An in vitro evaluation of various irrigation techniques for the removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal surfaces

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of conventional syringe irrigations, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Vibringe, CanalBrush, XP-endo Finisher, and laser-activated irrigation (LAI) systems in removing double antibiotic paste (DAP) from root canals. Material and Methods One hundred five extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented. The roots were split longitudinally. Three standard grooves were created and covered with DAP. The roots were distributed into seven groups: Group 1, beveled needle irrigation; Group 2, double side-vented needle irrigation; Group 3, CanalBrush; Group 4, XP-endo Finisher; Group 5, Vibringe; Group 6, PUI; Group 7, LAI. The amount of remaining DAP was scored under a stereomicroscope. Results Group 4, Group 6, and Group 7 removed significantly more DAP than the other protocols in the coronal region. Group 7 was more efficient in the middle region; however, no significant difference was found between Group 7 and Group 6. No differences were found between groups in the apical region either, except for the comparisons between groups 7 and 2, and groups 2 and 3. Conclusions None of the investigated protocols were able to completely remove the DAP from the grooves. The Vibringe and XP-endo Finisher systems showed results similar to those of conventional needle irrigation.


INTRODUCTION
The main goal of root canal treatment is to enlarge the root canal system and to eliminate and discharge bacteria from it. For this purpose, numerous instruments, irrigation solutions, and medicaments have been used 12 . Chemomechanical to achieve the goal of eliminating the intracanal bacterial population. Although chemomechanical preparation reduces the bacteria population, none of the contemporary techniques can completely clean the root canal system 16 . Therefore, intracanal medicaments are used to eliminate and/or reduce the number of bacteria from the canal 22 .
Calcium hydroxide (CH) is widely used as an intracanal medicament between appointments to enhance the incidence of bacteria free canals. CH has therapeutic properties, is biocompatible, inhibits osteoclastic activity, can dissolve organic tissue, and has regenerative properties 5,28 . Despite removing bacteria from root canals 20 . Antibiotic pastes are another example of intracanal medicament. Triple antibiotic paste and minocycline) or double antibiotic paste (DAP) commonly used as intracanal medicaments in cases in which CH cannot alleviate the symptoms 9,30 .
Previous investigations agree that the medicament should be completely removed from have shown that remnants of medicaments prevent 2016;24(6):568-74 penetration of sealers or cements into the root canal dentin walls, as they act as a physical barrier along the sealer/dentin interface 1,14 . Furthermore, clinical concentrations of CH, DAP, and TAP can lead to a tissues 11 and are cytotoxic to human dental pulp stem cells 19 . Thus, the complete removal of medicaments from the root canal is an important step in successful root canal treatment.
The most commonly used technique for the removal of medicaments is recapitulation of the length (WL) followed by copious irrigation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 24 . Previous studies have reported that the passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) techniques removed more medicament than the conventional needle irrigation system 2,4,8 .
The XP-endo Finisher (FKG, Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) is a newly introduced shape-memory NiTi instrument. This instrument's on the irregular area of the root canal system; this is achieved by providing an expanded reach (6 mm 10 . However, it is unknown whether XP-endo Finisher or CanalBrush can remove DAP from the root canal wall. Therefore, the aim of this study was irrigations, CanalBrush, XP-endo Finisher, Vibringe, PUI, and laser-activated irrigation (LAI) systems grooves in the root canal. The null hypotheses were that the removal of DAP was not affected by the [1] section of root canal (third) or the [2] irrigation techniques.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was reviewed and approved by the Tokat Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the KAEK 225).
human anterior teeth were selected through buccolingual and mesiodistal radiographs, after apex, and no signs of internal/external resorption. The teeth were shortened using a diamond disc under water cooling, and each tooth was given a (Mani Inc., Tochigi, Japan). Canals were prepared Germany) and a torque-controlled motor (Silver Reciproc; VDW, Munich, Germany) to a master root canals were irrigated with 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl then they were placed in Eppendorf vials (Labosel, material (Clinical Zetaplus soft; Zhermack, Badia Polesine, Italy). After the impression material was fully set, the roots were grooved with a diamond disk and split longitudinally without damaging the inner layer of dentine around the canal. A number 1S cavitron tip (Aceton, Merignac, France) was which were 3 mm in length, 0.5 mm in depth, and 0.2 mm in width, and were located 2-5 mm from the apex for apical sections, 11-14 mm from the apex for coronal sections, and 7-10 mm from the apex in the opposite part of the middle section ( Figure 1). The photographs were taken using a stereomicroscope (Zeiss Stemi 2000-C; Carl Zeiss Microlmaging, Göttingen, Germany) equipped with a digital camera (AxioCam ERc5s, Germany) at 20X were irrigated with 5 mL 17% EDTA (Imicryl Ltd., Konya, Turkey) for 60 sec. and 5 mL 2.5% NaOCl for 60 sec. Then, the teeth were agitated with a tooth brush to remove debris and the smear layer. The root canal was dried with paper points.
Equal amounts of ciprofloxacin (Biofarma, Istanbul, Turkey) were mixed with distilled water at a liquid/powder ratio of 1:3 based on the formulations used in the study by Hoshino, et al. 15 reassembled with wax, and all the roots were remounted into Eppendorf vials. Next, they were The access cavities were temporarily sealed (Cavit, ESPE GMBH, Seefeld, Germany) and stored at 37°C with 100% relative humidity for 2 weeks. After this period, specimens were randomly divided into seven experimental groups (n=15). For the removal of DAP in all 7 groups, an R40 were used to obtain a space for irrigation needles and instruments. G1 (Beveled Needle): The root canals were irrigated with 10 mL 2.5% NaOCl for 2 min with a 27-gauge beveled dental irrigation needle (Ayset, Adana, Turkey). The tip of the needle was inserted 1 mm short of the WL.
G2 (Double Side-Needle): The irrigation protocol was the same as that in G1 with the exception that a 30-gauge double side-vented needle (i-Tips, i An in vitro evaluation of various irrigation techniques for the removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal surfaces 2016;24(6):568-74 dental, Siauliai, Lithuania) was used (rather than a 27-gauge beveled dental irrigation needle).
G3 (CanalBrush): The root canals were irrigated with 5 mL 2.5% NaOCl and then brushed with a medium size CanalBrush (Coltene/Whaledent GmbHCo. KG, Langenau, Germany) at 600 rpm inserted 1 mm short of the WL and was moved around in small vertical movements.
G4 (XP-endo Finisher): The irrigation protocol was the same as that in G3 with the exception that the XP-endo Finisher (FKG, Switzerland) was used at 800 rpm with 1 Ncm for 1 min (rather than the CanalBrush).
G5 (Vibringe): A 10 mL 2.5% NaOCl solution was delivered and sonically activated via the Vibringe system (Vibringe B. V. Corp, Amsterdam, Netherlands) for 2 min. The needle tip was placed 1 mm short of the WL. G6 (PUI): Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) was performed using an Irrisafe ultrasonic tip (size 25, 0.00 taper) (Acteon, France), which was driven by an ultrasonic device (Newtron P5; Satelec, Acteongroup, France) 1 mm short of the WL. A 10 mL 2.5% NaOCl solution continuously delivered at -1 through the unit. It was activated at a power setting of 5 for 1 min.
G7 (LAI): The irrigation protocol was the same as that in G3 with the exception that an Er:YAG laser (Kavo Key 3+, KaVo, Biberach, Germany) with a 2940 nm wavelength was used for 1 min with endodontic tips. The laser parameters were 1 W, 10 Hz, and 100 mJ. When the irrigant in the root canal dropped or vaporized, the canal space The total volume of irrigant for each specimen approximately 0.08 mL s -1 except for G6 (PUI). The irrigant was delivered into the canal with a 30-gauge double side-vented needle (i dental, Lithuania) except for G1 (beveled needle). The root canals were dried with paper points, and the root halves were separated so that digital photographs could be taken of the canal walls as described above.
were coded before evaluation to ensure that the evaluators were blinded to their identities. The amount of DAP remaining in the grooves was evaluated by two dentists using a numeric evaluation scale as described by van der Sluis, et al. 32 (2007). The scoring system was as follows: score 0, the groove is entirely empty; score 1, DAP is present in less than 50% of the groove; score 2, more than 50% of the groove is covered with DAP; and score 3, the groove is completely covered with DAP ( Figure 2). Before scoring, the 2 examiners assessed 30 randomly selected specimens together for calibration purposes. In the case of discrepant scores, a consensus was reached by discussion.
Analyses were conducted using commercial software (IBM SPSS Statistics 19, SPSS Inc., IBM Co., Somers, New York, USA). The kappa test was used to determine interexaminer agreement. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the remaining DAP scores. Results were

RESULTS
Results of the two examiners were in good agreement (kappa value=0.907). Figure 3 shows the distribution of scores according to the regions. No irrigation protocols could completely remove all found between tooth regions in terms of paste removal, and more residues were observed in the apical region ( Figure 3) (p<05). The Kruskal-Wallis the groups for apical, middle, and coronal thirds (p>05), except for the XP-endo Finisher (G4) and PUI (G6) (p<05). The XP-endo Finisher (G4), LAI differences were found between these groups in the coronal region (p>05) (Figure 4). LAI (G7) was and PUI groups (p>05) ( Figure 5). It was quite  no difference was found between groups (p>05) except for the comparisons between LAI (G7) and double side needle (G2) and between CanalBrush (G3) and double side needle (G2) (p<05) (Figure 6).

DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, no study have compared the effectiveness of needle irrigation, the XP-endo Finisher and CanalBrush in removing DAP from simulated lateral irregularities on root canal walls. Results of this study indicate that no difference was found between tooth regions in terms of paste accepted. The removal of DAP was not affected by the root canal thirds. However, LAI was superior to double side-needle irrigation in removing DAP at all thirds of the root, and therefore, the second hypothesis is rejected. the elimination of some symptoms, and thus, antibiotic pastes are used as an alternative 9,30 due to their good antimicrobial and biocompatible properties 11,15,31 . One of the most widely used antibiotic pastes is TAP, which consists of equal portions of metronidazole, ciprofioxacin, and minocycline. However, TAP always causes tooth discoloration 2 . In one study, researchers removed minocycline from the TAP, and developed DAP, which 17 . Although antibiotic pastes have been successfully used in endodontic procedures, they should obturation to avoid their negative effects, such as tooth discoloration, cytotoxic effects, and the prevention of sealer or cement penetration to root dentin 1,2,19 . However, it is impossible to completely remove antibiotic pastes from the root canal using conventional irrigation protocol [2][3][4]6,23 .
There are limited data about the effect of the irrigation protocol on the removal of DAP from the root canal. Akçay, et al. 2 (2014) investigated the effectiveness of PIPS and an EndoActivator System in removing DAP and TAP from root canal irregularities in the coronal and apical parts of a root canal system. They reported that PIPS was superior for the removal of DAP and TAP, regardless of the groove location, when compared with the EndoActivator and needle irrigation groups. Another study by Arslan, et al. 4 (2014) investigated the effectiveness of different irrigants with or without ultrasonic activation in removing TAP from simulated root canal irregularities. They reported that PUI with 1% NaOCl was superior to other irrigation techniques in removing TAP. These results are similar to the results obtained in this study.
A previous study by Berkhoff, et al. 6 (2014) compared positive pressure irrigation, EndoActivator, PUI, and EndoVac from root canal systems by the radiolabeled technique; they concluded that there was no difference in labeled TAP removal among groups. These results are not consistent with those variables in the study design, such as (i) the used medicament, (ii) the irrigation solution's volume, and/or (iii) measurement technique. In a previous study, it was revealed that minocycline (a compound of TAP) binds to calcium ions via chelation to form  an insoluble complex 29 . However, a more recent DAP and TAP removal from artificially created grooves 2 .
In this study, we used a rotary instrument system (XP-endo Finisher) with 2.5% NaOCl as an that activation of irrigant with a rotary instrument grooves; however, this was not statistically different from conventional syringe irrigation. A study conducted by Capar, et al. 8 (2014) reported that the use of the Self-Adjusting File (SAF) system removed significantly more CH from simulated lateral irregularity in the apical third of root canals than the conventional syringe irrigation. In line with the results of the aforementioned study, Akman, et al. 3 and cefaclor) from root canals when compared with conventional syringe irrigation. Unlike rotary or hand instruments, SAF adapts channels in three dimensions, and also allows for copious irrigation 3 .
Similarly, the superior ability of PUI in removing intracanal medicament from the root canals was attributed to its higher velocity of irrigation solution 32 and its fresh irrigant replacement properties during the procedure 33 .
CanalBrush is a highly flexible endodontic brush made of polypropylene. According to the manufacturer, it helps clean areas of the root canal no study has compared the effectiveness of CanalBrush on the removal of antibiotic pastes. difference was found between CanalBrush and PUI on the removal of CH from root canal surfaces 7 . On the other hand, Grischke, et al. 13 (2014) systems in removing root canal sealer from simulated irregularities on the root canal wall, and reported that PUI is more effective than CanalBrush.
The Vibringe system (Vibringe B. V. Corp, Netherlands) is a device that provides sonic activation of irrigation solutions. This device uses streaming in the root canal and operates at a lower frequency (2-3 kHz) 25 . Rodig, et al. 25  This study showed that the groove in the apical section gave worse results than the coronal and middle sections, regardless of the irrigation protocol. These results are similar to those obtained by Arslan, et al. 4 (2014). In contrast, Rodig, et al. 26 (2010) observed superior results in the apical third, published results may be due to the diameter of apical preparation, volume of irrigant, and irrigation protocol used between these studies.
The design of this study has been used by several other investigations 4,8,13,25,26,32 . However, few studies are investigating the removal of DAP from 2 . Although the simulated lateral irregularities do not represent the complex structure of a natural root canal system, the groove model has its advantages, which include allowed discrimination between mechanical removal of the as well as high intraobserver reproducibility 26 . The major limitation of this study is the results obtained from in vitro conditions. Thus, future studies should conditions.