Agaricomycetes ( Basidiomycota , Fungi ) diversity in a protected area in the Maracaju Mountains , in the Brazilian central region

(Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota, Fungi) diversity in a protected area in the Maracaju Mountains, in the Brazilian central region). The fungi diversity in Brazil is not fully known yet, mainly in Serra de Maracaju, which is located in the central portion of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the center-western region of Brazil. Samples were taken from different phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado, the dominating biome of that region, in areas where Cerrado and pasture alternate, in the municipality of Corguinho. Of the species identified, 18 are new citations for Brazil, as they are not included in the List of Brazilian Flora (fungi), and 36 are recorded for the first time for [the State of] Mato Grosso do Sul. As a total, 62 species were collected in nine excursions during 2014 and 2015. Out of this total, 15 species are deemed edible, four are toxic, ten are medicinal, two are used in bioremediation processes, and one is bioluminescent, according to the literature.


Introduction
The Maracaju Mountains, 900 m altitude on average, are located in the central region of Mato Grosso do Sul State (23°15'S, 55°31'W; 17°34'S, 54°45'W), dividing it in the north-south direction, acting as a watershed between High Paraguay River Basin to the west, and High Paraná River Basin to the east.
The region is located in the core area of the Cerrado domain in its southern part, being covered with many different physiognomies.Among them we can mention arboreal cerrado, shrubland cerrado, clean and dirty grassland, seasonal forests (with loss of leaves), riparian forests (in the margins of water courses) and meadows, a riparian formation dominated by Buriti palms (Mauritia flexuosa Mart.).
The presence of the city and large cattle farms with exotic grasses, mainly Urochloa spp. in the region, have led to great anthropogenic influence due the presence of Eucalyptus spp., sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and soybean (Glicyne max (L.) Merrill) plantations, among other crops.However, natural fragmented remnants are still found in areas in the region where there are many places with continuous areas of preserved habitats.That occurs especially on the slopes of mountains and other isolated sites.
Brazil has been known to have one of the most significant biodiversity in the world.However, existing data on biological diversity are limited to some types of organisms, mainly superior plants and vertebrates spread in institutions, museums and scientific collections in the country and abroad.
Assessments of the Brazilian biodiversity conducted in Brazil (Bicudo & Menezes 1996, Siqueira & Joly 1996, Canhos 1997, Joly & Bicudo 1998) counted about 2500 macroscopic fungi species.A few were recorded for the region or for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul.According to Maia & Carvalho Jr. (2015), for the State 116 fungi species have been listed divided into 66 families and 21 orders of the Classes Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Glomeromycota.Out of that total, 45 species are Agaricomycetes, 21 out of which occur in savannah areas.
This paper intends to broaden the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity in a Maracaju Mountains located in the central region of Mato Grosso do Sul State, southwestern Brazil, showing its abundance and potential, completing data in the list of the Brazilian Flora, fungi, prepared by the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, IBAMA (Maia & Carvalho Jr. 2015).The assessment and vouchers deposited in the national herbarium enable future molecular biology studies to confirm the diversity and phylogenetic connections among the species found.

Material & methods
Study Area -The study site was the area in the Maracaju Mountains located in the central region of Mato Grosso do Sul State, southwestern Brazil, with samples taken from different types of vegetation in the cerrado, the dominating biome occurring in the Taboco region, municipality of Corguinho, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
The region altitude is 320 m on average and, according to Köppen & Geiger, the climate is tropical (Aw) with dry winters and rainy summers, with a temperature of 24,8 o C on average and annual rainfall of 1444 mm on average (Secretaria de Planejamento e Coordenação Geral de Mato Grosso do Sul 1990).
The collection region is located in the Chaqueno morphoclimatic domain in the sub-region cerrado (Morrone 2001), with predominance of the cerrado phytophysiognomy, stricto sensu, and presence of forest formations in the cerrado, where there are arboreal species such as Caryocar brasiliense Camb.The forest vegetation over small water courses (gallery woods) has species such as Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.)March (breu, almécega), Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq.However, most part of the region has pastures planted with Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga, which dominate at flatter sites.
Collections -Only macroscopic fungi were collected, which were deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of São Paulo (SP).Nine collection excursions were undertaken in the months of March, April, May, June, August, September, October, November and December 2014.Collectors were Ademir Kleber Morbeck de Oliveira, Richard Matheus Fernandes and Bruno Carlos Feliciano de Lima Silva.
The collection, preservation and herborization followed the standardized techniques for fungi (Fidalgo & Bononi 1984).Identification was based on micro and macrostructure of the basidiome accordingly to the recommendations of Teixeira (1962Teixeira ( , 1995)), Gilbertson & Ryvarden (1986), and Ryvarden (1991Ryvarden ( , 2004)).Nomenclature and classification system followed those used by Kirk et al. (2008), Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org),and Mycobank and related databases (www.mycobank.org).Taxa are mentioned in alphabetic order, families and species of Agaricomycetes.Geographic distribution in Brazil was based on the List of Brazilian Flora, fungi (Gugliotta et al. 2015).The species cited for Brazil for the first time are marked with 1 asterisk and those cited for the first time for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, with 2 asterisks.Descriptions of the species cited for the first time for Brazil and photographs (all taken by Ademir Kleber Morbeck de Oliveira) have been included in this paper.Cosmopolitan, suspected of being toxic and causing gastrointestinal problems (Lincoff 1981).Cited by Rick (1937Rick ( , 1961) )  Cosmopolitan, inedible and toxic.Cited for Brazil, in the State of São Paulo (Pegler 1997).
Occurs at temperate woods in Europe and North America.It is usually saprophyticus, but it may attack living trees.It contains anti-inflammatory glucan.The hat (pilei) is edible, but its stipe is toxic (Pacheco-Sanchez et al. 2006).It is the first citation to Brazil and is not included in the List of fungi in Brazil.

*Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis
Mycologici 385.1838.Figure 3 Material examined: BRAZIL.Mato Grosso do sul: Maracaju Mountains, Corguinho, 12-XII-2014, The most collected species in this area.It occurs in Europe and the United State ( Antonin & Nordeloos 2010).It is the first citation to Brazil and not included in the List of fungi of Brazil.
Cosmopolitan, edible, used to make biscuits and soaps, contains trehalose sugar and has been used in mycoremendiation of soils polluted with bismuth (Elekes & Busuioc 2010).It was not cited to Brazil and included in the list of fungi species.
Description: basidiome with centrally stipitate pilei, convex to bell shaped, dry, smooth, light beige to brown when old, 2-6 cm diâm., with furrowed margin; adnexed lamellae, almost free, well separate, light beige; hard, dry, stipe, brownish at the top and darker at the base which has very small hairs, 3-7 × 0.3-0.5 cm with constant diameter; elliptic basidiospores, smooth, hyaline to light beige, 7-10 × 4-6 µm.Occurs in lawns, in groups and it has an agreeable smell.It is cosmopolitan, edible and bioluminescent (Eyssartier & Roux 2013).Currently, due to data of molecular biology, there have been discussions on the delimitation of the species and on its geographic distribution.Brazil has been cited at several sites (Capelari et al. 2011).
Cosmopolitan, it has paraquinonic acid, a sesquiterpenoid that induces mammals' cells to differentiate in granulocyte or macrophage (cell of the HL60 line).It also has estrogen-bilirubin D, anti-fungi compound (Becker et al 1997).It is not cited before and included in the list of fungi species of Brazil.
Common in North America and edible (Kirk et al. 2008), this is the first citation to Brazil.
Wiss  (Estrada & Royse 2008).It is not cited and included in the list of fungi species of Brazil.Description: basidiome with eccentrically stipitate pilei, dry, smooth, brown, 1.5-3 cm diâm.; smooth and flat margin and pilei concolor; decurrent lamellae, white, meaty stipe, solid, white, bulging at the base, 5-6 × 1.5-5 cm; hyaline basidiospores, smooth, elliptic, 4-5 × 2.5-3.5 µm.On dead trees' trunks.Occurs on coniferous and angiosperms, broadly distribute in the east of the United State and in temperate and subtropical regions.Edible.It has beta-d-glucan polysaccharides with anti-oxidizing, antimycotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes and analgesic properties.It is also used against cancer and against hay fever (Ramesh & Pattar 2010).Found in Brazil, in São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (Menolli Jr. et al. 2014).The species has antibacterial enzymes and is edible (Efremenkova et al. 2003).It was not citated and included in the list of species of Brazil.Description: basidiome with centrally stipitate pilei, conic and bell shaped when old, dry, reddish brown covered with small shining particles that disappear in older specimens, meaty, 3-6 cm diâm.; furrowed margin pilei concolor; adnexed lamellae, numerous, near each other, white, darkening when old; shining white stipe, hollow, 1.5-0.7 × 0.3-0.6 cm with constant diameter; smooth basidiospores with apical pore, dark brown, 7-10 × 3.5-5 µm.Occurs in groups on burlap.It is the first citation to Brazil and it is not included in the list of fungi of Brazil.

Oliveira et. al. (SP466288).
There is no previous record of the species for Brazil.
Auricularia polytricha (Mont.)It is edible and has anti-cholesterol and anticoagulant properties.Frequent all over Brazil (Jesus 1996, Dreschler-Santos 2008).It occurs in the soil or on litter, it is edible and cited for Brazil (Corner 1950).It is edible and occurs in the soil or on roots.It is the only fungus that contains alpha-parinaric acid.The species was cited for Brazil in Amazon as C. cristata (Gibertoni et al. 2015) and for the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009).
It is a fungus used mixed with other to protect bees.That mix increases bees' resistance to diseases, to pesticides, pollution and draught.It also improves pollination and honey production.It is de first occurrence to Brazil and not cited in the list of species of fungi of Brazil.

A.K.M. Oliveira et al. (SP466314).
Original description for Java.It has not been cited to Brasil and it is not included in the fungi list of Brazil.
Tropical distribution: Africa, Australia, Europe, North and South America.It is not mentioned in the list of fungi species of Brazil, and specially to Brasil.Edible, it has polysaccharides that act in the immune system, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, in addition to protecting the liver and being anti-allergies (Vinogradov et al. 2004).

Discussion
The region researched is a zone of transition from plateau to flat land in Pantanal, a place periodically flooded, with species that have not been described for the place and for Brazil, indicating its potential for study.The finding of 18 new specifies of macroscopic fungi for Brazil shows the lack of local knowledge and also how limited the number of experts who research this biome is.
Once the assessment lasted a limited period of time, it probably does not exhaust the number of species present in the region and other may come to be found.The majority of the species cited for the first time are ephemeral and, therefore, harder to find.However, more perennial species, such as Fomitiporia robusta, Cymatoderma elegans, Atheliopsis galzinii and Trametes ellipsospora have also been identified for the first time in Brazil.
Molecular studies of the new Agaricomycetes species from Brazil with commercial kits were tried but were unsucessfull, probably because the drying and conservation techniques.New approaches with manual DNA extraction are being tested and vouchers of these materials are available at the SP Herbarium.
Among the species collected, Neonothopanus gardnerii, a bioluminescent and edible species with preference on palm trees and found in several places in Brazil, can be highlighted.Hydnochaete badia, on the other hand, is a species described and known only in Brazil, probably endemic.But this paper broadens its area of geographical distribution.
Once work of environmental education and ecotourism are developed in the region, we tried to identify species of interest and to inform in the text whether they are edible, their medicinal use and applications in biotechnological processes.

Conclusion
This paper contributes to the knowledge to the mycota of Agaricomycetes of the region Planalto da Serra de Maracajú and of Brazil, broadening the knowledge of the geographical distribution of fiftyfour fungi species.Fungi with potential economic interest are available in the area studied.
.Tropical and subtropical species.It was cited for several Brazilian States(Gibertoni et al. 2004).Cited for Mato Grosso do Sul for the first time.
(Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009)9)sed in the traditional Chinese medicine in treatments against cancer and as food supplement.It is also used in the United State.Cited for several Brazilian States(Loguercio Leite et al. 2009).Cited here for Mato Grosso do Sul for the first time.It is used in medicine (Boa 2004), collected in north and southeast of Brazil(Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009).It was not cited for Mato Grosso do Sul before.