Evaluation of Techniques for Determination of Hydroxyl Value in Materials for Different Industrial Applications

*Correspondence author: ritacld@ita.br Received: Mar. 26, 2018 | Accepted: Jul. 04, 2018 Section Editor: Cristina Andrade ABSTRACT: When some materials need to be characterized, the hydroxyl number (IOH) determination is especially useful, mainly for those applied in the aerospace fi eld. Usually, this characterization is performed by wet chemistry, using methodologies involving several steps, such as derivatization. This is a time-consuming and costly step. On the other hand, when the analysis is performed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the most used region is the medium infrared (MIR) and transmission techniques are usually employed. However, FT-IR methodology developed error is usually not discussed. FT-IR methodology was developed in near infrared (NIR) and MIR regions, including non-conventional techniques, such as universal attenuated total refl ection (UATR) and transfl ectance (near infrared refl ection accessory [NIRA]), and transmission, to determine IOH in surfactants, used in aerospace catalysts/cosmetic products, and polyesters, applied in paints. According to the samples’ characteristics, surfactants were analyzed by transmission/solution and, as received, by NIRA. Polyesters were analyzed by UATR and NIRA, as received. The IOH values for all samples were also measured by wet chemistry and/or potentiometry (supplier’s data) and used as reference. Good linear correlations were observed between 0.939 and 0.976, being considered with good precision, and between 88% (NIRA) and 98% (MIR) of the results were explained by developed methodologies.


INTRODUCTION
In general, the evaluation of hydroxyl number (IOH) in materials is carried out by conventional wet chemistry methodologies; xx/xx 02/15 Although this kind of determination by instrumental techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, is faster, especially when it does not use derivatization, it is generally performed in the most known region, the medium infrared (MIR) (Tavassoli-Kafrani et al. 2014;Takahashi et al. 1996).
In the propellants area, for instance, the IOH value is required in stoichiometric calculations for polyurethanes (PU) production (Pedreira et al. 2016).It is known that in such polymers production, the hydroxyl groups (OH) of polyol react with monomeric molecules containing two or more groups of isocyanates (N=C=O) for crosslinks formation.Thus, IOH determination is paramount to PU products properties since they are dependent on the OH groups number used in polyol (Tavassoli-Kafrani et al. 2014;Pant and Patil 2016).
IOH values are also determined in other materials types, such as surfactants, which can be found as natural or synthetic substances and have a lipophilic (or hydrophobic) and a hydrophilic part in their chemical structure; these are responsible for surfactant molecules adsorption in the different liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, or solid-liquid interfaces of a specific system.They are considered as one of the most versatile chemicals, being applied in different industrial processes (Rossi et al. 2006).
The IOH value is used as a parameter for surfactant ethoxylation degrees.The lower the IOH, the higher the sample ethoxylation (Daltin 2011).Thus, it is understood that IOH determination will effectively contribute to the quality control of these materials by fast and precise methodologies and to the consequent evaluation of their potential in different applications.
Surfactants are applied in cosmetic and drug areas, and IOH determination is essential for these compounds to meet certain quality control bands in specific purposes, as it should be in any product application, evidently aiming for market survival (Kazuaki et al. 2014).
In the catalyst area for propellants, surfactants were applied as a microemulsion method component to obtain iron oxide, resulting in products with particles, narrow range, and high surface area, among others (Campos et al. 2015a;Campos et al. 2015b).As it is known, microemulsions are defined as thermodynamically stable, isotropic, and transparent systems, being formed mostly by an oil phase, composed of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, and an aqueous phase, stabilized by a surfactant and a cosurfactant (Rossi et al. 2007).
Among other data, the iron oxide's catalytic effect obtained by microemulsion synthesis on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) by simultaneous thermal analysis means (thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis [TG/DTA]) was evaluated in the Campos et al. (2015a,b) study.It was observed that iron oxide, encoded by F1, one of the synthesized samples, which contained in its composition the surfactant called Triton X-100, that contains polyethylene glycol as a hydrophilic part and an aromatic as a hydrophobic part, presented high surface area (388 m 2 g -1 ) and significantly affected the activation kinetic parameter of AP thermal reaction, especially in the high decomposition temperature region.
There are also references about the surfactants use in carbon nanotubes (CNT) (graphene sheets coiled to form a cylindrical piece with a diameter close to 1nm) in the literature (Silva et al. 2013;Botelho et al. 2011;Vaisman et al. 2006).According to Silva et al (2013), CNT have excellent properties, such as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal, but generally they are in highly homogeneous dispersion.However, they have low solubility in solvents.One way to make it work is to use surfactants.
Tween surfactants, which are also characterized in this current paper and are polysorbate molecules containing polyethylene glycol (hydrophilic part) and fatty acid ester (hydrophobic part) are quoted by Shen et al. (2011), among other surfactants, such as lauryl sulphates, for this application.The employment of polyethylene glycol surfactants in the aerospace area motivated the use of this type of non-ionic surfactant in this current study.Alisson (2017) has reported a study that allows the CNT use in aerospace structures as alternative materials to metals and metal alloys currently applied in this sector to minimize the damages caused by some possible particles in satellites and spaceships.The study has the goal of developing a process to make these materials more resistant, but there are still difficulties related to cost, among others.However, there is scope for further research.Recently, Vargas et al. (2017) studied composites containing graphene oxide and polyaniline, obtaining a product with good properties, aimed at aerospace application, and used, among other techniques, infrared (IR) spectroscopy to evaluate the interaction between the products used.

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Polyester is another hydroxylated material, one of the most versatile copolymers.It is widely applied in things such as fibers, plastics, composites, and coatings.Polyesters are macromolecules that have carboxylate groups in the main chain, through acid components and alcohol reactions (Dholakiya, 2012), which makes the determination of IOH a great deal, balancing the reaction, aiming at the production of these materials.
Polyesters can be used in several applications, such as the printing ink industry for packaging/adhesives, in PU production.The final product is dependent on the OH or isocyanate (NCO) amount remaining, interfering in adhesion.If OH is in excess and unreacted, it may interfere with adhesion and prevent polymer drying (tack).It is more difficult to have NCO unreacted, since it is very reactive, but for this reason it can also produce undesirable compounds.
Regarding the polyester application diversity, the determination of IOH for the final product quality plays a major role and the methodology applied for this measurement was wet chemistry (ASTM E222-17); it was also used to study this material type in this current paper, by FT-IR spectroscopy.
As mentioned before, the determination of a functional group, such as hydroxyl and NCO, is generally performed by FT-IR techniques in MIR region and it is imperative in the aerospace field.Studies of compounds or polymers by near infrared (NIR) region appear in small number.However, quantitative analyses in this region are generally more accurate than in the MIR region.NCO in PU adhesives (Siqueira et al. 2008) and PU resin in nitrocellulose (NC) binder mixtures used in paints/coatings determinations (Rodrigues et al. 2014) are good examples to be quoted.
One technique with great potential in the NIR region is the transmission and near infrared reflection analysis (NIRA).For solid state, the analysis is done by reflectance, such as the diffuse technique, and by transflectance for liquid state (Stark et al. 1986).Roy and Kradjel (1988) determined IOH by NIRA through band at 4878 cm -1 measured in duplicate with the error variation presented between 0.06 and 2.20.However, the band used is a combination band, which involves more than one functional group.In addition, this kind of analysis should be done at least in triplicate to improve accuracy.
All things considered, some attention points can be mentioned for future references: a) the IOH determination is usually done by wet chemistry, consuming long analysis time, which is not suitable for quality control processes; b) there are fewer quantitative than qualitative FT-IR publications; c) determinations are performed using conventional transmission mode to obtain FT-IR spectra; d) FT-IR spectroscopy specific relative and methodology errors (Hórak and Vítek 1978) are not found in most publications, there are only references of standard deviations, but comparing with traditional methods (Tavassoli-Kafrani et al. 2014); e) and there are few publications using reflection techniques for functional groups determination, both in the MIR and the NIR region.However, there are faster non-conventional reflection techniques that can be applied with a small amount of samples, such as universal attenuated total reflection (UATR) or NIRA (Stark et al. 1986), and these are less exploited.
Examples of functional groups quantitative analyses using UATR or NIRA have been mentioned: Damazio et al. (2014) analyzed the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, used in aerospace thermal insulations, with UATR, showing that this reflection technique is suitable and precise.Mello et al. (2018) used UATR and NIRA for MIR data validation for ester plasticizer determination in NC, used for industrial and military purposes, with good results.
Given all these facts, it is proposed in this current study the development of FT-IR-MIR/NIR methodologies for IOH determination in surfactants, based in polyethylene glycol, and in polyesters, used in printing inks, using methods of obtaining FT-IR transmission/UATR (MIR) and transflectance (NIRA) spectra; it is also proposed a wide discussion in terms of time and determination of accuracy.

SURFACTANTS
For FT-IR methodology development, aiming at IOH determination in surfactants, seven samples of these compounds were kindly provided by suppliers, and their characteristics are described in Table 1.
xx/xx 04/15 POLYESTERS For FT-IR methodology development, aiming at IOH determination in polyesters, seven samples of these compounds were kindly provided by Nitro Química, and their characteristics are described in Table 2.

FT-MIR AND NIRA METHODOLOGIES
NIR and MIR regions were used for methodologies' development, aiming at OH quantification in surfactant samples containing polyethylene glycol and polyesters samples using standard and/or non-conventional techniques, such as NIRA and UATR.
The PerkinElmer FT-IR Spectrum One spectrometer was used under the following conditions: MIR (4000 to 400 cm -1 ) and NIR (10000 to 4000 cm -1 ) regions, 20 scans, and 4 cm -1 resolution.The surfactant samples, with IOH known, were measured in triplicate, by wet chemistry method (acetylation), United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF), and analyzed in MIR region -by transmission, as liquid films, in CCl 4 solution, in cesium iodide (CsI) closed cell, with spacer 0.050 mm -and in NIR region, using the NIRA transflectance accessory, as received.The polyester samples were analyzed using the same spectrometer and the same conditions, but by UATR in MIR region and by NIRA, as received, with known IOH, measured by wet chemistry (acetylation) (ASTM E222-17).
The analytical band A 3500 (stretching -υ OH) was selected for IOH determination in surfactants using MIR methodology with baseline from 3710 to 3100 cm -1 .MIR and NIRA calibration curves were developed, respectively, relating the A 3500 and A 7000 bands to the IOH of each surfactant sample.The band at 7000 cm -1 is probably assigned to the first overtone of A 3500 band stretching (Walling and Dabney 1986;Roy and Kradjel 1988).The baseline for NIRA methodology comprised the 7474 to the 6200 cm -1 regions.MIR and NIRA data calibration curves represent the median (Hórak and Vítek 1978) of five bands with A 3500 and A 7000 intensity values, respectively.

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The analytical bands A 3500 and A 7000 were also selected for IOH determination in polyesters using MIR and NIRA methodologies, with baselines from 3660 to 3100 cm -1 and 7475 to 6550 cm -1 , respectively.MIR and NIRA calibration curves were developed, relating the band A 3500 and A 7000 , respectively, to the IOH of each polyester sample.MIR and NIRA data calibration curves represent the median (μ or X) (Hórak and Vítek 1978;Mello et al. 2018) of five values (Takahashi et al. 1996;Damazio 2015) of A 3500 and A 7000 bands' intensity, respectively.
Standard deviation calculation (Hórak and Vítek 1978) (Eq. 1 and Eq. 2), relative error (Eq.3), and methodology errors (median of relative errors) developed for both surfactants and polyesters were performed using non-parametric statistical treatment and also quantitative data (median absorbance values) obtained by FT-IR spectroscopy (Hórak and Vítek 1978), already used successfully in previous and recent studies of this group (Mello 2017;Damazio 2015).These deviations were also compared to those obtained by means of a wet chemistry method for the IOH determination of surfactant samples.
where σ ˆμ ˆ is standard deviation and σ ˆ is the standard deviation and √n is the number of measurements per sample.
The standard deviation for the measurements' number performed is given by Eq. 2.
where R is the difference between the highest and the lowest absorbance value and K R is the coefficient to calculate the standard deviation of a values range (for five experiments, K R = 0.430) (Hórak and Vítek 1978).
Relative error or relative deviation (RD) (%): where RD is relative error, σ ˆμ ˆ is standard deviation, and μ is median value.
The methodology error was considered as the median of relative errors, as in previous studies (Mello 2017;Damazio 2015;Dutra 1997;Dutra e Soares 1998).

SURFACTANTS
The FT-IR IOH determination in surfactants was performed in MIR (transmission) and NIRA (transflectance) regions, with the IOH reference values measured by wet chemistry or potentiometry.The errors (mean standard deviation, relative and FT-IR methodologies, and wet chemistry method) were measured, and a comparison with the wet chemistry data was performed based on these FT-IR errors and analysis time.

IOH determination in surfactants by FT-MIR (transmission)
In Fig. 1, the FT-IR/MIR spectra of surfactant samples used for IOH determination are shown.It can be observed that there is an increase in OH band intensity, around 3500 cm -1 , according to IOH increase, obeying Lambert-Beer's law (Smith 1979).
Table 3 includes data on the FT-MIR (transmission) developed methodology and potentiometry or wet chemistry method (reference).In Fig. 2, the A 3500 values are plotted against the relative surfactant IOH samples measured by potentiometry (supplier's data).In Fig. 3, the values of A 3500 as a function of IOH relative to those measured by wet chemistry (acetylation) are shown. (1) (2) (3) Damazio 2015) of A3500 and A7000 bands' intensity, respectively.
Standard deviation calculation  " # $ (Hórak and Vítek 1978) or SX (M and Eq. 2), relative error (Eq.3), and methodology errors (median of relativ both surfactants and polyesters were performed using non-parametric statis quantitative data (median absorbance values) obtained by FT-IR spectros 1978), already used successfully in previous and recent studies of this group 2015).These deviations were also compared to those obtained by means of for the IOH determination of surfactant samples.
where: is standard deviation and is the standard deviation and measurements per sample.
The standard deviation for the measurements' number performed is given by and Eq. 2), relative error (Eq.3), and methodology errors (median of relat both surfactants and polyesters were performed using non-parametric stati quantitative data (median absorbance values) obtained by FT-IR spectro 1978), already used successfully in previous and recent studies of this grou 2015).These deviations were also compared to those obtained by means of for the IOH determination of surfactant samples.
" # $ =  " √ ) where: is standard deviation and is the standard deviation an measurements per sample.
The standard deviation for the measurements' number performed is given b where: R is the difference between the highest and the lowest absorbance val coefficient to calculate the standard deviation of a values range (for five experim (Hórak and Vítek 1978).
Relative error or relative deviation (RD) (%): where: RD is relative deviation, is standard deviation, and is median value.
The methodology error was considered as the median of relative errors, as i (Mello 2017;Damazio 2015;Dutra 1997;Dutra e Soares 1998).

Surfactants
The FT-IR IOH determination in surfactants was performed in MIR (transm

FT-MIR Calibration Curve
Good linear correlations were observed, R = 0.988 and R = 0.977, respectively, for the calibration or analytical curves (Eq. 4 and Eq. 5).Respectively, the determination coefficients R 2 (Pimentel 1996) were 0.976 and 0.955.Therefore, between 0.95 and 0.98% of the values were explained by the methodology.
where y is the median value of A 3500 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g).
where y is the median value of A 3500 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g).
Evaluating the data in Table 3, it can be observed that the variation between measurements in FT-IR methodology (2.9%) (Hórak and Vítek 1978) is lower than the one obtained by wet chemistry method (9.4%) (Baccan et al. 2001).The greater variation in values in the wet chemistry method may be due to the greater number of steps, also impacting the analysis time (4 hours), in comparison to FT-IR methodology (1 hour).Regarding the reference, measured by potentiometry, the wet chemistry method presents a smaller error (2.1%).
The FT-IR methodology error, around 3%, is acceptable in relation to the FT-IR spectrophotometer accuracy limit (≤ 2%) (Hórak and Vítek 1978), which is usually obtained in ideal conditions, where the analytical band is thinner or more intense than these OH group materials, which is wider because of the hydrogen bonding interaction possibility (Smith 1979).
The curves in Fig. 4 (R = 0.991) and Fig. 5 (R = 0.998) show the relationship between the IOH values supplied and measured, both by wet chemistry and FT-IR, for the surfactants studied.The data measured by FT-IR show slightly better linearity, relative to the reference data (from supplier) (0.988, FT-IR, and 0.986, wet chemistry).

IOH determination in surfactants by FT-NIRA
Figure 6 shows FT-IR/NIRA spectra used for IOH determination in surfactant samples.There is basically an increase in OH band intensity, around 7000 cm -1 , according to the IOH increase, obeying Lambert-Beer's law (Smith 1979).
Since the samples, prepared as a solution, as it had been done in the MIR region, did not respond adequately to the NIRA analysis, an attempt was made to analyze them directly, without solvent use or a complex step of material's preparation.This feature was not a simple task, because, in some cases, it was necessary to form a film for the most adequate preparation of the sample.Thus, it was decided to analyze only four samples, representing the levels: lower, intermediate (two samples), and high.
The data used for calibration curve development are shown in Table 4, Fig. 7, and Fig. 8.The methodology presented, in the possible analysis' conditions, a linear correlation that was considered good, in relation to the supplier's data by potentiometry, R = 0.945 and R 2 = 0.892; and in relation to wet chemistry method data (acetylation), R = 0.939 and R 2 = 0.882, for IOH xx/xx 08/15   determination in surfactants, using NIRA, according to Eq. 6 (calibration curve -A 7000 × IOH by potentiometry) and Eq. 7 (calibration curve -A7000 × IOH by wet chemistry method): where: y is the median value of A 7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by potentiometry or wet chemistry method (acetylation).where: y is the median value of A 7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by potentiometry or wet chemistry method (acetylation).The methodology error of 5.85% may reflect the difficulties found in the NIRA methodology, and according to samples' nature and technique's characteristics it has presented the error of ≤ 2%, meeting ideal conditions (Hórak and Vítek 1978).However, studies about IOH determination by NIR (Roy and Kradjel 1988) quote errors between 2.20-4.20%,which is also above the equipment's accuracy limit (Hórak and Vítek 1978).It should also be considered that the error > 2% can be accepted regarding to the technology applied, which is based only on a material's specification range (Mello et al. 2018).
Taking Table 4 data in consideration, it can be observed that the variation between measurements in FT-IR methodology (5.85%) (Hórak and Vítek 1978) is lower than that obtained by wet chemistry method (10.2%) (Baccan et al. 2001).The value variation noticed in wet chemistry method could be influenced by the number of steps, which was likely impacted by the longer analysis time (4 hours), compared to the FT-IR methodology (1 hour).Regarding the reference measured by potentiometry, the wet chemistry method presented a smaller error (2.3%).

POLYESTERS IOH determination in polyesters by FT-MIR/UATR
Figure 9 shows FT-MIR/UATR spectra used for IOH determination of polyester samples.It can be observed that, in the same way as for surfactants, there is an increase in OH band intensity, around 3500 cm -1 , according to IOH increase and Lambert-Beer's law (Smith 1979).where: y is the median value of A7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by pote or wet chemistry method (acetylation).y = 0.00025x -0.14578 where: y is the median value of A7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by pote or wet chemistry method (acetylation).
The methodology error of 5.85% may reflect the difficulties found in the NIRA me and according to samples' nature and technique's characteristics it has presented the erro meeting ideal conditions (Hórak and Vítek 1978).However, studies about IOH determinati (Roy and Kradjel 1988) quote errors between 2.20-4.20%,which is also above the eq accuracy limit (Hórak and Vítek 1978).It should also be considered that the error > 2 accepted regarding to the technology applied, which is based only on a material's specifica (Mello et al. 2018). (

FT-MIR/UATR Calibration Curve
Table 5 includes data on the developed FT-MIR/UATR methodology.In Fig. 10, the A 3500 values are plotted against the relative supplier's polyester samples IOH (reference), measured by acetylation, given in Table 5.A good linear correlation, R = 0.964, was observed for calibration curve (Eq.8), and about 93% (R² = 0.9289) of the values were explained by the methodology: where: y is the median value of A 3500 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g).
Regarding the data in Table 5, it can be observed that the FT-MIR (UATR) methodology error was around 5%, which is acceptable xx/xx 11/15 compared to the FT-IR spectrophotometer's accuracy limit (≤ 2%) (Hórak and Vítek 1978) and it fits, since another error was found around 5% by Chalasani et al. (2013).The last one used the polyol sample derivatization with silane and IOH determined by MIR by reflection and applying a different accessory, the attenuated total reflection (ATR).The band used was δ SiCH 3 at 1250 cm -1 (Smith 1979) and its area was measured.The conditions used in the current FT-MIR methodology (UATR) took less analysis time (1 hour) and presented lower error values, since it did not use derivatization and measurement of any area.
The curve shown in Fig. 11 (R = 0.963) represents the measured ratio and supplied IOH values, by FT-IR and wet chemistry method, of the polyesters studied.The data measured by FT-IR show good linearity, relative to reference data (from supplier).

IOH determination in polyesters by FT-NIRA
Figure 12 shows the FT-NIRA spectra of polyester samples used for IOH determination.The band chosen was found at 7000 cm -1 , assigned to the first overtone v OH at 3500 cm-1.It is possible to observe that this band presents low intensity for IOH samples between 37-82 mg KOH/g (Figs. 12A and B), suggesting a detection limit in this range.Thus, the methodology was applied for IOH samples between 90 and 313 mg KOH/g.For these samples, an increase was observed in the OH band intensity around 7000 cm -1 , according to the IOH increase, obeying the Lambert-Beer's law (Smith 1979).Table 6 includes data related to the developed FT-NIRA methodology.In Fig. 13, the A 7000 values are plotted against the relative IOH from the supplier's polyester samples, measured by acetylation (Table 6).Good linear correlation was observed, R = 0.949, for calibration curve (Eq.9), with about 90% of the values explained by the methodology (R² = 0.90103): In Table 6, it was observed that FT-NIRA methodology error was around 3%, which acceptable compared to the FT-IR spectrophotometer's accuracy limit (≤ 2%) that is found und ideal conditions of thickness control (Hórak and Vítek 1978).where y is the median value of A 7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g).

CONCLUSIONS
In Table 6, it was observed that FT-NIRA methodology error was around 3%, which is acceptable compared to the FT-IR spectrophotometer's accuracy limit (≤ 2%) that is found under ideal conditions of thickness control (Hórak and Vítek 1978).

CONCLUSIONS
FT-IR methodologies for IOH determination were developed in MIR and NIR regions in surfactants (IOH range 46-104 mg KOH/g) and polyesters (IOH range 37-310 mg KOH/g), without derivatization.The FT-IR methodology showed good linearity with IOH values, and it has shown lower variation on the values measured than the ones observed with the wet chemistry method.It has also proved to be faster.
The FT-MIR/transmission/solution methodology was the most suitable for IOH determination in surfactants.On the other hand, the FT-MIR/UATR methodology was the most suitable for polyesters.Between 88 and 98% of the values found were explained by all MIR and NIRA methodologies developed in this study for surfactants and polyesters.This quantity can be accepted both by the technological aspect, in relation to the specification range, and by the scientific one, that evaluates the precision.This shows the value of the developed methodologies in the application of quality control of the studied surfactants and polyesters.

(Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Fourier transform medium infrared transmission spectra of surfactant samples (Hydroxyl number in mg KOH/g, measured by wet chemistry method, acetylation) prepared as solution in sealed Cesium iodide cell of 0.050 mm -1 g in 10 mL of CCl 4 .

Figure 6 .Figure 7 .
Figure 6.FT-MIR reflection analysis spectra of surfactants analyzed as received (IOH in mg KOH/g, measured by wet chemistry method, acetylation).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. NIRA calibration curve for IOH determination in surfactants -A7000 versus IOH (m by wet chemistry method).IOH = Hydroxyl number; NIRA = Near infrared reflection analy y = 0.00024x -0.14650where: y is the median value of A7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by poten or wet chemistry method (acetylation).y = 0.00025x -0.14578 where: y is the median value of A7000 and x is the IOH value (mg KOH/g), measured by poten

Table 1 .
Composition and structural characteristics of surfactants and IOH values.

Table 2 .
Composition and structural characteristics of polyesters and IOH values.

Table 4 .
Methodologies data, FT-NIRA, potentiometry, and wet chemistry method for IOH determination in surfactants.

Table 5 .
Methodologies data and FT-MIR (UATR) for IOH determination in polyesters.

Table 6 .
Methodology data and FT-NIRA for IOH determination in polyesters.Figure13.FT-IR/NIRA calibration curve of A 7000 versus IOH in mg KOH/g (measured by wet chemistry method, supplier's data).