Polyporales and similar poroid genera ( Basidiomycota ) from Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar , São Paulo State , Brazil

(Polyporales and similar poroid genera (Basidiomycota) from Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo State, Brazil). This survey presents the first species list of the poroid fungi (Polyporales and related genera) from Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, the largest area of the Atlantic forest in Brazil. A total of 68 species, 38 genera and ten families were found in the studied area. Antrodiella luteocontexta, Ceriporiopsis flavilutea, Diplomitoporus navisporus, Flaviporus venustus, Grammothele fuligo, Oxyporus latemarginatus, Perenniporia cremeopora, Postia subcaesia and Postia tephroleuca are recorded for the first time to São Paulo State and Dichomitus campestris and Postia undosa represent the first records in Brazil. Full description of the new records in Brazil, comments about the new records in São Paulo State, as well as pictures and an identification key are provided.


Introduction
Polypores belong to class Agaricomycetes Doweld in the Basidiomycota; they grow mostly lignicolous and are characterized by the presence of a hymenophore formed by parallel tubes that lead into a surface composed by pores, which are inseparable from the context, a feature that makes them different from Boletales E.J. Gilbert (Ryvarden 1991).These fungi are extremely important for nutrient cycling and play a fundamental role in wood decay due to their system of lignocellulolytic enzymes (Ryvarden 1991, Begon et al. 2006).
Polyporales Gäum. is considered one of the most problematic groups of fungi from a taxonomic and systematic viewpoint.Based on molecular phylogenetic results, the order has been divided into four lineages, the 'antrodia clade', the 'polyporoid clade', the 'phlebioid clade', and a 'residual polyporoid clade', which often unite genera previously considered unrelated (Hibbett & Donoghue 1995, Larsson et al. 2004, Binder et al. 2005;2013, Garcia-Sandoval et al. 2011, Miettinen et al. 2011).The position of the 'residual polyporoid clade' remains uncertain and some taxa (e.g.Gelatoporia Niemelä, Grifola Gray and Tyromyces P. Karst) apparently do not belong to any of these main lineages.Families such as Hydnodontaceae Jülich and Schizoporaceae Jülich and many polyporoid genera as Trichaptum Murrill (Incertae sedis) are included in the order Hymenochaetales.However, poroid taxa are morphologically and ecologically related and have been historically studied together; for this reason, also poroid genera not belonging to Polyporales were included in this study.
Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar represents the largest continuous area of preserved Atlantic forest in Brazil (Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente 2008); however, so far little is known about the community of poroid fungi.This study was aimed to survey species included in Polyporales and similar genera of poroid fungi present in the park.A list of recorded species, descriptions of the new records in Brazil, comments on the new records in São Paulo State, and an identification key are provided.

Materials and methods
Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), managed by Instituto Florestal, is a protected area that hosts the largest area of Atlantic forest in Brazil.With 3,153.9km², it encompasses 11 coastal municipalities and 15 municipalities located on the Atlantic Plateau in São Paulo state (Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente 2000).Due to the extent of the park and the heterogeneity of its socio-cultural, historical and environmental features, it is managed in eight units.
Among these, the Núcleo Santa Virgínia (45°03' to 45°11' W and 23°24' to 23°17' S) is located in the municipality of São Luiz do Paraitinga and Natividade da Serra.The unit covers a total area of 170 km², with altitudinal range of 860 m to 1650 m, and maximum temperature of 35 °C, medium 21 °C, and minimum -3°C (Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente 2008).
A permit for sampling in the park was issued by the Instituto Florestal (Carta COTEC nº.155/2013 D201/2011 PGH).Collections in the study area were carried out bimonthly from April 2013 to February 2015 and all studied materials were collected by Ricardo M. Pires.The basidiomata were photographed, georeferenced, collected with a knife, and individually packed in paper bags.Data such as date of collection, collector number, substrate, color and other macroscopic features were noted (Fidalgo & Bononi 1984).Macroscopic analysis included description of features such as: habit and habitat of the basidiomata; shape, surface, margin and size of the pileus, color, shape and number of pores per millimeter; shape, color, consistency, surface, apex, base and size of the stipe (when present).The color was described according to Küppers (2002).
For microscopic analysis, freehand cuts were performed in cross sections of the tubes to observe the hymenium and trama structures.The sections were treated with KOH 5% solution and stained with 1% Phloxine.Melzer's reagent was used for evidence of amyloid and dextrinoid reactions.The sections were observed under a Leica DM1000 optical microscope.The structures were analyzed and described based on color, cell walls, reactions and size of the basidiospores; shape, color, wall, sterigmate number and size of basidia; shape, color and size of sterile elements; and color and type of hyphae.Twenty to 30 measurements were taken from each structure present.Measurements of the length and width of basidiospores, basidia (without sterigmata), and cystidia were also taken.For basidiospores, the measurement of Q represents the variation of the ratio between the length and the width of approximately 100 basidiospores of each species, and Qm that represents the average value of Q (Coelho 2005).The specimens were deposited at the Herbarium Maria Eneyda P. K. Fidalgo (SP) of the Instituto de Botânica.The literature consulted for identification were mainly Lowe (1966), Ryvarden & Johansen (1980), Ryvarden (1991) and Ryvarden & Gilbertson (1993, 1994), as well as all the specialized literature from which the distribution data of the species was extracted (see below the entries for new records).Remarks: Ceriporiopsis flavilutea is recognized by its annual and small basidiomata up to 1 mm thick, with white and cottony margins, small angular pores (6-8 per mm) and small basidiospores (2.5-3.5 × 1.5-2.0μm).Distribution in Brazil: previously only recorded in the Atlantic forest in Brazil in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Gibertoni et al. 2004) and now in São Paulo.
Remarks: the cushion-shaped basidiomata with blackish margins are diagnostic for this species.The basidiospores of our material are slightly shorter than described by Ryvarden & Gilbertson (1993), (13-19 × 4.0-5.5 μm), but similar to those materials described in Domansky & Orlikz (1966), (9.0-12.5 × 3.5-4.5 μm) and this may be considered a normal variation within the species.This species is common in Europe and considered rare in America, recorded from United Stated and Mexico by Ryvarden & Gilbertson (1993).
Distribution in Brazil: this is the first record of the species in Brazil, and as far as we known it is the first record of the species in South America and in the phytogeographic domain of the Atlantic Forest.
Distribution in Brazil: this species was only known from the type locality in Pernambuco state (Gibertoni et al. 2014).This study represents the first record of the species in São Paulo State.
Remarks: this species is very easy to recognize in field due to its fleshy and large basidiomata, whitish pink (Küppers color chart: A 10 M 40 C 00 ), translucid and brittle.The species shrinks when dried, becoming rigid and hard.Microscopically, it is characterized by the small, ovoid basidiospores (3.5-4.5 × 2.5-3.2μm) and the monomitic hyphal system with hyphae deeply immersed in a resinous substance, which makes them difficult to be observed in dried specimens.
Distribution in Brazil: previously only known from the southern region of Brazil in Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul States (Ryvarden & de Meijer 2002, Silveira & Guerrero 1991).This study represents the first record of the species in the southeast region of Brazil, in São Paulo State.Remarks: the species can be recognized by its association with monocotyledons, and macroscopically by the annual, resupinate, widely effused and strongly adnate basidiomata and by the bluish gray pore surface (Küppers color chart: N 40 M 00 C 00 ).Grammothele fuligo is separated from other species of the genus by the smaller pores (7-10 per mm).

μm).
Distribution in Brazil: the species was previously known from the Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states (Ryvarden & de Meijer 2002, Loguercio-Leite et al. 2008, Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009).This study represents the first record of the species in the southeast region of Brazil, in São Paulo State.
Distribution in Brazil: previously only known from the southern region of Brazil in Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states (Ryvarden & de Meijer 2002, Loguercio-Leite et al. 2008).This study represents the first record of the species in the southeast region of Brazil in São Paulo State.
Remarks: the undulate margin and the large pores are good field characters (Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994).Furthermore, the cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores and metachromatic generative hyphae are important to distinguish this species.Postia undosa is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, found on gymnosperms or rarely on angiosperms in southern Canada, the northern half of the United States and in Europe; associated with brown rot (Lowe 1966).In Africa, is was only observed on angiosperms (Ryvarden & Johansen 1980).Our specimen was found growing on a dead log, preventing the identification of the plant.Distribution in Brazil: This is the first record of the species in Brazil, and as far as we known it is the first record of the species in South America.