Anemiaceae from Pedra do Elefante , Espírito Santo State , Brazil , with notes on a new hybrid

(Anemiaceae from Pedra do Elefante, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, with notes on a new hybrid). As part of a floristic survey of the vascular flora of Pedra do Elefante, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, a taxonomic treatment of the Anemiaceae is here presented. Fieldwork was conducted monthly from March 2015 to July 2016. Samples were collected and dried according to the usual methodology and incorporated into the VIC and VIES herbaria. In addition to VIC and VIES, we also studied the specimens form MBML herbarium. Eight species, one variety, and a new hybrid were recorded: Anemia collina, A. ×elephantensis nothosp. nov., A. ferruginea var. ferruginea, A. hirsuta, A. luetzelburgii, A. organensis, A. patens, A. phyllitidis, A. tomentosa var. tomentosa, and A. tomentosa var. anthriscifolia. Besides the new hybrid, A. tomentosa var. tomentosa is also a new record for the state. Identification key, descriptions, comments, geographical distribution and illustrations are provided for all taxa.


Introduction
Anemiaceae is a family of a single genus, Anemia Sw., with 115 species.It is widespread in the Americas, southern Africa, and Madagascar, and has a few species also in India and some oceanic islands (Mickel 2016).In Brazil, 62 species are currently recognized and, among them, 39 occur in the southeastern region (Prado et al. 2015, Mickel 2016, Rabelo & Schwartsburd 2016).The state of Espírito Santo, which is fully included within the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain, harbors 22 species of Anemia (Prado et al. 2015, Mickel 2016).
The Atlantic Rain Forest is a hotspot of the global biodiversity (Myers et al. 2000) and also an important center of endemism and diversity for ferns and lycophytes (Tryon 1972).Along the Atlantic Rain Forest, especially in southeastern Brazil, rocky outcrop landscapes are very common and show peculiar environmental conditions, such as high isolation, high rates of evaporation, and a discontinuous soil coverage.These features lead to specific plant adaptations and, therefore, generate distinct floristic compositions with high plant endemism rates (Porembski 2000).
As part of a floristic survey of the vascular flora of Pedra do Elefante, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, we present the taxonomic treatment of Anemiaceae.

Material and methods
The Área de Preservação Ambiental Pedra do Elefante is located in the municipality of Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo state, Brazil (figure 1) -18°46'30"S and 40°27'42"W.It has an area of 2,562.31ha with rocky granitic outcrops.The local vegetation type is classified as seasonally semi-deciduous submontane forest (IBGE 2012), with altitudes ranging from 50 to 500 m.The annual precipitation and temperature averages are respectively 800 mm and 25 °C (INCAPER 2016).
Fieldwork was performed monthly from March 2015 to July 2016.Specimens were collected and dried according to usual methods for fern collections (Windisch 1992) and then incorporated in VIC and VIES herbaria (Thiers 2016).We also analyzed previously collected specimens from MBML, VIC and VIES herbaria.Classification system follows PPG I (2016) and morphological terms are according to Lellinger (2002) and Mickel (2016).
Information about country, state, and municipality were suppressed from Examined Material: they all refer to ''Brazil, Espírito Santo, Nova Venécia'' with exception for ''additional specimens examined''.For the general geographical distribution of the taxa, we consulted Mickel (2016).tomentosa var.anthriscifolia (Schrad.)Mickel.The newly described hybrid, Anemia ×elephantensis, is believed to be resulted from a cross between A. hirsuta and A. luetzelburgii (figures 2-4).Anemia patens has also been recently described by Labiak and Mickel (in Mickel 2016).

Results and Discussion
Anemia hirsuta is widespread in the Neotropics, and very promiscuous throughout its range.There are reports of hybrids involving A. hirsuta and another 12 species (Mickel 2016, Rabelo & Schwartsburd 2016).Anemia hirsuta and A. luetzelburgii belong to the same "Phyllitidis" clade sensu Labiak et al. (2015).Thus, a hybrid between these two species is not surprising.Among the 10 taxa, six are endemic to the Atlantic Forest.The other four are either widespread in the Neotropics or in South America.
New hybrid, Anemia ×elephantensis, was not included in the identification key by combining morphological characteristics from both parents.So, a table to distinguish A. ×elephantensis and its putative parents is presented.
Distribution: known only from the type collection.
Etymology: the epithet refers to the place of occurrence where it was collected: Pedra do Elefante (= Elephant Stone).Comments: This putative new hybrid bears several shared morphological features between Anemia hirsuta and A. luetzelburgii (table 1).
According to Mickel (1982Mickel ( , 2016)), hybridization involving Anemia hirsuta (tetraploid; n = 76) is common in the Neotropics.This author cites that various genera (such as Asplenium, Cystopteris and Doryopteris) present neopolyploidism, but Anemia has a higher level of ploidy, varying from 2n to 14n.Those genetic features turn it into a favored group for hybridization.Anemia hirsuta, in particular, has reported events of hybridization involving another 12 species (Mickel & Smith 2004, Mickel 2016, Rabelo & Schwartsburd 2016).The latter was not previously accounted in hybridization events.Brade (1947) described a new hybrid for Espírito Santo state (Anemia ×espiritosantensis Brade) and he believed that the probable parents were A. collina and A. tenella (Cav.)Sw.However, the images of "A.tenella" provided by Brade (1947) are, in our point of view, better identified as A. luetzelburgii.Thus, A. ×espiritosantensis is very probably resulted from a cross of A. collina and A. luetzelburgii.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Greater Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay (Mickel 2016).Comments: Anemia phyllitidis is easily identified by presenting erect to decumbent rhizomes, laminae 1-pinnate, pinnae with crenate to dentate margins and acute apex.Anemia phyllitidis is the only taxon with fully anastomosing veins, from Pedra do Elefante.Rabelo & Schwartsburd (2016) found a hybrid between A. phylitidis and A. hirsuta: A. ×semihirsuta Mickel.This hybridization event is common and was also reported for Mexico (Mickel & Smith 2004).We did not find it in Pedra do Elefante, even though both parents are present there.