Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Telescopic Mechanism for Truss Structure Bridge Inspection Vehicle Under Pedestrian Excitation

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of an axially moving telescopic mechanism for truss structure bridge inspection vehicle under pedestrian excitation is carried out. A biomechanically inspired invertedpendulum model is utilized to simplify the pedestrian. The nonlinear equations of motion for the beam-pedestrian system are derived using the Hamilton’s principle. The equations are transformed into two ordinary differential equations by applying the Galerkin’s method at the first two orders. The solutions to the equations are acquired by using the Newmark-β method associated with the Newton-Raphson method. The time-dependent feature of the eigenfunctions for the two beams are taken into consideration in the solutions. Accordingly, the equations of motion for a simplified system, in which the pedestrian is regarded as moving cart, are given. In the numerical examples, dynamic responses of the telescopic mechanism in eight conditions of different beamtelescoping and pedestrian-moving directions are simulated. Comparisons between the vibrations of the beams under pedestrian excitation and corresponding moving cart are carried out to investigate the influence of the pedestrian excitation on the telescopic mechanism. The results show that the displacement of the telescopic mechanism under pedestrian excitation is smaller than that under moving cart especially when the pedestrian approaches the beams end. Additionally, compared with moving cart, the pedestrian excitation can effectively strengthen the vibration when the beam extension is small or when the pedestrian is close to the beams end.


INTRODUCTION
Truss structure bridge inspection vehicle provides working plat (the telescopic mechanism) for staff to carry out maintenance under the bridge (Figure 1).The performance of the telescopic mechanism closely relates to personnel safety and working efficiency.As a suspended and long span structure, the moving telescopic mechanism is vulnerable to oscillations.Additionally, undergoing pedestrian during working, the telescopic mechanism may be suffered to worse conditions.Hence, attention should be paid to the dynamics of the telescopic mechanism under pedestrian.The telescopic mechanism of a truss structure bridge inspection vehicle usually contains one constant beam and one or two axially moving telescopic beams.Dynamic responses of axially moving beam or similar structures have been widely studied over the past years.Wang and Wei (1987) established the mathematical model of a flexible moving robot arm and conducted vibration analysis based on the model.Behdinan et al. (1997) investigated the transient responses of flexible sliding beams large rotations, in which the equations of motion for the beams were derived by using the approach outlined by Vu-Quoc and Li (1995).Fung et al. (1998) derived the equations of motion for a deploying beam with a tip mass by employing four beam theories, Timoshenko, Euler, simple flexible and rigid body beam theories.Öz et al. (2001) used the multiple scales method to study the nonlinear vibration of an axially accelerating, elastic and tensioned beam including the stretching effect.Wang et al. (2009) used the extended Hamilton's principle to investigate the dynamics of the axially translating cantilever beam.An and Su (2011) studied the dynamic responses of clamped axially moving beams by employing the generalized integral transform technique which possesses the features of automatic and straightforward global error control.Liu et al. (2012) investigated the dynamic responses of an axially moving beam by employing the multiple scales to acquire the first-order approximate solution.Park et al. (2013) derived the equations of motion for a deploying beam by means of Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions and had them compared.Zhang et al. (2013) employed the Reddy's third-order theory and the Hamilton's principle to study the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of axially moving cantilever beam with large deformation.The aforementioned studies stressed dynamic responses of single axially moving beam, string or plat.Multistage axially telescoping beams have been investigated as well.Raftoyiannis and Michaltsos (2013) acquired the dynamic characteristics of a two-stage telescopic beams with the interaction between the two beams equivalent as point forces.
Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 Duan et al. (2014) investigated the transverse vibration characteristics of an axially moving beams and gave the eigenfunctions for two or more cantilever beams.These studies addressed the free vibration or vibration under tip load of multistage axially moving beams.
In general, the pedestrian on the telescopic mechanism is simplified as moving cart model.Attention has been focused on the dynamic responses of beam under moving load in the past years.Michaltsos et al. (1996) deals with the linear dynamic responses of simply supported beam under moving load at constant velocity.Siddiqui (1998) investigated the dynamics of a flexible cantilever beam under a moving spring-mass system with the coupling between the mass and the beam considered.Simsek and Kocat (2009, 2010, 2012) investigated the vibrations of clamped beam under moving force.Khalili et al. (2010) presented a mixed Rayleigh-Ritz method and a step-by-step differential quadrature method to investigate the dynamic behaviors of beams under moving loads.Ouyang (2011) introduced several fundamental concepts peculiar to moving-load dynamic problems through a simple example of a simply supported beam traversed by moving mass and reviewed dynamics of various structures under moving loads.Zarfam (2012) presented the vibration of beam on elastic foundation under moving vehicle.Wang et al. (2010) regarded the moving vehicle as a two degrees-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system to acquire the resonance characteristics of a two-span continuous beam.
However, different from the moving cart, the pedestrian excitation brings in additional vertical force due to the change in the center of gravity against the beam and vertical impulse at the transition between two steps.On the other hand, the human-structure interaction (the vertical vibration of the beams affecting the behavior of the pedestrian and reversely influenced by the interaction force) between the pedestrian and the beams can arise effective damping or change effective mass of structures (Brownjohn et al. (2004), Živanović et al. (2010) and Bocian et al. (2013)), significantly affecting the dynamics of the telescopic mechanism.Furthermore, the pedestrian is found to be able to effectively input energy into a vibrating structure (Macdonald (2009), Ingόlfsson et al. (2011)).As a consequence, simplification of pedestrian as moving cart may results in mistaken estimate of the safety and stability for the telescopic mechanism.Therefore, the differences between the pedestrian excitation and the moving cart should be taken into account in the dynamic responses of the telescopic mechanism.
In this paper, nonlinear dynamic analysis of the axially moving telescopic mechanism for truss structure bridge inspection vehicle under pedestrian excitation (beam-pedestrian system) is presented.In Section II, the derivation and solution to the equations of motion for the beam-pedestrian system are acquired and based on this, the equations of motion for the telescopic mechanism under corresponding moving cart (beam-cart system) are given; The numerical results are obtained in Section III to analyze the nonlinear dynamic responses of the axially moving telescopic mechanism under pedestrian excitation compared with the linear ones under moving cart; The conclusion of the investigation is presented in Section IV.

Equations of Motion for the Beam-Pedestrian System
A telescopic mechanism consisting of one constant beam and one telescopic beam is adopted.The telescopic beam is connected to the constant beam using guide rails.As merely contacted to the Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 constant beam at the beginning and the end, the overlapped part in the telescopic beam has little impact on the bending rigidity of the constant beam.Therefore, it is equivalent to tip load at the end of the constant beam.The telescopic mechanism is generally vertically attached to the end of the vertical beam.As the stiffness of the vertical beam is large, the displacement and vibration are ignored here.Hence, the telescopic mechanism is simplified to be cantilever beams under the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.There are usually one or more workers on the telescopic mechanism.The performance of multiple pedestrians can be approximately estimated by multiplying the load of one pedestrian by an impact factor according to the International organization for Standardization (ISO) (2007).Besides, the frequency and phase synchronization can be taken into account by adopting a factor according to the British Standards Institution (BSI) ( 2003) and the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) (2005).Additionally, multiple pedestrians can also be regarded as discrete particles and be evaluated respectively.(Technical Department for Transport, Roads and Bridges Engineering and Road Safety/French Association of Civil Engineering (SETRA/AFGC).( 2006), Ingólfsson et al. (2008)).However, initial phases, stride frequencies and velocities of the pedestrians on the telescopic mechanism are affected by each other.Moreover, the distances between them are changeable.These will influence the dynamics of the telescopic mechanism.Therefore, to explore the differences between the beam-pedestrian and beam-cart systems, single pedestrian model is herein taken into account.The human-structure interaction between the pedestrian and the beams is complicated.A simple inverted-pendulum model introduced by Bocian et al. (2013), in which the human-structure interaction force can be well captured, is employed here to describe the pedestrian on the telescopic mechanism.In this model, the transformation from one leg to the other is regarded instantaneous and the mass is concentrated on top of the rigid leg.The rigid inverted pendulum model is especially valid during single support phase of the gait (Inman et al. 1981).Besides, the model is proved to be able to capture the synchronization of pedestrians to the vertical ground as previous described by Bachmann and Ammann (1987).
The model of the beam-pedestrian system is shown in Figure 2. (x, y) is the inertial reference frame.L1 and L2 (L1 ≥ L2) are respectively the lengths of the constant and telescopic beams.L2e(t) (0 ≤ L2e < L2) denotes the extension of the telescopic beam.mP is the weight of the pedestrian.The velocities of the telescopic beam and the pedestrian are constant to be vB and vP, respectively.The linear mass densities and bending stiffnesses of the two beams are assumed constant over the length, being A1, A2, EI1 and EI2 respectively.The pedestrian moves at a frequency of fP.l is equivalent length of the inverse-pendulum model.θ is the inclination angle of the support-leg for the pedestrian.The Hamilton's principle is applied to derive the equations of motion for the beam-pedestrian system.The function of the Hamilton's principle is expressed as in which T is the kinetic energy, V is the potential energy and W is the virtual work.
1) Kinetic energy: The total kinetic energy contains the vibration energy of the two beams and the kinetic energy from the motion of the telescopic beam.Denoting the time differentiation with a superscripted dot, the total kinetic energy of the system is expressed as where u1 (x, t) and u2 (x, t) are the deflections of the constant and telescopic beams separately, L is the total length of the telescopic beams with L = L1+L2e.
2) Potential Energy: The total potential energy consists of the bending energy and the gravitational energy.Denoting the differentiation with respect to the spatial coordinate with a prime, the total potential energy reads 3) Virtual work: The virtual work comes from the pedestrian excitation and the equivalent load of the overlapped part in the telescopic beam.As the performance of the pedestrian is disturbed by the vibration of the beams, the vertical force exerted by the pedestrian excitation on the beams is given as where xP is the location of the pedestrian where xP0 is the initial location of the pedestrian.v is the velocity of the pedestrian relative to the ground Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 IP is the magnitude of the vertical component of the impulse forced at the end of the nth step to the beam at the moment of transition, reads ( ) where subscript f represents the final value in the step, θTD is the touchdown angle.The angular acceleration and angular velocity of the support-leg for the inverse-pendulum model are denoted as ( ) ( ) The equivalent load at the end of the constant beam from the overlapped part in the telescopic beam is denoted as where ( ) ( ) Therefore, the virtual work along the vertical direction is denoted as Consequently, applying the Hamilton's principle, we acquire the equations of motion for the beam-pedestrian system with respect to u1 and u2 in which the tilde represents partial derivative of the displacement.

Solutions to the Equations
Based on the kinematic boundary conditions and geometric continuity conditions at the beginning of the constant beam, the end of the constant beam (i.e., the beginning of the telescopic beam) and the end of the telescopic beam, the following equations can be obtained Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 The Galerkin's method is employed here to solve the equations of motion.The solutions to the deflections of the two beams are approximated by a superposition of truncated modes, expressed as , , where N is the space dimension, qi (t) is the generalized coordinate, X1i and X2i are, respectively, the ith eigenfunctions of the constant beam and the extended part of the telescopic beam.The eigenfunctions of the two beams are respectively assumed to be in the following formulations ) where A1i, A2i, A3i, A4i, B1i, B2i, B3i and B4i are the time-dependent coefficients of the eigenfunctions.β1i and β2i are the eigenvalues of the eigenfunctions, defined as where ωi is the natural frequency of the telescopic mechanism.
As the coefficients and the eigenvalues are determined by the time-varying boundary conditions, the eigenfunctions of the two beams are all time-dependent.Then, the coefficients and eigenvalues are obtained by making the determinant of the coefficient matrix in Eq. ( 14) equal to zero.The determinant of the coefficient matrix, a nonlinear function of ωi, can be solved using the Newton-Raphson interaction method.The coefficients are given in Appendix A.
Applying the Galerkin's method at the first two modes and substituting Eq. ( 15) into Eq.( 13), the discretized equations of motion for the telescopic mechanism under pedestrian are obtained where K is the linear bending stiffness matrix, KN is the nonlinear stiffness matrix with respect to the generalized coordinate, C is the linear damping matrix, CN is the nonlinear damping matrix with respect to the generalized coordinate and velocity, M is the mass matrix, F is the force vector, ( ) . These matrixes and vector are given in Appendix B. The time-dependent feature of the eigenfunctions are taken into consideration and the differentials of the eigenfunctions with respect to time are given in the appendix.As can be seen, nonlinear items of the bending stiff-Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 ness matrix and damping matrix come into being due to the pedestrian excitation.Solutions to the nonlinear equations can be acquired by adopting the Newmark-β method associated with the Newton-Raphson method.

Discretized Equations of Motion for the Beam-Cart System
Accordingly, eliminating the force change in the center of the gravity against the beam and the impulse at the transition in the pedestrian excitation in Eq. ( 4), the pressure exerted by the corresponding moving cart to the beams in the vertical direction is denoted as ( ) Consequently, the equations of motion for the linear behavior are expressed as where qC is the generalized coordinate, KC is the linear bending stiffness matrix, CC is the linear damping matrix, MC is the mass matrix, FC is the force vector, as given in Appendix C. The equations are solved using the Newmark-β method.Comparisons are carried out between the beam-pedestrian and beam-cart systems based on the vibrational displacement at the end of the telescopic beam to acquire the influence of the pedestrian excitation on the telescopic mechanism.There are eight conditions of different beam and pedestrian moving directions when the pedestrian moves on the constant or telescopic beam, as given in Table 1, in which '+' represents the moving direction is forward and '-' backward.The vibrational displacements of the end for the telescopic mechanism in conditions I to VIII are corresponded by Figures 3 to 10. Different initial extensions of the telescopic beam are simulated in each condition to explore the effects of beam extension on the dynamic responses of the telescopic mechanism.As can be seen, the nonlinear vibrational displacements in the beam-pedestrian system differ from the linear ones in the beam-cart system mainly in the magnitudes and fluctuations.

In
It is seen from Figures 3 and 5, the differences between the magnitudes of the nonlinear vibrational displacements in the beam-pedestrian system and those of the linear ones in the beam-cart system are minimal and widen gradually with time; besides, the magnitudes of the nonlinear displacements are smaller than those of the linear ones.Adversely, compared with those of the linear vibrational displacements in the beam-cart system, the magnitudes of the nonlinear ones in Figures 4 and 6 are smaller in the initial phases and grows to be approximate.In Figures 7 to 10 when the pedestrian moves on the telescopic beam, the magnitudes of the beam-pedestrian system are more significantly smaller than the linear ones compared with those in Figures 3 to 6 when the pedestrian is on the constant beam.Additionally, the distinctions in Figures 7 and 9 grow more pronounced and inversely those in Figures 8 and 10 tend to be smaller with time.Therefore, it can be derived that when the pedestrian is close to the beginning of the beams, the magnitude of the vibrational displacement in the beam-pedestrian system differs little from that in the beam-cart system; when the pedestrian approaches the end, it grows smaller than that in the beam-cart system.
On the other hand, it is observed from Figures 3 to 10 that the differences in the fluctuations of the vibrational displacements in the beam-pedestrian and beam-cart systems are not significant for long beam extension; nevertheless, the fluctuations in the beam-pedestrian system is higher than those in the beam-cart system when the beam extension is short.Accordingly, it can be deduced that the pedestrian excitation in the beam-pedestrian system gives rise to larger fluctuation in the vibration than the moving cart in the beam-cart system especially at smaller extension of the telescopic beam.
In Figure 3, the fluctuations in the nonlinear vibrational displacements of the beam-pedestrian system get more distinct than the linear ones with the extension of the telescopic beam and the motion of the pedestrian to the beams end.Besides, it is known from the previous analysis that the increment in the beam extension is unfavorable for the distinction between the vibrations of the beam-pedestrian and beam-cart systems.Thus, it can be acquired that the approach of the pedestrian to the beams end leads to more pronounced vibration in the beam-pedestrian system than that in the beam-cart system.
The nonlinear vibrations in the beam-pedestrian system are stronger than in the initial phases and turn to approximate the linear ones in Figures 4 (a) to (c).The result is consistent with the corollary that short beam extension and pedestrian's approach to the end of the beams is in favor of enlarging the vibration in the beam-pedestrian system than in the beam-cart system.However, as is shown in Figures 4 (d) and (e), the telescopic mechanism vibrates more heavily in the beampedestrian system than in the beam-cart system in the whole process.This can be explained that the initial extension of the telescopic beam is quite small to have a significant influence on the nonlinear vibration during the simulation.Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 Figure 5 reveals that the nonlinear vibrational displacements in the beam-pedestrian system perform increasing fluctuations with the retraction of the telescopic beam and the motion of the pedestrian towards the beams end.The condition corresponding to Figure 6 can be regarded as a reversion to that in Figure 3.In Figures 6 (a) to (d), the fluctuations in the nonlinear vibrational displacements are more pronounced than the linear ones at the beginning; they grow similar to each other with the extension of the telescopic beam and the motion of the pedestrian towards the beams end. Figure 6 (e), in which the beam extension is rather small in the later phase, shows analogous rules to those in Figures 4 (d) and (e).

Latin American Journal of Solids and
As is shown, merely three initial beam extensions in conditions V and VI (Figures 7 and 8) and four in condition VIII (Figure 10) are simulated to keep enough running time.Though the interaction between the pedestrian and the beam is more complicated when the pedestrian is on the telescopic beam than on the constant beam according to Eqs. ( 18) and ( 20), similar phenomena are obtained in the same directions of the telescopic beam and the pedestrian.That is, the fluctuations in the nonlinear vibrational displacements in Figs 7 to 10 show similar rules to those in Figures 3, 4 (a) to (c), 5 and 6 (a) to (e), respectively.

CONCLUSION
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of an axially moving telescopic mechanism for truss structure bridge inspection vehicle under pedestrian excitation is conducted.The nonlinear equations of motion for the beam-pedestrian system are established utilizing the Hamilton's principle.Based on the nonlinear equations, the linear equations of motion for the beam-cart system are implemented.The solutions to the equations are acquired by applying the Galerkin's method, the Newmark-β method in conjunction with the Newton-Raphson interaction method.Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the differences between the dynamic responses of the telescopic mechanism under pedestrian excitation and corresponding moving cart.The results are concluded as follows: (1) Compared with that in the beam-cart system, the displacement of the telescopic mechanism in the beam-pedestrian system is smaller especially when the pedestrian is close to the end of the beams.
(2) The vibration of the telescopic mechanism the beam-pedestrian system is significantly stronger than that in the beam-cart system when the beam extension is small or when the pedestrian is close to the end of the beams.Nevertheless, the vibrations in the two systems don't differ a lot when the telescopic beam is in large extension and the pedestrian is far away from the beams end.
As a consequence, it can be drawn that simplification of the pedestrian as moving cart may lead to inaccuracy in evaluating the dynamic behaviors of the system.The results can be theoretical support for correctly assessing the stability and further investigations into the telescopic mechanism under multiple pedestrians or more complicated conditions.

Appendix B
The parameters in Eq. ( 18) are given as follows ( ) ( ) Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 where Skp (k = 1,2; p = 1, 2,…, 6) represents the items from the pedestrian excitation in which the differential of X1i and X2i with respect to time are expressed as Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 The differential of X1Pi and X2Pi with respect to time at the position of the pedestrian are expressed as     ( ) )

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Truss structure bridge inspection vehicle

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Schematic of the beam-pedestrian system the numerical results, nonlinear dynamic responses of the axially moving telescopic mechanism for truss structure bridge inspection vehicle XCMG QJS20A under pedestrian excitation are revealed.Model parameters of the constant and telescopic beams are as follows: L1 = 10.7 m, L2 = 10.7 m, A1 = 85 kgm-1, A2 = 46 kgm-1, EI1 = 35 MPa and EI2 = 35 MPa.Telescoping velocitiesof the telescopic beam is 0.5 ms-1.The pedestrian weighs 75 kg and moves at the velocity of 1.5 m s-1 relative to the beam.The stride frequency of the pedestrian is 2 Hz.The equivalent length of the inverse-pendulum model is 1.045 m (data fromMasani et al. (2002)).The initial inclination angle of the support leg is assumed to be 90 o and the touchdown angle θTD 70 o .

Table 1 :
Conditions of different beam and pedestrian moving directions Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 13 (2016) 1107-1125 ) )