Magnetic Gearing Electromagnetic Concepts

In this paper the magnetic geared machines electromagnetic concepts are introduced. The magnetic gear modulation mechanism which becomes possible rotors of different polarities produce torque is explained, through the use analytical expressions and plots obtained by finite elements method. This pedagogical approach is a way to teach the subject in a more understandable way and, at the same time, it reinforces the application of electromagnetic concepts. Further, a magnetic geared generator is simulated and no-load EMFs and torques are analyzed.


I. INTRODUCTION
Many papers about magnetic gears and derived geared machines as magnetic geared generators were published and market applications started to appear [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].However, in spite of the excellent level of the papers published on the subject, they are of difficult understanding for the average-level student.This is quite visible on the mechanism of modulation responsible for creation the flux densities harmonics which interact to generate the torque in the geared machines.

II. ELECTRICAL MACHINES TORQUE PRODUCTION
The operation of a rotating electric machine can also be regarded as an interaction between two magnetic fields [1].The machine action is due to the result of these two fields trying to line up, so that the central line of a north pole on one part is directly opposite the central line of a south pole on the other part.Torque is produced by the interaction of the two magnetic fields.Figure 1(a) shows the simplified construction of a two-pole machine, in which the north and south poles of the rotor are attracted by south and north poles (and repelled by north and south poles, respectively) of the stator, resulting in a torque in the counter-clockwise direction.The magnitude of the torque is proportional to the product of the field strengths of the two fields.The angle δ between the axes of the two fields is known as torque or power angle.For sinusoidal variation of flux in the air gap, i.e. flux density varying sinusoidally with distance around the gap periphery, the torque is also proportional to sin δ.However, if the number of poles on rotor and stator are different, as shown in Figure 1 IV.MAGNETIC GEARED MACHINES CONSTRUCTION A Magnetic Gear consists of following components as shown in Fig. 3(a): 1. Outer permanent-magnet array (OPMA) with a pole-number ( l p ).
2. Inner permanent-magnet array (IPMA) with a number of pole-pairs ( h p ).
3. Intermediate annular pole-pieces (IAP) composed of Ferro-magnetic modulators ( np ).And the Magnetic Geared Generator consists of the same components of the magnetic gear with the addition of a stator juxtaposed to OPMA, comprising a slotted lamination pack (SLP) as shown in Fig. V. CO-AXIAL MAGNETIC GEAR WORKING PRINCIPLE If the reasoning applied on the section II is used in a cylindrical rotating structure, one can notice that the situation shown at Fig. 2(c) can be reproduced.Figure 3(a) shows a cylindrical magnetic structure composed of two rotors separated by an air-gap, the outer rotor and the inner rotor with different number of poles.Since the numbers of poles are different, it is not possible to produce torque.However, if the ferromagnetic pole pieces (modulators) are putted between the outer rotor and the inner rotor, it will alternately "short-circuit" N-S pole-pairs of outer rotor or produce a pole (north   The high-speed inner rotor or IPMA contributes to the operation of both the electrical machine and the magnet gear.This rotor interconnects the magnetic gear with the electrical machine and so the mechanical torque is not applied to the IPMA, but on IAP which is the input shaft.The mechanical torque applied to the IPMA by the magnetic gear is smaller than that applied to the IAP due to the gearing effect.Consequently, the electromagnetic torque produced by the stator could be only a fraction of the total input torque.Thus the required magneto-motive force (MMF) in the machine, and hence the copper losses, are significantly smaller than in a conventional direct-drive generator, which would have to react the full torque on the input shaft [3].Consequently the geared machine uses less active material than would be used by a combination of a magnetic gear and separate electrical machine.
VII. MAGNETIC GEAR AIR GAP FLUX DISTRIBUTION Flux harmonics are essential for the operation of a geared machine then they will be discussed in detail in this section.The flux distribution in the outer air gap as function of time will be mathematically expressed and studied when the OPMA is removed and only the IPMA and IAP remain.The respective rotation velocities of the IPMA and IAP are given as h  and p  for the magnetic gear shown at Fig. 6.The magneto motive force (MMF) of the IPMA and the permeance of the IAP are mathematically expressed by ( 1) and ( 2), respectively where A is the permanent magnet MMF amplitude, B is the modulators permeance amplitude and 0 P is the permeance of vacuum.
The product of (1) and (2) yields the outer air gap flux distribution: From (3), it can be seen that flux distribution consists of three main components: one fundamental component and two harmonic components .Also, from (3) it can be seen that the angular velocities of H1 and H2 are different from that of the MMF.This means that when the IPMA is rotated, the fundamental (FC) follows the IPMA, but H1 and H2 do not follow it.This is the main point of the operating principle of a magnetic gear.Either H1 or H2 can be chosen to create a magnetic gear or the magnet gearing effect, but usually H1 is chosen due to its higher flux density.

 
). Taking this as general rule the following generic poles relation is adopted: VIII.MAGNETIC GEARED MACHINES GEAR RELATIONS If each term of ( 4) is multiplied by its respective speed, it gets the following expression: Where, h  is speed of inner rotor, l  is speed of the outer rotor and p  is the speed of modulator.
When one of the three parts of the gear is stationary, there will be a constant relation or gear ratio ) G ( r between the speeds of other two parts.For example when the modulators are stationary the machine works as mechanical gear, r G is equal to 9.5 since 19 p l  and 2 p h  : Therefore, the relation between the speeds is inversely proportional to the ratio between the numbers of pole-pairs, and rotors run in opposite directions.If it is considered there are no losses, the power in inner rotor is equal to power in outer rotor, then: Therefore, the ratio between the torques is directly proportional to ratio between the numbers of pole-pairs.Alternatively, when the OPMA is held stationary ) 0 ( l   , and the IAP is driven by a turbine the machine works as magnetic geared generator, the gear ratio becomes: Therefore, the relation between the speeds is inversely proportional to the ratio between the numbers of modulators and numbers of pole-pairs of IPMA, and both rotors run in the same direction.
If it is considered there are no losses, the power in inner rotor is equal to power in the modulators, then: As both shafts are now rotating in the same direction, a higher gear ratio of 10.5 is obtained since IX. MAGNETIC GEARED GENERATOR SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS If slots are stamped in the stator of the magnetic gear and they are wounded in a certain way the magnetic gear became a magnetic geared generator as shown on Fig. 8 (a).In the geared generator model considered h p , l p and np are equal to magnetic gear analyzed in the last section, then the 19 th (H1) is used to create the gearing effect.However, a harmonic flux component of air gap must couple with the stator winding to electromotive-motive-forces (EMFs) be induced in the winding phases.This is done by ensuring that the number of generator winding pole pairs is the same as the IPMA array pole pair, then in the operation as this magnetic geared generator the 2 nd flux component couples with the generator coils to produce power as shown in Fig. 8

A. Stator Winding Flux Analysis
In order to calculate only the flux generated by stator winding the OPMA and IPMA were removed, and the flux distribution of the air gap inside of the stator when only the generator coils were excited was determined by FEM static analysis.Figure 9(a) shows the resulting waveform and Fig. 9(b) the corresponding harmonic spectrum.From it can be seen that the 2 th component is the dominant harmonic.Therefore it can be confirmed that the generator coils will be able to be excited by the IPMA permanent magnets and EMFs will induced in the stator winding phases.

B. Electromagnetic Torque Modelling
Electromagnetic torque is produced in a magnetic geared machine when the energy stored in magnetic fields varies with rotation of the components.Torque on a component can be expressed as: where is ' W the co-energy of the system and is the c  angular position of the component on which the torque is calculated.In this analysis it is assumed that all the co-energy is stored in the air-gaps and the magnets.In these regions, the co-energy can be calculated as where B is the air-gap flux density and assuming that the permeability of the magnets is approximately equal to that of air (free space).
The movement is taking into account by Movement Band Technique [9] and the Coulomb's virtual work method [11] was used for torque calculation in the moving band: , G the Jacobian matrix of the global nodal coordinates with respect to local element coordinates, and [G] the determinant of G.
The static torque on inner gap is obtained holding the OPMA and IAP still and incrementally rotating the IPMA step by step (rotating at 1 degree/sec) through the movement band shown in Fig. 10(a).The magnetic torque on outer gap is obtained in the same way but the movement band assumes the position shown in Fig. 10(b).The torque on IAP is equal to difference between the torque calculated at outer gap and inner gap [12,13].

C Cogging Torque Analysis
The cogging torque manifests itself as torque ripple harmonics on the inner air gap (output rotor) due to interactions between the IPMA and the IAP, when windings currents are null.For the inner rotor the fundamental cogging torque harmonics equal to 84 pole-pairs, this means, the smallest common multiple between the number poles of inner rotor,   X. CONCLUSION In this paper the magnetic geared machines electromagnetic concepts are introduced.The magnetic gear modulation mechanism which makes possible rotors of different polarities produce unidirectional torque was explained in a simple way.The magnetic geared generator working principle was explained.The poles and speed relations of the magnetic geared machines are obtained and explained through the use analytical expressions and plots obtained by finite elements method.The gear relations for magnetic gears and magnetic geared generators are demonstrated mathematically.The geared generator simulated presents low cogging torque but no-load EMFs generated are deformed by odd harmonics generated by the stator winding.

Fig. 1 .Fig. 2 .
Fig. 1.Interaction of stator and rotor magnetic fields: (a) 2 poles in the rotor and 2 poles in the stator.(b) 4 poles in the rotor and 2 poles in the stator.(c) 2 poles in the rotor and 4 poles in the stator.The conclusion is that all rotating machines (generators and motors) must have the same number of poles on the stator and rotor for steady unidirectional torque.
or a south) similar to what occurred at Fig. 2(c).The result of this is a modulated 10 poles flux in the inner air-gap, represented by the red North's and blue South's, shown on Fig. 4(b) since the inner rotor has 10 poles the net torque will be different than zero and constant as explained in the first section of this paper.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. (a) Numbers of poles are different, it is not possible to produce torque.(b) Modulators action: Modulated 10 poles flux in the inner air-gap, represented by the red North's and blue South's.

F.
Eq. (1) which depends of spatial harmonic number 1 C and of rotation speed h  , that are exactly the same speed of    ri The other two harmonic components (called H1 and H2) exist due to the permeance of the IAP pole-pieces which modulates    ri F

Figure 7 (Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. (a) Radial field density at outer air-gap due to the inner magnets only, with modulating rotor.(b)Radial field density harmonic content at outer air-gap due to the inner magnets only, with modulating rotor.
(a).In order to increase the 2 th harmonic component and increase the EMFs, in this model, there are 6 generator coils and they are wound as show in Fig.8 (b).

Figure 11 (
Figure 11(a) shows the torque on the three regions.It can be found that the torque-angle curves vary sinusoidally, in which the maximum torque values denote the pull-out torques.On the IAP and inner gap, the pull-out torques is 475.88Nm and 44.88 Nm, respectively.Their ratio is 10.6, which has a good agreement with the ratio
 , and the number of ferromagnetic pole-pieces, 21 n p  .The cogging factor is equal to Nc / ns p 2 h , which gives 1.The harmonic spectrum shown at Fig. 11(b) complements this reasoning since the value of the 84 th harmonic is only 2% of the fundamental (2 th ).Hence, the cogging torque is inherently small.D No-load EMF In order to simulate the movement of both rotors in relation to the winding and modulators and obtain no-load EMF two movement bands are applied as shown on Fig. 12.The external band, placed in the IAP (input rotor), rotates at 150 rpm and the internal band, placed in the inner air-gap (out rotor) at 1575 rpm, since the speeds relation is 10.5.As already explained at section VIII both bands must run in the same direction.

Fig. 12
Fig. 12 Bands to calculate EMFs (inner band rotates at 1575 rpm and outer band rotates at 150 rpm).Both bands must run in the same direction Figure 13 shows the 3-phase EMFs induced when the OPMA is held stationary ) 0 ( l   , the stator winding is open, and the IAP rotates at 150 rpm simulating the speed transmitted by the shaft of a wind turbine.The waveform is non-sinusoidal due to the large odd harmonic (3 rd , 5 th and 7 th ) as can be seen at harmonic spectrum shown at Fig. 13(b).One can infer that this harmonics are due to the generators' winding configuration since the harmonic spectrum of waveform produced only by the stator winding, shown at Fig. 8(b) presents odd harmonics too.