Nanostructured Titanium Film Deposited by Pulsed Plasma Magnetron Sputtering (Pdms) on a High Voltage Ceramic Insulator for Outdoor Use

In the last two decades, research directed at obtaining and characterizing nanometric coatings has been one of the most attractive subjects in the area of the science and engineering of surfaces. One of the applications that has been developed in the electrical sector especially is porcelain electrical insulators that are used in electrical energy transmission and distribution networks1-3. An electrical insulator is a device used to guarantee the insulation of energized wires or cables from their adjacent support points. A premise of the functionality of these devices, which are made with materials of elevated mechanical strength and electrical resistance, is the ability to oppose the passage of an electrical current4. The insulation used in high-power electrical networks can be made primarily using materials such as glass, polymeric materials or porcelain4. Porcelain is widely used in transmission and distribution networks. Structurally, porcelain insulators consist of a dense body with an elevated dielectric rigidity and a glassy isolating layer coating, whose primary objective is to eliminate the surface porosity of the ceramic body to prevent trapping of water inside the pores. Even with the glassy coating, however, the accumulation of dirt on its surfaces can lead to surface electrical conduction (leakage current) and a dielectric breakdown to the ground. This process generates heat and its magnitude depends on the nature of the adhered material, given that the predominance of the contaminating elements on the insulator will depend on the region in which it is located5-7. The practical procedure currently performed to eliminate these surface pollutants is mechanical washing with water jets. However, this technique is not highly efficient because it is highly dependent on the insulator’s design and in addition requires special care regarding safety issues. Furthermore, it must be performed periodically7. As a technical, scientific and economically viable alternative, this study involves the development of nanometric films with hydrophobic and anti-adherent characteristics deposited by cold plasma on the surface of porcelain insulators from a titanium target. Materials with hydrophobic properties minimize leakage current, reducing surface wettability and promoting the flow of water in which contaminating and conducting particles are carried. Surfaces that repel water particles are designated as hydrophobic and occupy an important position in surface treatments8. Wettability is a property for the analysis of hydrophobicity. It is associated with the tendency of a liquid to Nanostructured Titanium Film Deposited by Pulsed Plasma Magnetron Sputtering (Pdms) on a High Voltage Ceramic Insulator for Outdoor Use


Introduction
In the last two decades, research directed at obtaining and characterizing nanometric coatings has been one of the most attractive subjects in the area of the science and engineering of surfaces. One of the applications that has been developed in the electrical sector especially is porcelain electrical insulators that are used in electrical energy transmission and distribution networks [1][2][3] .
An electrical insulator is a device used to guarantee the insulation of energized wires or cables from their adjacent support points. A premise of the functionality of these devices, which are made with materials of elevated mechanical strength and electrical resistance, is the ability to oppose the passage of an electrical current 4 .
The insulation used in high-power electrical networks can be made primarily using materials such as glass, polymeric materials or porcelain 4 . Porcelain is widely used in transmission and distribution networks.
Structurally, porcelain insulators consist of a dense body with an elevated dielectric rigidity and a glassy isolating layer coating, whose primary objective is to eliminate the surface porosity of the ceramic body to prevent trapping of water inside the pores. Even with the glassy coating, however, the accumulation of dirt on its surfaces can lead to surface electrical conduction (leakage current) and a dielectric breakdown to the ground. This process generates heat and its magnitude depends on the nature of the adhered material, given that the predominance of the contaminating elements on the insulator will depend on the region in which it is located [5][6][7] .
The practical procedure currently performed to eliminate these surface pollutants is mechanical washing with water jets. However, this technique is not highly efficient because it is highly dependent on the insulator's design and in addition requires special care regarding safety issues. Furthermore, it must be performed periodically 7 .
As a technical, scientific and economically viable alternative, this study involves the development of nanometric films with hydrophobic and anti-adherent characteristics deposited by cold plasma on the surface of porcelain insulators from a titanium target. Materials with hydrophobic properties minimize leakage current, reducing surface wettability and promoting the flow of water in which contaminating and conducting particles are carried.
Surfaces that repel water particles are designated as hydrophobic and occupy an important position in surface treatments 8 . Wettability is a property for the analysis of hydrophobicity. It is associated with the tendency of a liquid to spread on a surface and is characterized by a parameter called the contact angle (θ). This angle corresponds to the extent to which water can spread on a surface [9][10][11] . Materials with a contact angle less than 45° are classified as hydrophilic, and materials with angles greater than 45° are hydrophobic 12,13 .
Another characteristic related to surface wettability is the self-cleaning effect, which can be explained by contact angle hysteresis and low adhesion. When hysteresis is low, the drop tends to roll on the surface and carry the particles. For droplets that have kinetic energy, such as raindrops, hydrophobic surfaces are easily cleaned 14 .
Hydrophobic coatings favor the formation of droplets on their surface in which dust particles and impurities tend to adhere, favoring their cleaning. These coatings are normally used on glass surfaces in nanometric dimensions to reduce the liquid surface tension 15 .
The insulator surface glassy layer shows chemical heterogeneity due to its composition and open chemical bonds on its surface. These bonds are Si-O-and Si-type with other elements. When the glass enters into contact with the atmosphere, OHgroups are adhered to it, and a lower energy and greater stability is obtained. This adhesion makes the surfaces prone to showing a hydrophilic character 16 .
Various organic and inorganic materials have been studied with the objective of altering the properties of glassy surfaces. Polymers such as acrylic, polyester, polyurethane, and silicon are among the organic materials that have been tested as electrical insulator coating with a hydrophobic functionality. However, some limitations are still observed in these types of materials such as degradation by electrical tracking and erosion that can cause failures and limit the materials useful lifespan 17 .
Metallic materials, especially titanium, deposited under specific conditions in which the chemical and structural nature of the substrate must be analyzed, can also be used for the surface recombination of glassy layers (Ti-O-Si). Such coatings can alter the wetting properties of the surface formed once the OHgroupings are substituted. Additionally, titanium films have high mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability and good corrosion resistance in highly aggressive environments [18][19][20] .
In processes that involve cold plasmas, some determining factors must be defined: the energy source, feed system and the choice of the precursor gases, reactor type and the types of substrates, with the latter and the geometric factors related to the surroundings of the plasma phase being crucial to the efficiency of these processes 21 . In cold plasma whose gas is confined in a controlled environment under pressures on the order of 10 -3 Pa, to guarantee greater ionization efficiency for the species, energy sources such as luminescent discharges of direct current and radiofrequency discharges are widely used 22,23 .
One of the processes used for the deposition of nanometric films on substrates is sputtering, which promotes the disarrangement and removal of atoms from the surface of the material (target) for deposition on another (substrate) 24 .
In the majority of cases that involve deposition by sputtering, a magnetron is coupled that consists of magnets close to the target that promote the accumulation of electrical charges and favor greater bombardment of the species in the region. Through this process, high-quality, thicker, and uniform films can be produced when the application requires these characteristics, such as in the coating industry, in which the film formed requires high resistance to wear, weathering and corrosion 25-28 .

The substrate preparation
A ceramic insulator of commercial porcelain measuring 132.8 mm in height with a base 182.6 mm in diameter was used as the substrate (Figure 1a). Deposition on the insulator was performed in four steps: first upon the face shown in Figure 1b. Then, another with the sample turned 90°. The third deposition on the face shown in Figure 1c, and again one with this face turned 90°. In each step the vacuum was broken with the injection of argon.
The insulator was prepared initially by washing with water and detergent, followed by cleaning with acetone (PA) and isopropyl alcohol (PA). Drying was performed in an oven at 100 °C for one hour. After drying, the substrate was placed in the center of the plasma reactor.

Cold plasma reactor and deposition parameters
The deposition equipment schematic drawing is shown in Figure 1d. The monitoring system consists of a programmable logic controller whose monitors are actuated when there is a failure in the refrigeration of the diffusion pump or in the absence of the magnetron refrigeration system. From this set up, pressures about 0.13 Pa can be achieved using the mechanical pump, and pressures up to 1.3×10 -3 Pa can be achieved using a diffusion pump. The vacuum system also serves to close the chamber. In the system, the working gas inlet (in this study, argon 99.999% purity), was controlled by valves that were also present in the chamber. The structure of the reactor was made of aluminum, and the plasma was confined in borosilicate glass supported by stainless steel. Inside the reactor, a cathode was developed containing a balanced magnetron with a hollow body made of copper through which cooling water circulated. A 99.999% purity planar titanium target was placed in the cathode with dimensions of 80 × 245 mm. The entire internal region of the chamber consisted of the anode. The feed system consisted of a direct current source, with a voltage signal modulated by a pulse width. A frequency source of 25 kHz with 30% duty cycle was employed. The final working current was 1.2 A. The source power during deposition was 0.65 KW.
In each step, the final pressure obtained after generation of the vacuum was 5.5 × 10 -3 Pa, and the working pressure after the insertion of argon gas was 0.82 Pa. The deposition time was 20 s after activating the energy source.

Characterization of the material
The properties of the deposited film were investigated using a scanning electron microscopy with a field emission gun (SEM/FEG), model Mira 3 from Tescam. Elemental chemical analysis of the sample surface was performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For the analysis of the film's roughness and thickness, the samples were subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode using an SPM-9600 microscope from Shimadzu.
Hydrophobicity was evaluated in samples from the insulator using the contact angle and pulverization methods 12,13 . The leakage current test of insulators with and without deposition was also performed before and after being subjected to artificial salt spray weathering for alternating current systems with nominal voltages higher than 1000 V 13-29 .

Characterization by SEM/FEG and AFM
Two different regions of the coated substrate cross-section were examined with SEM/FEG, as shown in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, with film average thickness of 58 and 350 nm, respectively. The comparison of these regions demonstrates an irregularity in the deposition; it is due to the distance between the different substrate sections and the titanium target.
The elemental analysis measurement (EDS) was performed on the sample of Figure 2b, in the region of substrate and deposited film (analysis 1 and 2, respectively). The EDS spectra and quantitative analysis are indicated in Figure 2c and Figure 2d.
The element titanium was identified, corroborating the deposited film. Additionally, the presence of the elements silicon, aluminum, and oxygen was verified; their presence was attributed to the silicates and aluminates present in the glass that covered the porcelain 30 .
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed on the samples before and after the film deposition. Figure 3a shows a three-dimensional image of the original surface, showing its irregularities descendant from the fabrication process. Figure 3b shows the three-dimensional aspect of the deposited film, indicating a complete change on its aspect, when compared to the original substrate. The presence of small peaks throughout the sample surface indicate that the deposited film was not continuous. This can be related to a nucleation process that occurred at isolated areas on the substrate during the deposition time of 20 seconds. Regarding the average roughness (Rx), the uncoated material showed a value of 0.6 nm, and the coated material showed 1.2 nm. Although the Rx value for the insulator with deposition was double the value for the uncoated insulator, this parameter may not be sufficiently expressive for the analysis because the glass of the sample itself had an irregular surface.

Hydrophobicity -contact angle method and sprayer method
The sample without deposition (Figure 4a) had a contact angle of 38.2°. The sample with the nanometric titanium film (Figure 4b) had a contact angle of 73.4°. The first surface was classified as hydrophilic (angle less than 45°), and the second one was classified as hydrophobic (angle between 45° and 90°) 12,13 .
Regarding the hydrophobicity analysis using the sprayer method, the insulator without film deposition was classified as CM4, and the other insulator was classified as CM3. The angle calculated for this classification was that of the indentation, which was evaluated as being between 0° and 50°. This result signifies that the insulator with the nanometric coating showed greater hydrophobicity because the classification goes from CM1 (most hydrophobic) to CM7 (most hydrophilic) 12,13 .

Leakage current test
The results for leakage current are shown in Figure 5 (maximum current obtained relative to the time of exposure to artificial weathering) in the insulators with and without deposition of a nanometric titanium film, before (a) and after the salt spray test (b). The insulator with the nanometric film with and without exposure to accelerated weathering showed lower leakage current values over time when compared with the insulator without deposition (regardless of exposure to the salt spray).
The results indicate that the hydrophobicity achieved by the deposition of nanometric titanium films using cold plasma contributed to the minimization of the leakage current on the surface of the insulator over time. This evidence is highlighted in Figure 6. In the salt spray exposure condition, the insulator with deposition showed an average decrease in current of 8.4% compared with the insulator without deposition.This degree of decrease is significant in high-and medium-voltage electrical networks.
The variation in the comparison of the leakage current between the insulators before and after exposure to artificial weathering was more tenuous for the coated material. This result was attributed to the fact that, even when exposed to an environment that could favor surface electrical conduction, the modified material had lower current values, and the film formed showed sufficient hydrophobicity to promote a self-cleaning effect to repel the saline particles from its surface.

Conclusion
Nanometric films were deposited on glass surfaces of high-electrical-voltage porcelain insulators from a titanium target by sputtering in cold plasma. The results indicated characteristics of increased hydrophobicity and chemical resistance to weathering by chlorides with a reduction of leakage current, even on wetted surfaces.