Four new species of Rhinocricus ( Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Rhinocricidae ) from Brazil

The genus Rhinocricus Karsch, 1881 currently includes more than 60 species described and registered from Brazil. In this paper, four new species from southern and southeastern Brazil are described and illustrated: Rhinocricus sooretama sp. nov., Rhinocricus bifurcatus sp. nov., Rhinocricus montenegrinus sp. nov., and Rhinocricus fortaleza sp. nov. All new species are based on both sexes.

More than 500 species of the millipede family Rhinocricidae Brölemann, 1913 are currently grouped into 30 genera (Marek et al., 2003;Enghoff et al., 2015).Members of this family are distributed in South America, Central America, North America, the West Indies, Australia, Oceania, Southeast Asia and Taiwan (Enghoff et al., 2015).Most of the species from Brazil was described in Rhinocricus Karsch, 1881 by Schubart (1944Schubart ( , 1951Schubart ( , 1962)).This genus is the largest of the family, with 207 described species distributed mainly in South America, Central America and the West Indies (Enghoff et al., 2015).The genus is characterized by the scobinae (paired paramedian depressions in the anterior portion of prozonites), in having the posterior gonopod bifurcate and by showing numerous sensory cones on the tip of the antennae.In this paper we describe and illustrate four new species of Rhinocricus from southern and southeastern Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material examined is deposited in the following institutions (curator in parentheses): MCN, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (R. Ott) and MZSP, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (R. Pinto-da-Rocha).The specimens are preserved in 80% ethanol.For the examination of somatic characters, measurements and illustrations of the gonopods, we used a stereomicroscope with a measuring eyepiece and a coupled drawing attachment.Photographs were taken with a Motic SMZ168 stereo microscope with an attached camera, coupled with "Motic Moticam Pro 2500 digital imaging system" software.To edit images we used CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X5.The terminology of the gonopods follows Schubart (1951), Hoffman (1980) and Bond & Marek (2003).All measurements are in millimeters.The coloration of all species refers to material preserved in alcohol.All type specimens are deposited in the Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica (MCN), Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Etymology.The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality.
Distribution.Known only from the type locality, Sooretama, state of Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil.Etymology.The specific epithet is a Latin adjective and refers to the bifurcate shape of the external branch of the posterior gonopod.
Ozopores beginning at the sixth ring.Scobinae semicircular beginning at sixth ring.Third and fourth pairs of legs with elongated coxae.Telson (Fig. 10) with epiproct elongated surpassing the paraprocts.Hypoproct semicircular.
Anterior gonopod (Figs 4, 5) with a subtriangular sternite longer than wide, distally rounded.Sternite shorter than coxite and telopodite.Coxite wide with an internal acute lobe, which is shorter than the telopodite and has an evident distal lobe.
Posterior gonopod (Fig. 6).Solenomere distally pointed, longer than external branch.External branch slender, distally bifurcated, internally pointed and externally rounded.Etymology.The specific name is a Latin adjective derived from the type locality.
Diagnosis.Rhinocricus montenegrinus sp.nov.resembles R. jandirae Schubart, 1944(see Schubart, 1944:387, figs 54, 55) by the shape of the external branch of the posterior gonopod which is distally quadrate, but differs by the sternite of the anterior gonopod being longer than wide, distally projecting and rounded, and by a rounded distal lobe of the coxite (Fig. 11).Clypeus with spaced 2-2 supra-labral setae.Metazonites with posterior margins yellowish-brown.Ocelli black, arranged in seven rows.Ozopores beginning at the sixth ring.Scobinae semicircular beginning at sixth ring.Third and fourth pairs of legs with elongated coxae.Telson (Fig. 17) with epiproct elongated surpassing the paraprocts.Hypoproct semicircular.
Distribution.Known only from the type locality, Montenegro, state of Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil.
Etymology.The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality.
Diagnosis.Rhinocricus fortaleza sp.nov.resembles R. avanhandavae Schubart, 1951(see Schubart, 1951:245, figs 11, 12) in the shape of the sternite of the anterior gonopod, which has a pointed tip and is longer than the coxite and telopodite (Fig. 13), but differs in the shape of the posterior gonopod, with the solenomere being distally pointed, shorter than the external branch (Fig. 15).
Posterior gonopod (Fig. 15).Solenomere distally pointed, shorter than external branch.External branch lamellate, externally rounded and internally with a sharp and projecting distal end.