Iheringia, Série Zoologia

The carapace length (CL) at the onset of morphological sexual maturity (MSM) in Aegla parana Schmitt, 1942 was estimated in a population located at Negro River Sub-basin, Upper Iguaçu Basin, southern Brazil. The animals were captured with Surber net and with baited traps in Negro River and in its tributary Totó River, in December/2017, June and July/2018. Carapace length of each individual was measured from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior margin of the carapace, with a digital caliper or under a digital microscope. Length of the major cheliped propodus (LMAP) of males and width of the abdomen (LA) of females were measured for relative growth analysis. The CL at the onset of MSM was estimated as the inflection points on the scatter plots with the REGRANS program. In Negro River, 107 males (CL range 6.9050.25 mm) and 95 females (10.37-39.36 mm) were obtained, while in Toto River, 225 males (4.92-25.65 mm) and 160 females (5.1826.45 mm). MSM is attained by males at 23.15 mm CL and females at 17.85 mm CL. The smallest ovigerous female measured 19.00 mm CL. Aegla parana reaches the highest maximum size and males attain MSM with the highest CL value among the known species of the genus.

Aegla Leach, 1820 is the only living genus of the family Aeglidae and its lifecycle is entirely restricted to freshwater environments of southern South America.This genus is composed of 87 species (Santos et al., 2017;Páez et al., 2018;Jara et al., 2018).Aeglids are animals with a high degree of endemism, making some species highly vulnerable or endangered.
In addition, species with wide distribution, although classified as little threatened, may constitute a complex of species (BRASIL, 2016).Taxonomic rearrangement of these species complex groups, recognition of several new species, would certainly have direct impact in the conservation status originally assessed for any of these groups, as the distribution of each of these species is restricted to their respective typelocality (Moraes et al., 2016).Schmitt, 1942 is distributed along Iguaçu Basin (62,000 km 2 ) between the southern Paraná State and the northern Santa Catarina State and along south of Paraná River, having as type locality the Negro River, located on west side of Serra do Mar mountains, separating the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná until it empties into the Iguaçu River.In spite of the relatively wide geographical distribution of the species, studies on its biology are restricted to the reproductive cycle in the population living in Palmital River in the municipality of União da Vitória, Paraná State (Grabowski et al., 2013).Although considered currently "as least concern species" (LC) by Pérez-Losada et al. (2009), future of A. parana is uncertain if conservation measures are not implemented in the present study area.Negro River flows between some municipalities as of Mafra, Santa Catarina State and Rio Negro, Paraná State, that discharge organic waste into its water, and its tributaries run through a rural area and are submitted to inflow of herbicides and fertilizers.Study the reproductive ecology (reproductive seasonality, recruitment, growth, ontogeny, dimorfism), behavior of food manipulation and agonistic actions are important to know the species and stipulate conservation actions Data on sexual maturity as well as other reproductive traits are essential important to understand the life cycle (reproductive biology, population structure and dynamics in aeglids), essential for establishment of management policies for the preservation of endangered species (Amaro Pinheiro & Fransozo, 1998;Bueno & Shimizu, 2009;Copatti et al., 2015) In crustaceans the occurrence of the pubertal moult is an indication that the animal has reached MSM.From this molting, more pronounced growth may occur in certain body dimensions in relation to the overall body size (relative growth), and it constitutes a source of sexual dimorphism in adults.The points of a scatter plot of dimensions of these body parts vs body size can show an abrupt change in the trend that is called inflection point, and it will segregate two groups of points corresponding to juveniles and adults (Hartnoll, 1978).
Considering the importance of understanding the biological patterns of the group for future projects on conservation purpose, this study aims to estimate the size of onset of MSM for understanding aeglid biology of males and females of a population of A. parana living in Negro River Sub-basin, type locality of the species and quoted only from the description article of the species (see Schmitt, 1942), based on their relative growth.
The animals were captured with a Surber sampler (500 µm mesh) and baited lobster-pot type traps locally called "covo", in December 2017, June and July 2018.Ten baited traps were set and overnighted for 10-12 hours in each collection point and were inspected for captured animals in the next morning.Since these traps selectively capture large aeglids, collections were complemented with Surber sampler positioned against the direction of the water flow to obtain juveniles that were not collected by traps.The sampling effort for Surber samples was two people for one hour.The collected specimens were transported to the laboratory in cooled box and frozen until laboratory procedures.
Laboratory procedure and statistical analysis.The aeglids were sexed based on the position of the gonopore openings that are located in coxae of the third pair of pereiopods in females and in the fifth pair of pereiopods in males (Martin & Abele, 1988).Males and females had their carapace length (CL) measured from the apex of the rostrum to the mid-posterior border, with a digital caliper (individuals > 20 mm CL) or with Dino-Lite Pro AM413 digital microscope which measures the digital image in micrometric scale (individuals ≤ 20 mm CL).The length of the major cheliped propodus (LMAP) of males was measured from the apex of pollex to the posterior end of the outer margin.In females, the abdomen width (AW) between the lateral margins of the second abdominal somite was measured.These body parts were selected for the present study because they are related to reproductive activities and tend to show change in growth rate (relative growth) during the transition from the immature to the adult stages (Viau et al., 2006;Bueno & Shimizu, 2009, Almerão et al., 2010).The individuals with damaged rostrum, with one or both chelipeds missing or regenerating were excluded from this analysis.
The description of the relative growth, considering CL as the independent variable (x) and the body part dimensions (LMAP, AW) as dependent variables (y) (Huxley, 1950), was based on the allometric equation y = ax b , linearized to log y = log a + b log x.The values of a (elevation of the lines) and b (allometric coefficient) were estimated by linear regression of logY on logX using the least squares method (Huber, 1985).The inflection point, which corresponds to the CL at the onset of MSM (Oliveira & Santos, 2011) was calculated using the software REGRANS (Pezzuto, 1993).
The state of allometry was assessed with a t test on the slope (allometric coefficient), under the null hypothesis H 0 : b = 1 (isometric growth).Rejection of H 0 meant that growth was positively (b > 1) or negatively (0 <b <1) allometric.The slopes and the intercepts were compared between development phases of both sexes with an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, α = 0.05) (Sokal & Rohlf, 1979).
The results of the regressions are in Table I and in Figures 1 and 2. There was a significant difference between slopes (b) for juveniles and adult males in the LMAP x CL (p <0.0001) and for females in the relationship AW x CL (p = 0.0417).Both relationships LMAP vs. CL and AW vs. CL were positively allometric, that is, LMAP and AW increase at a faster rate than CL.The MSM is reached by males with 23.15 mm CL (Tab.I, Fig. 1) and females with 17.85 mm CL (Tab.I, Fig. 2).The largest juvenile male measured 22.7 mm CL, while the smallest adult, 19.27 mm CL.On the other hand, the largest juvenile female measured 23.90 mm CL and the smallest adult, 17.85 mm CL.Most males (75.11%) of exhibited the left cheliped larger than right one in the present study.

DISCUSSION
Aegla parana is the largest of the currently known species of the genus that had their population size structure studied so far (maximum CL of males=50.25 mm and of females=39.36 mm).The CL at the onset of MSM of A. parana is very close to the maximum CL attained by the Tab.I. Aegla parana Schmitt, 1942.Inflection points, equations of the regressions of the LMAP x CL and AW x CL relationships, with corresponding values of the coefficient of determination and results of tests og allometry status of males and females.LMAP, length of the major propodus; AW, abdomen width; CL, carapace length; JM, juvenile males; AM, adult males; JF, juvenile females; AF, adult females.smallest species, A. marginata (Figs 3,4).The carapace length (CL) at the onset of morphological sexual maturity (MSM) in aeglids is directly related to the maximum CL reached by the respective species: (Figs 3, 4).This relationship is described by the linear functions y = 0.3979x + 3.6282, R² = 0.8361 for males (p=0.003) (Fig. 3) and y = 0.348x + 4.7218, R² = 0.8006 for females (p=0.006) (Fig. 4).These equations allow estimations of the CL at onset of MSM of aeglid species by knowing its maximum species size.The size at the onset of maturity correlated with the maximum species size.Oliveira & Santos (2011) estimated that the maturity in Aegla species is reached between approximately 40 and 70% in relation to the size of the largest sampled individual.Takano et al. (2016) estimated the percentage of 38 and 60%, indicating that aeglids tend to attain morphometric maturity by the time they are approximately half as large as the maximum size they reach.The size of each population also influenced by the environmental conditions (Oliveira & Santos, 2011).As in the present study, other works bring the trend of males attaining morphometric maturity to a larger size than females (Takano et al., 2016).
In A. parana females, it is possible to observe the maturity tendency in relation to the maximum size reached, despite the distinct criteria (functional and morphological) to separate mature and immature.Females from the population of A. parana living at Palmital River, Iguaçu Basin, attain the onset of functional maturity in 17.4 mm CL and the largest CL for a female was 27.0 mm (Grabowski et al., 2013), in the present population the smallest ovigerous female had 19 mm CL, the onset of MSM is 17.85 mm and the largest female had quite bigger CL (39.36 mm).
In addition to body size other corporate features are related to a reproductive ecology.In heterochelous decapods, each chelae may be used in different ways, the use of the minor chela is also associated with grooming behavior, while the major chela are associated with reproductive activities as agonistic confrontations, reproductive behavior, to defend receptive females from other males (Mariappan et al., 2000;Viau et al., 2006;Almerão et al., 2010;Takano et al., 2016), in A. uruguayana both chelipeds may participate in specific reproductive tasks (Viau et al., 2006).On the other hand, the aeglid female's abdomen has a primordial importance for accommodation of eggs during their embryogenesis.
The higher allometry level observed in males (LMAP x CL; b=1.36) than in females (AW x CL; b=1.09) of A. parana in the present study can be explained by the different relationship of the studied dimensions and the body: while males' chelipeds are independent appendages and they are not functionally limited by the size of any body structures, the abdomen is a dimension totally dependent of the sternum morphology.Both (sternum and abdomen) have to function together and any eventual disproportionate increase in AW would reduce the efficiency of body movements and walking (Hartnoll, 1982).
The larger sized males in relation to females observed in the present study of A. parana is known for most Aegla species (Bueno et al., 2016).Causes of size dimorphism that has been suggested by the necessity in directing energy to reproductive events among females, such as eggs incubation, which increases the period between mouting and decreases the growth rates (Díaz & Conde, 1989), males used chelae in aggressive interactions with other males during mating period (Viau et al., 2006) and lifting and rotating female's body in mating behavior (Almerão et al., 2010).This occurrence of sexual dimorphism in structures which play important roles in sexual interaction might be a strong indication that sexual selection operates on the determination of body size difference between males and females of a population (Shine, 1989;Cohen et al., 2011).Mortality, migration, responses to environmental conditions (Gonçalves et al., 2006), and resource use (Silva-Gonçalves et al., 2009) have also been suggested.
Aeglid males have a tendency the left chela to be the largest (or longest) one in relation to the right chela.In A. franca, 89.30% of males are left-handed (Bueno &Shimizu, 2009), in A. castro, they are 72.95 % (Takano et al., 2016), andin A. parana, 75.11% (present study).Other examples of heterochelous aeglids with handedness preponderance of the left chela are mentioned in Bahamonde & López (1961), López (1965), Rodrigues & Hebling (1978), Viau et al. (2006) and Oliveira & Santos (2011).The meaning of this tendency will be certainly clarified with laboratory experiments on behavior of food manipulation and agonistic actions in A. parana.
Studying a morphological sexual maturity of the species is essential for understanding the functioning of the population, other research is correlated with such data, such as spatial distribution, food preference of size classes and population growth rate.
Finally, further research can be done to better understand the correlation between size of sexual maturity and maximum size, such as environmental and population differences.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Aegla parana Schmitt, 1942.Relationship between the abdomen width (AW) and carapace length (CL) of the females.The inflection point is at 17.85 mm CL.Black circles represent juveniles and adults.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Aegla parana Schmitt, 1942.Relationship between the length of the major propodus (LMAP) and the carapace length (CL) of the males.The inflection point is at 23.15 mm CL.Black circles represent juveniles and adults.