dicranaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Pilotrichaceae, and Sematophyllaceae, with two species each.All other families had only one species.Except for Dicranaceae, those were the most representative families in study in swamp forest, in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005).Sematophyllaceae and Hypnaceae were also the most representative in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mário Viana, in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).
In the liverworts, the family of most richness was Lejeuneaceae, with 11 species and Lepidoziaceae with two species.Lejeuneaceae is among the families with greater diversity occurring in Brazil (Costa & Luizi-Ponzo 2010), being the most representative in the study of swamp forest in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005), and in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mario Viana, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).
The floristic similarity between the gallery forest of the present study and the areas studied by Peralta and Yano (2005) and Genevro et al. (2006), measured by the index of qualitative similarity Sørensen (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974), was of 24% and 26%, respectively.According to Kent and Coker (1992), values higher than or equal to 50% indicate high similarity.Thus, according to this concept, the similarity between the analyzed areas can be considered as low.They were common to the three wetlands among Erythrodontium longisetum, Chrysohypnum diminutivum, Isopterygium tenerifolium, I. tenerum, Callicostella pallida, Henicodium geniculatum, Jaegerina scariosa and Entodontopsis leucostega mosses; and among Frullania ericoides, Cheilolejeunea rigidula and Mastigolejeunea auriculata liverworts.
Bryophytes were found on four substrate types: moist-soil (terricolous), living bark (corticolous), decaying wood (epixylous), and rock (rupicolous).Most species was exclusive to only one type of substrate, being the corticolous most often colonized (table 1).From the species that occurred on only one type of substrate, 23 were found on living barks, six on soil, and only three (Cyclodictyon albicans, Sematophyllum subsimplex and Lejeunea caulicalyx) on decaying wood.The corticolous substrate was also the most prevalent habit in swamp woods, in the municipality of Zacarias, northwest of São Paulo State (Peralta & Yano 2005) and in the gallery forest at Parque Municipal Mário Viana, in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State (Genevro et al. 2006).
Only eight species occurred on two or more substrates.Chryso-hypnum diminutivum was found on all substrates and the only one on rupicolous substrate.According to Yano and Peralta (2007) this species can be found on sandy substrate, as well as on walls of caves, usually occurring on rocks of humid locations.
Isopterygium tenerum moss was the most abundant among the analyzed samples, with 30 occurrences, being considered frequent in the region.This moss occurs throughout the Americas and has wide distribution in Brazil (Yano 2011).It was sampled on living bark, decaying wood and on the soil, along the entire length of the gallery forest studied.It is a species that commonly grows on dry locations and can also be found in waterlogged locations (Hirai et al. 1998), as the physiognomy studied.
Among the liverworts, the most abundant was Mastigolejeunea auriculata, with six occurrences.This species was sampled on living bark and on decaying wood, and had been found on soil and rock.It may be associated with Jaegerina scariosa and Henicodium geniculatum (Yano & Peralta 2008).
Among the assiduous species, Meteorium nigrescens is photophilic, occurring on living bark, decaying wood, and sometimes on rocks and river banks (Gradstein1992, Yano & Peralta 2007).Neckeropsis undulata occurs on living bark and decaying wood, in humid forest environments, as well as being sampled on rock and moist-soil (Yano & Peralta 2007), being considered a generalist species (Gradstein1992).Chryso-hypnum diminutivum was found on all sampled substrates, and is considered a generalist species.Isopterygium tenerum, also generalist, was found on living bark, decaying wood, and soil.
Among the species sampled in the gallery forest, only Zoopsidella macella does not occur in the Mata Atlântica.The low floristic similarity with other wetlands studied in the Center-West Region indicates that the bryophytes of the gallery forest of the present study differ from species surveyed in these environments.The results presented here aim to legitimize the need to intensify the inventories of the flora of bryophytes, including in gallery forests, which are largely responsible for the richness of the microbiota in the Cerrado.
Accordingly, further studies should be conducted to determine the bryoflora in the Goiás State, since three species of bryophytes are reported in this study as new records for the State and for the Cerrado biome.

Table 1 .
Species found in a swamp gallery forest of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil, listed in alphabetical order by family.*: New record for the Goiás State.**: New record for the Center-West region.Substrate: C: corticolous; EX: epixylous; T: terricolous; R: rupicolous.Freq.: Number of samples.