Catalogue of terrestrial isopods ( Crustacea , Isopoda , Oniscidea ) from Brazil : an update with some considerations

All species of Brazilian terrestrial isopod known up to date, including references and distribution information, are listed. The list comprises 189 valid species, 135 of which are endemic to the country, 22 are recorded also from other countries in the Americas, 20 are introduced, and 12 have circumtropical or pantropical distributions.

Catalogue of terrestrial isopods from Brazil Nauplius, 26: e2018038 the terrestrial isopods from the New World, recorded approximately 110 species and two unnamed species in Brazil, one in the genus Ethelum Budde-Lund, 1899 and the other in the genus Periscyphis Gerstaecker, 1873.Schmalfuss (2003) recognized approximately 120 valid species from Brazil.In the last years, many studies increased the knowledge about the terrestrial isopods biodiversity in Brazil (e.g., Schmidt and Leistikow, 2005;Souza et al., 2011;Campos-Filho et al., 2015a;2015b;2014;2017a;2017c;Souza et al., 2015;Cardoso et al., 2016;Grangeiro et al., 2017).Although some of these studies provided an estimation of about 170 species in Brazil (Campos-Filho et al., 2017b;2017c), none of them offered a real number of valid species.
This study lists all terrestrial isopods species from Brazil until September, 2018, providing an update to the catalogues published by Souza-Kury (1998), Leistikow and Wägele (1999), and Schmalfuss (2003).In addition, information on bibliography and species distributions is given, as well as remarks whenever necessary.

MaTerial and MeThods
This study is based on an extensive bibliographical survey on the terrestrial isopod diversity in Brazil.The synonymic list includes original descriptions and publications mentioning species occurring in Brazil.Also included are some testimonial specimens of a few species deposited in the Coleção de Crustáceos do Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).
Distribution.Endemic to South America, recorded from Brazil and Paraguay (Schmalfuss, 2003).In Brazil, it is distributed along the Brazilian Atlantic Forest from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul states (Campos-Filho et al., 2015b).

Distribution. Endemic species distributed along
Brazilian Atlantic Forest areas from Distrito Federal, and states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina (Campos-Filho et al., 2015b).
Remarks.Schmidt (2007) redescribed Amazoniscus arlei Lemos de Castro, 1967 based on type material from the states of Amapá and Pará, and recorded the species also from the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.Campos-Filho et al. (2017c) recognized that the specimens of A. arlei from Minas Gerais examined by Schmidt belong to the new species A. schmidti Campos-Filho, Montesanto and Taiti, 2017.Most probably the record of A. arlei from the state of Rio de Janeiro represents a different species.However, further studies should be conducted to confirm this statement.
Distribution.Endemic to Brazil (states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) (Lemos de Castro, 1984b).

Catalogue of terrestrial isopods from Brazil
Nauplius, 26: e2018038 In Brazil, it is recorded from the state of Santa Catarina (Andersson, 1960a).
Distribution.Endemic to Brazilian Atlantic Forest areas in the state of Bahia (Campos-Filho et al., 2018b).
Distribution.Endemic to northern South America, recorded from Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela (Schmalfuss, 2003).In Brazil, it is recorded from the states of Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro (Vandel, 1963).

Nomem nudum
Trichorhina incerta Lemos de Castro, 1972 Trichorhina incerta Lemos da Castro, 1972a: 357.Remarks.Lemos de Castro (1972a) mentioned the new species Trichorhina incerta from Sueste Island, Abrolhos Archipelago.However, this species has never been described, and according to the ICZN the name of this species should be considered as a nomen nudum.

General reMarKs
In this paper, we recognized 189 valid species from Brazil, plus one incertae sedis Stymphalus dilatatus, two nomina dubia, Chaetophiloscia walkeri and Circoniscus apeuensis, and one nomen nudum, Trichorhina incerta.Moreover, 135 species are considered endemic to Brazil and 22 are recorded from other countries Catalogue of terrestrial isopods from Brazil Nauplius, 26: e2018038 in the Americas, 20 are introduced, and 12 have circumtropical or pantropical distributions.
Our knowledge about the total number of oniscidean species present in Brazil is still far from complete.Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world (ca.8.5 million km 2 ), with a wide variety of ecosystems (MMA, 1998;Mittermeier et al., 2005), most of them designated for priority conservation (Myers et al., 2000).However, as mentioned by Campos-Filho et al. (2014), the taxonomic impediment is the major problem to access the diversity of the Brazilian Oniscidea (see also Wheeler et al., 2004).
In the last years, many studies have attempted to access this biodiversity (e.g., Trajano, 2000;Bichuette and Trajano, 2005;Fišer et al., 2013;Silva and Ferreira, 2015;2016).However, most of these studies were performed in the Southeast-and Southern Atlantic Forest regions.More investigations are necessary in other Brazilian regions, especially in the Amazon region, to have a better understanding about the diversity and relationships of the group along the Brazilian territory.
Lastly, it is important to mention that the access to biodiversity constitutes one of the first steps to achieve further investigations in other fields of science (Rull, 2011).Considering that many ecosystems have been suffering from intense alterations due to habitat loss caused by urban expansions, fragmentation or climate changes, the knowledge about the diversity provides subsidies for conservation or management plan strategies (Myers et al., 2000;Mittermeier et al., 2005).

aCKnowledGMenTs
We are greatful to the associate editor S. Taiti and the anonymous reviewer for their suggestions to improve this catalogue; to CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior) for the postdoctoral fellowship granted to ISC-F (CAPES/ PNPD/UFCG/CTRN/PPGRN/201713705-5).

of terrestrial isopods from Brazil
Remarks.Lemos de Castro's paper on Littorophiloscia compar was first published as a preprint in 1965, but the final volume was published in 1968.