Pressure-Based and Potential-Based Differential Quadrature Procedures for Free Vibration of Circular Plates in Contact with Fluid

The differential quadrature method (DQM) has been so far applied to a wide variety of fluid and/or structural problems. The results of many researchers reveal that the DQM is computationally efficient and is applicable to a large class of boundary value problems. However, there is little information about its applications to fluidstructure interaction problems. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide some information in this area and to develop procedures based on the DQM for the numerical solution of fluidstructure interaction problems. First, the governing partial differential equations of motion of the structure and fluid are discretized separately using the DQM. Then, by applying the boundary condition at fluid-structure interface, the governing eigenvalue equations of the coupled system are obtained which can then be solved for the eigenvalues of the system. The applicability of the proposed procedures is shown herein through the free vibration analysis of thin circular plates in contact with a cylindrical fluid-filled cavity. Issues related to the implementation of the regularity conditions at the center of the circular plate and the central line of the cylindrical cavity are addressed. Two new regularity conditions are proposed for the circular cylindrical fluid domain. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedures are demonstrated by comparing the obtained results with those available in the literature. It is shown that highly accurate converged results can be obtained by the proposed procedures using a small number of grid points. Three new dimensionless parameters and variables are also introduced for the free vibration of the coupled system. The influences of these parameters on dynamic behavior of the system are studied.


INTRODUCTION
The problem of plate-like structures interacting with a fluid has been an interesting research subject for a long time because this problem can be found in many applications such as offshore structures, nuclear reactors, micro pumps, storage tanks in airplanes and space vehicles and the like.Therefore, it is of great importance to accurately predict the dynamic behavior and vibration characteristics of such structures.
Various analytical and numerical methods have been developed in the past to study the behavior of plate-like structures interacting with a fluid.But most of the research efforts mainly focus on the free vibration analysis of plates in contact with an incompressible fluid.Kwak and Kim (1991) proposed an analytical procedure using the integral transformation technique in conjunction with the dual integration equation method to study the effect of fluid on the natural frequencies of circular plates vibrating axisymmetrically in contact with an incompressible fluid.They also introduced the concept of non-dimensionalized added virtual mass incremental (NAVMI) factor for fluid-loaded circular plates that reflects the increase of inertia due to the presence of the fluid.Bauer (1995) developed an analytical procedure to determine the coupled hydroelastic natural frequencies of circular membranes and plates backed by a cylindrical fluid-filled cavity.The fluid was assumed to be incompressible and frictionless.Amabili and Kwak (1999) proposed an analytical formulation using the perturbation technique in conjunction with the Hankel transformation method to investigate effects of free-surface waves on free vibrations of circular plates resting on a free fluid surface.In their study, the fluid was considered inviscid and incompressible.They showed that the effect of free-surface waves on the plate's natural frequencies is significant only when the bulging and sloshing modes of the system have close natural frequencies.Jeong and Kim (2005) developed an analytical algorithm by the Rayleigh-Ritz approach based on the Fourier-Bessel series expansion for the linear free vibration of a circular plate submerged in a bounded compressible fluid.They also solved the problem using the finite element method and studied the effects of fluid compressibility on natral frequencies of the coupled system.Chiba (1994), Amabili et al. (1995), Kwak (1997), Kwak and Han (2000), Jeong (2003), Ergin and Ugurlu (2004), Kim and Lee (2005), Gorman and Horáček (2007), Gorman et al. (2008), Jeong et al. (2009), Askari and Daneshmand (2010), Askari et al. (2013), Tariverdilo et al. (2013), and Shafiee et al. (2014) also solved various circular plate-fluid interaction problems using various analytical or approximate methods.
The differential quadrature method (DQM), which was firstly introduced by Bellman and his associates (1971,1972) in the early 1970s, is a powerful numerical method for the direct solution of partial differential equations that arise in various fields of engineering, mathematics, and physics (Bert and Malik, 1996;Tornabene et al., 2015).It is simple to use and also straightforward to implement.Since its introduction, the DQM has been successfully applied to a wide variety of fluid and/or structural problems (Shu and Richards, 1992;Shu et al., 1995;Bert and Malik, 1996;Shu and Chew, 1999;Shu, 2000;Liu and Wu, 2001;Eftekhari and Jafari 2013;Fantuzzi et al., 2014).However, there are few studies on its applications to fluid-structure interaction problems.
In the literature, one may refer to the work done by Koohkan et al. (2010) or the recent studies by Eftekhari and Jafari (2014) and Eftekhari (2016).Koohkan et al. (2010) proposed a combined application of the DQM and the finite difference method to study the transient responses of damreservoir systems under ground motion.In their study, the dam structure has been modeled as an Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 Euler-Bernoulli beam while the reservoir modeled as a semi-infinite fluid.Eftekhari and Jafari (2014) proposed a mixed modal-DQM formulation to study the free and forced vibrations of beams in contact with fluid.It has been claimed that the mixed method can produce much better accuracy than the finite element method (FEM) using less computational time.Most recently, Eftekhari (2015) proposed a coupled Ritz-DQM formulation for the dynamic analysis of Timoshenko beams in contact with fluid.It has been concluded that the conditioning of the resulting eigenvalue (or ordinary differential) equations of the potential-based formulation is considerably better than that of the pressure-based formulation.As it can be seen from above literature survey, all of abovementioned works are limited to beam-fluid interaction problems.Besides, the formulations in Eftekhari and Jafari (2014) and Eftekhari (2015) require the help of another method (modal technique or Ritz method) to handle the fluid-structure interaction problem.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide some more information in this area and to develop general procedures based on the DQM for the numerical solution of fluid-structure interaction problems.
In this study, two general procedures based on the DQM, i.e., the pressure-based and potentialbased DQMs, are proposed to study the free vibration of thin circular plates in contact with a bounded compressible fluid.First, the governing partial differential equation of motion of the circular plate and that of the fluid are discretized separately using the DQM.Then, by applying the boundary condition at fluid-structure interface, the governing eigenvalue equations of the coupled system are obtained which can then be solved for the eigenvalues of the system.The proposed procedures, in general, enjoy from simplicity and high accuracy of the DQM.Their reliability and efficiency are shown through numerical simulations.

DQM
Let w(ζ) be an arbitrary function and ζ1, ζ2, …, ζn be a set of grid points in the ζ-direction.According to the DQM, the qth-order derivative of the function w(ζ) at any grid point can be approximated by the following formulation where w(ζj) represents the function value at a grid point ζj and ) (q ij A are the weighting coefficients of the qth-order derivative.The first-order weighting coefficients, i.e., ) 1 ( ij A , are given by (Quan and Chang, 1989) The weighting coefficients of the higher-order derivatives can be computed from the following recurrence relationship (Bert and Malik, 1996) , In this work, the DQM grid points are taken nonuniformly spaced and are given by the following equations (Bert and Malik, 1996)

GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The geometry and coordinate system for a circular thin plate backed by a cylindrical fluid-filled cavity is shown schematically in Figure 1.The circular cylindrical cavity of diameter 2a and height H is filled with a compressible and inviscid fluid of density ρf.The cavity bottom at z = H and the side wall at r = a are considered as rigid walls, while the fluid surface at z = 0 is covered with a flexible circular plate.The fluid motion is assumed to be irrotational and of small amplitude.The governing partial differential equations of the coupled system can be expressed in terms of different variables of the fluid such as displacement, pressure, and velocity potential.In this study, we are interested to describe them in terms of pressure and velocity potential variables.The details are given in the following subsections.When pressure variable is used to formulate the present fluid-structure interaction problem, the governing partial differential equations of the coupled system can be expressed as In this study, the free vibration of fluid-loaded circular plates with clamped edge is considered.The boundary conditions of the plate for this case are (Rao, 2007) The boundary conditions of the fluid cavity are assumed to be in the form of Neumann-type boundary conditions.In other words, where ρf is the mass density of the fluid.For free vibration of the coupled system, the variables w and p are assumed to be harmonic as , ) , ( ) , , ( where ω is the circular frequency.It is advantageous to introduce the following parameters and variables Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 where λ is the mass ratio, θ is the slenderness ratio, c is the speed ratio, cs is the speed of sound in structure (circular plate), and Ω is the dimensionless natural frequency of the coupled system.Now, substituting Eqs. ( 12) and (13) into Eqs.( 6) and (7) gives Consequently, the boundary conditions of the fluid cavity becomes It can be clearly seen from Eqs. ( 14)-( 16) that the natural frequencies of the coupled system can be characterized by means of the following three dimensionless parameters

Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions for Potential-Based Procedure
When velocity potential variable is used to formulate the present fluid-structure interaction problem, the governing partial differential equations of the coupled system can be expressed as For free vibration of the coupled system, the variables w and φ are assumed to be harmonic as Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 Introducing Eqs. ( 13), ( 21) and to Eqs. ( 18)-( 20) gives At this stage, the DQM can be employed to discretize the dimensionless differential equations of the fluid and plate.However, there are some important issues related to regularity conditions at R = 0 (or at r = 0) that need to be addressed first.The details on regularity conditions are given in the following section.

REGULARITY CONDITIONS AT R = 0
It can be seen from Eqs. ( 14) and ( 15) (or Eqs.23 and 24) that the governing partial differential equation of the circular plate is of order four with respect to R coordinate variable while that of the fluid is of order two with respect to this coordinate variable.The motion of the plate in R-direction is also subjected to two boundary conditions (see Eq. 10) while that of the fluid is subjected to one boundary condition (see Eq. 16 or 25).It is well known that an arbitrary qth-order differential equation should involve q number of boundary conditions.In the present problem, however, the number of boundary conditions is smaller than the order of differential equation for both the circular plate and circular cylindrical fluid-filled cavity.Therefore, difficulty arises when trying to solve such type of problem using numerical algorithms like the DQM.
The above-mentioned difficulty has also been reported before when solving similar problems using the DQM.For instance, in solving the free vibration problem of circular plates, Wu and Liu (2001) also Wu et al. (2002) have also addressed this difficulty.They pointed out that some regularity conditions should be applied at the plate center in order to solve such type of problems.They assumed the deflection of the plate in the form and proposed the following regularity conditions Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 The numerical results presented in Wu and Liu (2001) and Wu et al. (2002) showed that the above regularity conditions can give accurate solutions for natural frequencies of circular plates.In this study, the above regularity conditions are applied at the center of the fluid-loaded circular plate.In addition, some regularity conditions should also be applied at the center line of the circular cylindrical fluid-filled cavity.Let The following regularity conditions are introduced for the fluid domain Our numerical experiments showed that the above regularity conditions can produce accurate solutions for natural frequencies of fluid-loaded circular plates.

PRESSURE-BASED DQM PROCEDURE
The governing partial differential equations for free vibration of the coupled system are given in Eqs. ( 14) and ( 15).The solutions to these equations are first assumed to be in the forms of Eqs. ( 26) and (29).Substituting Eqs. ( 26) and (29) into Eqs.( 14) and (15) gives At this stage, the DQM will be used to discretize Eqs. ( 32) and ( 33).The details are given in the following subsections.

Discretization of Governing Differential Equation of the Structure
Consider n grid points with coordinates R1, R2, …, Rn in the R-direction.Satisfying Eq. (32) at any grid point R = Ri (i = 1, 2, …, n) and substituting the quadrature rule into results gives where in [I] is an identity matrix of order n × n, and [A] (q) (q = 1, 2, 3, 4) are the DQM weighting coefficient matrix of the qth-order R-derivative.

Discretization of Governing Differential Equation of the Fluid
Consider n grid points with coordinates R1, R2, …, Rn in the R-direction and m grid points with coordinates Z1, Z2, …, Zm in the Z-direction.Satisfying Eq. ( 33) at any grid point R = Ri (i = 1, 2, …, n) and substituting the quadrature rule into results gives where in {0} is a zero vector of order n × 1, and Now, satisfying Eq. ( 43) at any grid point Z = Zi (i = 1, 2, …, m) and using the quadrature rule yields where ij I are the elements of m × m identity matrix, and ) 2 ( ij A are the DQM weighting coefficients of the second-order Z-derivative.Furthermore, where in the vector is defined in Eq. ( 44).

Implementation of Boundary and Regularity Conditions
There are different approaches to incorporate the boundary conditions in the DQM resultant matrix equations.The technique recently proposed by the present author (Eftekhari, 2015) is used here to implement the boundary conditions of the problem.According to this new approach, the quadrature analog equations of the boundary conditions are first directly substituted in the resultant matrix equations of the DQM.The degrees of freedom correspond to the Dirichlet-type boundary equations are then removed from the final matrix equations.

Quadrature Analogs of the Boundary and Regularity Conditions of the Circular Plate
The boundary and regularity conditions of the circular plate are given in Eqs. ( 10), ( 27) and ( 28).
The quadrature analogs of the plate boundary conditions are simply Similarly, the quadrature analogs of the regularity conditions are obtained as

Quadrature Analogs of the Boundary and Regularity Conditions of the Fluid
The boundary and regularity conditions of the fluid are given in Eqs. ( 16), ( 30) and ( 31).The quadrature analogs of the fluid boundary conditions are simply Similarly, the quadrature analogs of the regularity conditions are obtained as

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The procedure for discretizing Eqs. ( 63) and ( 64) and the corresponding regularity and boundary conditions is similar to that described in Section 5. To save the space, only the resultant system of eigenvalue equations is given in this section.That is, where in the matrices ] [ * M and ] [ * K are defined in Section 5.

COMPARISON OF THE TWO PROCEDURES
It can be seen from Eq. ( 62) that the effect of fluid-structure interaction in pressure-based formulation is appeared in the form of added mass and stiffness matrices ] conditioning is fully eliminated in the potential-based formulation even if the dimensional differential equations of the problem are discretized using the DQM.

Verification and Validation of Numerical Results
To validate the proposed procedures for free vibration analysis of fluid-loaded circular plates, application is made to a numerical example given by Tariverdilo et al. (2013).Tariverdilo et al. (2013) proposed two analytical approaches, i.e., the Fourier-Bessel series method and the variational method, for asymmetric free vibration of circular plates in contact with a bounded incompressible fluid.The parameters used in their study are as follows: ρs = 7800 Kg/m 3 , a = 100 mm, h = 2 mm, ρf = 1000 Kg/m 3 , H = 100 mm, E = 210 GPa, μ = 0.3 where E is modulus of elasticity while μ is the Poisson's ratio.Although the proposed techniques are developed for free vibration analysis of circular plates in contact with a compressible fluid, they are also available for that of circular plates in contact with an incompressible fluid if the sound speed cf is assumed to be infinity or the mass matrix of the fluid is assumed to be zero matrix.
Figure 2 presents the convergence of solutions for axisymmetric and asymmetric natural frequencies of the fluid-loaded circular clamped plate.The results are obtained using both the pressure-based and potential-based DQM procedures.It can be seen that the solutions of the pressure-based procedure are exactly identical to those of the potential-based procedure.Besides, both procedures predict zero value for the fundamental frequency (ω0,1) of the coupled system.The existence of zero-frequency mode for Neumann problem has been discussed at length in Eftekhari and Jafari (2014) and is not repeated here again.The present results show that such phenomenon may also be observed in free vibration problem of fluid-loaded circular plates with Neumann boundary conditions.On the other hand, from Figure 2 one sees that the obtained solutions show an excellent convergence behavior with increasing number grid points.Besides, a reasonably converged solution can be achieved by the proposed procedures using a considerably small number of grid points.It is clear that the accurate simulation of the higher modes of the coupled system requires a larger number of grid points.Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 In Table 1, the results of present simulations (pressure-based and potential-based DQMs) are compared with the approximate analytical solutions of Tariverdilo et al. (2013).It can be seen that the results generated by the present methodologies converge very quickly and agree well with the analytical solutions of Tariverdilo et al. (2013).Besides, the present results have closer agreement with the results of the variational formulation than those of the Fourier-Bessel series.It is interesting to note that, almost in most cases, the present procedures can produce a reasonably accurate solution for natural frequencies of the system using only 11 grid points (n = m = 11).

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On the other hand, from Table 1 one sees that the solutions of the pressure-based procedure are exactly identical to those of the potential-based procedure.As we discussed before in Eftekhari (2015), this is due to physical equivalence of the pressure-based formulation and the potential-based formulation (i.e., physical equivalence of the governing differential equations and boundary conditions for both formulations).Finally, it should be noted that the resulting eigenvalue problems of the proposed procedures are found to be well-conditioned and thus they can be easily and directly solved using various standard eigenvalue solvers.But the resultant matrices of analytical solutions of Tariverdilo et al. (2013) were reported to be highly ill-conditioned.This can lead to large errors in the calculation of the eigenvalues particularly in the calculation of higher modes of the coupled system.Tariverdilo et al. (2013) mentioned that such an eigenvalue problem can only be solved by the help of precondi-Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 tioner algorithms such as the diagonal scaling method.Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed procedures are superior over the analytical formulations of Tariverdilo et al. (2013) in terms of accuracy and reliability.Most importantly, the higher modes of the system can be easily and accurately computed by the proposed procedures without adopting any preconditioner algorithm.

Free Vibration of Circular Plates in Contact with a Bounded Incompressible Fluid
It can be seen from Section 3 that the natural frequencies of the coupled system in the case of incompressible fluid can be described by means of the following dimensionless parameters where λ is the mass ratio and θ is the slenderness ratio.Table 2 gives the dimensionless asymmetric natural frequencies ( ) of the coupled system for different values of λ and θ.It can be seen from Table 2 that the natural frequencies of the system decrease as the value of the parameter λ increases.Besides, they increase as the value of θ increases.Note that the solutions of the pressure-based DQM are found to be exactly identical to those of the potential-based DQM.
The variations of dimensionless axisymmetric natural frequencies ( ) of the fluid-loaded circular clamped plate with θ are shown in Figure 3 for different values of λ.Since the value of the fundamental frequency of the coupled system (i.e., Ω0,1) is zero, the results are shown for Ωk,l > Ω0,1.It can be seen from Figure 3 that the natural frequencies of the system are initially increasing with increasing the value of θ and after a certain value of θ (say, θ * ) they are remaining constant.The value of θ * is almost independent of values of λ, but it decreases as the mode number increases.As it can be seen, the natural frequencies of the system are initially decreasing with increasing value of λ and after a certain value of λ (say, λ * ) they are remaining constant.The value of λ * is almost independent of values of θ, but it increases as the mode number increases.On the other hand, from Figure 4 one sees the curve for θ = 0.1 approaches to the one for θ = 0.5 as the mode number increases.This implies that the higher modes of the coupled system are less influenced by the values of the parameter θ (this can also be clearly observed from the numerical results presented in Figure 3).
The numerical results for asymmetric natural frequencies of the coupled system are shown in Figures 5 and 6.Note that the numerical results are shown for Ω1,1 and Ω1,4.As it can be seen, the behavior of results in this case (asymmetric vibration) is very similar to that of the axisymmetric vibration.

Free Vibration of Circular Plates in Contact with a Bounded Compressible Fluid
In Section 3 we showed that the natural frequencies of the coupled system in the case of compressible fluid can be expressed in terms of the following dimensionless parameters where cf is the sound speed in fluid, cs is the sound speed in structure (circular plate) and c is the speed ratio.Table 3 gives the dimensionless asymmetric natural frequencies ( ) of the coupled system for different values of λ, θ and c.Note that the numerical results are obtained using both the pressure-based and potential-based DQMs and are given for Ω1,1 and Ω1,3.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the natural frequencies of the system are increasing as the value of the parameter c increases.Besides, they approach to a constant value as the magnitude of this parameter increases.Again, the solutions of the pressure-based DQM are found to be exactly identical to those of the potential-based DQM.On the other hand, by comparing these results with those of Table 2, one sees the results of compressible fluid model approach to those of the incompressible fluid model as the value of c increases.Furthermore, the lower modes of the system are less influenced by compressibility of the fluid as compared with the higher modes of the system.
The effects of parameters λ and θ on free vibration of the coupled system have been studied in Section 8.2.Therefore, in this section we only investigate the effects of compressibility of the fluid on free vibration of the system.Theoretically, when speed ratio (c) approaches to infinity while the other parameters of the problem are fixed, the solutions of the compressible fluid model should approach to those of the incompressible fluid model.To investigate this, the axisymmetric and asymmetric natural frequencies of the coupled system are plotted against c in Figures 7 and 8.These results are obtained using λ = θ = 1.
It can be seen from Figures 7 and 8 that the natural frequencies of the coupled system are initially increasing with increasing the magnitude of c and after a certain value of c (say, c * ) they are Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631 remaining the same.Note that the higher modes of the coupled system may have several c * (in general, the kth mode of the system has k number of c * ).But when the speed ratio is large enough (i.e., when c = c *f ), the natural frequencies of the system do not change by increasing the magnitude of c.The magnitude of c *f is found to be dependent on the mode number and increases as the mode number increases.This implies that the higher modes of the coupled system are more affected by compressibility of the fluid.Note that Ω0,1 ≤ Ωk,l ≤ Ω0,15 for the case of axisymmetric vibration of the system and Ω1,1 ≤ Ωk,l ≤ Ω1,15 for the case of asymmetric vibration of the system.

CONCLUSIONS
Tow general procedures based on the DQM are developed to study the free vibration of circular plates in contact with fluid.The accuracy and reliability of the proposed procedures are examined through numerical experiments.Three new dimensionless parameters and variables are also introduced for the free vibration of the coupled system.The influences of these parameters on dynamic behavior of the system are studied.
The main advantages of the proposed procedures are their simplicity and high accuracy.The proposed procedures can also produce highly accurate converged results for natural frequencies of the coupled system by using a considerably small number of grid points.Besides, the resulting matrices of the proposed procedures are found to be well-conditioned and thus there is no need to use any preconditioner algorithm to solve the resultant eigenvalue problems.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Geometry and coordinate system for a circular plate in contact with a fluid-filled cylindrical cavity.
potential of the fluid.In this case, the boundary conditions of the fluid cavity are

K
are the mass and stiffness matrices of the fluid, } { k P is the vector of pressure values, and } { 0 is a zero vector of order nm × 1.The n × n sub-matrices ] [

C
very different in magnitude as compared with that of matrix ] [ f M .As a result, the eigenvalue problem (62) may become ill-conditioned particularly when the dimensional differential equations of the fluid and structure are handled using the DQM.The above-mentioned difficulty can be easily overcome by the help of potential-based formulation.This can be clearly seen from Eq. (65) wherein the effect of fluid-structure interaction is appeared in the form of added damping matrices ] .As a result, the problem of ill- Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 610-631

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Convergence of axisymmetric and asymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Variations of axisymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate with θ for different values of λ.

Figure 4
Figure4presents the variations of dimensionless axisymmetric natural frequencies of the fluidloaded circular clamped plate with λ for different values of θ.Note that the results are shown for Ωk,l > Ω0,1.As it can be seen, the natural frequencies of the system are initially decreasing with increasing value of λ and after a certain value of λ (say, λ * ) they are remaining constant.The value of λ * is almost independent of values of θ, but it increases as the mode number increases.On the other hand, from Figure4one sees the curve for θ = 0.1 approaches to the one for θ = 0.5 as the mode number increases.This implies that the higher modes of the coupled system are less influenced by the values of the parameter θ (this can also be clearly observed from the numerical results presented in Figure3).The numerical results for asymmetric natural frequencies of the coupled system are shown in Figures5 and 6.Note that the numerical results are shown for Ω1,1 and Ω1,4.As it can be seen, the behavior of results in this case (asymmetric vibration) is very similar to that of the axisymmetric vibration.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Variations of axisymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate with λ for different values of θ.

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: Variations of asymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate with θ for different values of λ.

Table 1 :
Convergence and accuracy of asymmetric natural frequencies

Table 2 :
Dimensionless asymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate.Note that the solutions are obtained using both the pressure-based and potential-based DQMs with n = 21 and m = 17.

Table 3 :
Dimensionless asymmetric natural frequencies of a fluid-loaded circular clamped plate.Note that the solutions are obtained using both the pressure-based and potential-based DQMs with n = 21 and m = 17.