Iheringia, Série Zoologia

We herein propose the transfer of Metaphareus punctatus Roewer, 1913, to the genus Eutimesius Roewer, 1913 (Heterostygninae) based on the genital morphology of the species and morphology of tarsi III and IV, resulting in the new combination Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. New geographical records for E. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915) are offered, recording sympatry between the congeneric species E. albicinctus and E. punctatus and data on the reproductive behavior of E. punctatus are presented, suggesting the existence of parental care in this species.

The genus Metaphareus Roewer, 1912 was described to include the single species M. albimanus Roewer, 1912 from Colombia, which is only known to the female until the present.A year later the same author described the second species for the genus, M. punctatus Roewer, 1913 from Mérida in Venezuelan Andes (Roewer, 1913), from a single male.This species remained poorly known until Pinto-da-Rocha (1997) drew the external morphology of the males, but the specimen studied by him was damaged and with some legs lost (Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997), then its genital morphology, as well as the morphology of the tarsi III-IV remained unknown.This last character has importance in the identification of subfamilies within Stygnidae, as explained in Pinto-da-Rocha (1997).
For this article, were examined specimens from four localities in Mérida state in the Venezuelan Andes.From these specimens, two stygnids species were identified: Metaphareus punctatus and Eutimesius albicinctus (Roewer, 1915).For the first time tarsomerus and genital morphology of males of the first species were studied, allowing us to clarify doubts about the taxonomic position of this species and leading us to propose a new combination for M. punctatus.Additionally, some comments about the natural history of this species are made, recording the first case of parental care in this species and cases of sympatric occurrences with E. albicinctus, species only known for its holotype male, and for which four new geographic records are presented here.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The examined material is deposited in the arachnological colection of Universidad de Los Andes (CAULA, Néstor Sánchez and Antonio de Ascenção), Mérida, Venezuela and Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola (MIZA, Quintin A. Arias Celis), Maracay, Venezuela.Genital features were studied following the protocol described by Acosta et al. (2007).The genital chaetotaxy follows Kury & Villarreal (2015).The pictures were taken using a Nikon D5200 digital camera and the image were processed using the software Zerene Stacker and Gimp 2.10.0 and/or Photoshop CS6.The drawings were made with Inkscape 0.92.3.The distribution map was made with ARCGIS 9.3 software.Geographic coordinates (in decimal degrees, WGS84) were obtained using Google Maps.
Abbreviations used in the text: MS, macrosetae of the penis; MS A-E, macrosetae groups; LP, lamina parva.
Genital description (males) (Figs 7-9).General pattern typical for Heterostygninae: with the hammer well differentiated and carrying the MS A1-A2 and MS B, all aligned forming a ring slightly basal at the beginning of the lamina parva (LP), which is clearly differentiated from the truncus and have lateral margins convergent and curved, with apical circular and deep cleft, and a basal constriction forming a basal neck.MS C1-C2 similar in size, positioned slightly apical at neck of the LP.Only one pair of MS D, located on a monticule, dorsally on the base of LP.Stylus curved dorsally, with small dorsal process.
Natural history.This species inhabits exclusively in cloud forests located in the Andean mountain range system in Mérida state, particularly in protected areas in Sierra de La Culata National Park (Figs 14-16).Eutimesius punctatus is characterized for occupying microhabitats above the undergrowth, being frequent to find it on shrubs near small water courses (Fig. 17).Remarkably, in Monte Zerpa, Mérida state, it was frequently found on a species of scaly tree fern Cyathea caracasana var.meridensis (H.Karst) (Cyatheaceae) a very common species on the edges of streams, which is used by E. punctatus to lay his eggs (Figs 13,17).In this regard, one of the authors observed four events involving posture or care of eggs in these plants, always the eggs were placed on the back of the leaves (at the bottom) (Fig. 13).All these cases were observed at the same locality: brook El Macanal, Monte Zerpa, Mérida state (Figs 15,17).
The first case only one female was observed next to the clutch (about 50 eggs), which has a semicircular shape; a second case was observed both male and female next to  (Roewer, 1915), male at live from Chorotal, Mérida, Venezuela; Figs 11-12, Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb.nov., male at live from Chorotal, Mérida, Venezuela; Figs 13, 14, male and egg on fern from Monte Zerpa, Mérida; the clutch (eggs arranged in a similar way to the previous case), in this case after being disturbed they both left the clutch, they were dropped in a vacuum to fall into the leaf litter; a third case was observed, which only the female after the disturbance fled the clutch, in this case the eggs had a different appearance, some of which located on a side edge looked more recent; and a fourth case in which only a male and some scattered eggs were observed (about 15 eggs in an approximate diameter of 10 cm) (Fig. 13), this could have several interpretations, maybe it is the remnant of a larger clutch cared by this male, or maybe the male was preying on the eggs of an old alien clutch.

DISCUSSION
Metaphareus has only two described species, and is considered part of the subfamily Stygninae even though male genitalia of none of his species have been described (Pintoda-Rocha, 1997).Female holotype of the type-species M. albimanus Roewer, 1912 apparently is lost.On the other hand, M. punctatus was inserted in this genus due to the general similarity of the external morphology of both species, at a time when the criteria of classification of harvestmen were ruled even by the Roewerian methodology.
One of the principal non genital traits used in classification/taxonomy of stygnids harvestmen is the shape of tarsomerus and claw III-IV and the presence and kind of scopula, then, in the absence of information on genital morphology and loss of tarsomerus III-IV, the subfamilial position of Metaphareus must be a complicated decision, however in his review of systematics of Stygnidae, Pintoda-Rocha (1997) decided to position it within Stygninae.
The penial morphology of Heterostygninae species is very homogenous, mainly due to the presence of a thin and well-defined lamina parva, with a broadly marked basal constriction; this seems to be a unique feature for this group.However, some variations are found in the number or arrangement of setae, in the size ratio between the hammer and the glans+stylus complex, or in the presence/absence of the dorsal process of the stylus.
Tarsomerus III-IV (short and cilindrical, with opposites claws) (Figs 5, 6) and genital morphology of the male of Metaphareus punctatus (Figs 7-9), fits perfectly into the general pattern described for the subfamily, more specifically sharing all the genital characters found in the genera Innoxius and Eutimesius, both present in the Andean region.
All the species of Eutimesius have variations in the ornamentation and armature of the anterior region of the carapace, however all have two high spines of the area III and a spiniform monticle in the interocular area, while Innoxius don't have spines in area III and have a low and rounded interocular mound.Other interesting trait shared by all Eutimesius species is the presence of dry-mark on the dorsal scutum (definition of dry-marks as defined by Carvalho & Kury, 2018, even when we do not intend to establish a homology between both spots).
Metaphareus punctatus have all the traits defined here to Eutimesius diagnosis: dry-mark on the lateral border of the dorsal scutum, area III with two high spines, a spiniform monticle in the interocular area and genital morphology similar to the pattern shared by Eutimesius+Innoxius, then we decide propose the new combination Eutimesius punctatus comb.nov.and we call attention to the subfamilial position of the genus Metaphareus and the relationships with Eutimesius, which should be reassessed whenever males of its typespecies are known.
Eutimesius punctatus has been originally referred to the state of Merida by Roewer (1913), however this location is imprecise.We have found the species in several localities of the Sierra de La Culata, showing a wide distribution, Fig. 18.Geographical distribution of Eutimesius punctatus (Roewer, 1913), comb. nov. andE. albicinctus (Roewer, 1915).
following the altitudinal range between 2000 and 2400 meters of altitude (Fig. 18), along the mountain range of cloud forests almost continuous between the characteristic localities of that elevation floor (Ataroff & Sarmiento, 2003).This wide local distribution contributes to deny the high endemism of the Venezuelan harvestman as González Sponga repeatedly pointed out (García et al., 2017).
Sympatry in congeneric species in the family Stygnidae is not common, however here we recorded coexistence of Eutimesius punctatus and E. albicinctus in at least three studied localities (Fig. 18).Moreover, a third congeneric undescribed species was collected close to the previous ones.Some examples of cases of sympatry in the family are known from the genus Eutimesius, which was observed by the first author from cloudy forest in Yaracuy state in Venezuela (Osvaldo Villarreal, unpubl.data) and two species of Pickeliana coexisting from Bahia state in Brazil (Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2008).Preference for microhabitat seems to have been detected in both Eutimesius species studied here.While the specimens of E. albicinctus were collected on tree trunks or directly on the substrate in slopes and ravines (Figs 10,15), the specimens of E. punctatus were frequent in green vegetation, on leaves and more frequently in ferns 17).It is striking that both species have markedly different colorations, each similar to the substrate where they were collected (Figs 10-13).
There could be segregation due to the use of microhabitats.
In relation to reproductive behavior of E. punctatus, in spite of not having been made laboratory tests or systematized observations in the field with the purpose of studying the parental care in this species, some facts seem to indicate the existence of paternal care of the eggs.In all the cases observed there was presence of the male next to the clutch, and when they were disturbed in at least one of the three cases the male remained with the group and in one case the eggs seem to have different stages of embryonic development which is common among harvestmen exhibiting exclusive paternal care (Machado et al., 2004;Machado & Macías-Ordoñez, 2007;Villarreal & Machado, 2011).Paternal care in the family have been recorded to the genus Stenostygnellus, however previous studies on a single Amazonian species of Eutimesius (probably E. simoni Roewer, 1913) suggest that maternal care exists in this genus (Villarreal & Machado, 2011).The eggs laying of Eutimesius punctatus are similar in aspect to those of Stenostygnellus flavolimbatus and not to Eutimesius simoni, by the fact of not being embedded in a transparent gelatinous mass.The species of Stenostygnellus with known reproductive behavior hide their eggs in cavities of trunks or in the armpits of plants (Villarreal & Machado, 2011), while Eutimesius punctatus as well as E. simoni lay the eggs exposed on the leaves of plants.