Mechanical tests on Corymbia citriodora battenboard panels coated and reinforced with giant bamboo veneers 1

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is an important building material in modern engineering (Dunkelberg 1992) and bamboo culms and shoots have a vast potential in the development of economically and environmentally sustainable enterprises and supply chains (Hsiung 1987).
According to Salamon (2009), the limited use of bamboo in the Brazilian industry is largely due to the lack of sufficient raw material and knowledge Dense wood batten panels usually break in the glue line when loaded.This study demonstrates that thin veneers obtained from mature culms of Dendrocalamus asper by mechanical grinding are suitable for coating and reinforcing solid processed eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus batten panels.Tensile and bending tests were carried out on Corymbia citriodora timber and edge glued batten panels, with and without bamboo veneer reinforcement.The tensile test results showed that the bamboo veneers glued onto the wood and edge glued batten panels specimens acted as a mechanical reinforcement for both cases, when submitted to tensile forces parallel to the bamboo fibers.In bending tests, the edge glued batten panels specimens were tested transversally to the glue line, direction in which the panel showed the lowest mechanical resistance.The edge glued batten panels specimens without reinforcement with laminated bamboo exhibited a fragile behavior and ruptured abruptly along the glue line.A significant increase in the mechanical strength of the set was observed for the edge glued batten panels coated with laminated bamboo.In addition, the mechanical behavior changed in reinforced specimens, which ruptured slowly and gradually in the bending tests.KEYWORDS: Dendrocalamus asper, coated wood, edge glued panels, laminated bamboo.
Eucalyptus is renowned worldwide as a raw material for various industrial applications; however, eucalyptus timber accumulates internal tension during growth, which can be released when the material is sawed.In order to avoid defects, technologies must be used to obtain sawn eucalyptus pieces, especially as a structural element or component for furniture (Vidaurre et al. 2007).
According to Gonçalves (2000), products with smaller dimensions, such as battens, allow a wider and better use of the tailings produced by the timber industry, thus reducing waste and rationalizing the lumber production process.
The development of dimensionally stable eucalyptus edge glued batten panels bonded with cold adhesive poly vinyl acetate should attract the interest of small wood processing enterprises, such as furniture makers.If this product proves to be technically feasible, several small companies can produce their own wood panels, thereby reducing the cost and scarcity of sawed wood in Brazil (Gonçalves 2000).Salamon (2009) demonstrated the technical feasibility of using centerless grinding on a lathe to produce continuous giant bamboo veneers with 1,200 mm wide, 2,000 mm long and 1 mm thick, as shown in Figure 1.
These veneers can be used to manufacture a number of innovative high-value products, exploiting the characteristics of bamboo as a graded composite.Amada et al. 1996, Ghavami et al. 2003and Ostapiv et al. 2010 described bamboo timber as a functionally graded material, which exhibits a continuous gradient of variation in its physical and mechanical properties linked to a gradual change in the size and distribution of meso and micro-structural components.
Bamboo veneers obtained by grinding on a lathe exhibit characteristics different from those produced by slicing panels made from recomposed bamboo strips (Salamon 2009).Turn lamination of bamboo culms is a significantly more productive and efficient manufacturing process, when compared to obtaining veneers by cutting solid bamboo wood longitudinally using saws or knives.The grinding process produces thin, wide and continuous high-density bamboo veneers with a good mechanical performance.
Wood laths are glued together to form the socalled edge glued panel (EGP), using small pieces of wood to obtain panels that are similar to solid wood, thus creating high-value final products.Iwakiri (2003) and Lahr & Christoforo (2013) described this technique as efficient and sustainable.EGP is widely used to manufacture furniture, doors, flooring and roofing, as well as in construction.Figure 2 depicts Corymbia citriodora edge glued batten panels.
This study focuses on normal tensile testing of high-density eucalyptus wood and static bending of eucalyptus EGP, coated or not with giant bamboo veneers obtained by grinding on a lathe.The aim is to verify the hypothesis of mechanical reinforcement, i.e., whether coating soil eucalyptus wood and panels with giant bamboo veneers provides a significant mechanical reinforcement.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The panels produced in this study used two renewable materials, namely Corymbia citriodora laths  and thin veneers of giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper).The final product, a Corymbia citriodora EGP coated and reinforced with bamboo veneers, is a new type of board known as battenboard or blockboard panel (Figure 3).These laminated panels are a technological evolution, in relation to EGP, since they display a unique and improved mechanical behavior, in addition to increasing the economic and esthetic value of engineered wood.
The normal tensile tests on eucalyptus wood and along the glue lines of eucalyptus laths, as well as the static bending of the panels, were conducted in a universal machine for destructive mechanical tests at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, in Itapeva, São Paulo state, Brazil, in November 2010.The materials described below were used to prepare the specimens (eucalyptus panels coated or not with bamboo veneer) for the tensile testing and those for static bending derived from these panels: a) Corymbia citriodora eucalyptus raw material: the wood used had a high average density (0.96 g cm -3 ) and 12.5 % of moisture content, and was supplied by a wood industry in Bauru, São Paulo state.The tested specimens were obtained from trees over 25 years old and 60 cm in diameter at the base.All the sawn eucalyptus battens were obtained from the heartwood; b) Dendrocalamus asper bamboo raw material: the 4-year-old culms used had an average density of 613 kg m -3 and diameter of more than 170 mm at the base.The bamboo veneers were obtained by grinding (Salamon 2009); c) Wonderbond 2555 polyvinyl acetate adhesive: supplied by Hexion, the poly vinyl acetate adhesive used had a good adhesion, met the DIN EN-204 European standard (ECS 2001) and had a D3 level of moisture resistance.This adhesive is among the least expensive ones for use on wood and is widely used, particularly for indoor applications.
The eucalyptus wood specimens used for the normal tensile and glue line tests measured 33 mm x 64 mm x 50 mm, with two 1-inch holes 25 mm apart (Figure 4).
The specimens were prepared according to the NBR 7190 (ABNT 1997) and tested with and without reinforcement, using double-sided 1 mmthick bamboo veneers.
To obtain the specimens for the glue line tests, two eucalyptus battens were glued along the centerline (rupture line) of the specimens, which were then reinforced or not in the transverse direction to these rupture lines (Figure 4).
Figure 5 shows a eucalyptus EGP and a eucalyptus battenboard panel coated with bamboo  veneers.The battenboard panels were produced using two different lignocellulosic materials, eucalyptus laths, bamboo veneers and glue.The specimens obtained from the eucalyptus EGP were sawn to dimensions of 50 mm x 330 mm x 12 mm, and those from the battenboard panel measured 50 mm x 330 mm x 14 mm, according to the EN-310 European standard (ECS 2000).Twelve specimens were obtained from each panel for static bending.
The following steps were applied to verify the hypothesis of mechanical reinforcement for the normal tensile testing of eucalyptus wood coated with thin bamboo veneers: 1) prepare specimens obtained from high-density eucalyptus beams; 2) perform tensile tests on 12 normal eucalyptus wood specimens with a radial arrangement of growth rings in the region of rupture; 3) coat 12 eucalyptus specimens with laminas of giant bamboo on two opposite sides.The veneers were glued in the direction of the highest expected mechanical strength; 4) repeat tests.
The conducted tests followed the European standard (ECS 2000) guidelines, which stipulate the method for determining the modulus of elasticity in the bending and axial bending strength of woodbased panels with a nominal thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm.In order to determine the modulus of elasticity, the testing machine applies force to the middle specimens, which are rested on two roller supports (Figure 6).
Twelve EGP specimens were submitted to static bending tests, followed by additional 12 specimens reinforced with bamboo veneers, which were glued so that the bamboo fiber bundles were perpendicular to the glue line of the eucalyptus panels.
The mass and volume of the eucalyptus wood specimens and giant bamboo veneers were measured to calculate their density.Mass was determined on an electronic scale with precision of 0.1 g and specimen dimensions were measured using a pachymeter with 0.1 mm of sensitivity.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The final average density measured for eucalyptus wood specimens (980 kg m -3 ) characterizes them as a high density material, with a density distribution evident in the low coefficient of variation (5.8 %) and standard deviation (56.3 kg m -3 ).
The bamboo strips exhibited a lower average density (613 kg m -3 ), but a higher distribution of density values, indicated by the coefficient of variation (15.3 %) and standard deviation (94.2 kg m -3 ). Figure 7 shows the distribution of density values for eucalyptus wood specimens and giant bamboo veneers.
The greater variation in the bamboo veneer density can be explained by the functionally graded material structure along the bamboo culm wall.Veneers obtained from the outer culm showed a higher density, because this region contains the highest concentration of fiber bundles, when compared to veneers derived from the inner culm.
The normal tensile testing indicated that thin eucalyptus panels are mechanically reinforced when coated with giant bamboo veneers, increasing the tensile strength of the material by an average of  ) Dendrocalamus asper Corymbia citriodora 50 %.Figure 8 shows the strength and deformation behavior of each specimen.
The eucalyptus specimens coated or not with bamboo veneers showed a similar response to the tensile test, with elastic behavior and straight lines in both graphs.
The EGP specimens were tested with and without bamboo veneer reinforcement.Figure 9 depicts the behavior of the tested specimens submitted to normal tension perpendicular to the glue line.The veneers were arranged in the direction of the highest mechanical reinforcement expected for the battenboard panel, i.e., perpendicular to the glue line, since the bamboo fibers were only subjected to parallel traction.
In general, the EGP specimens displayed a mechanical strength similar to solid wood, in the longitudinal direction.However, this did not occur in the transverse direction along the edges of the glued laths.In this direction, the mechanical strength of the panel is determined by the strength of the glue lines.
The mechanical strength was higher when both sides of the EGP were coated with giant bamboo veneers, with a significant increase in the transverse direction.Figure 10 shows the strength, stress and deformation of the specimens.
The mechanical reinforcement changed the behavior of the fragile rupture in the static bending of the panel, making it more elastic, ductile and reliable to use.The test results demonstrated a mechanical   reinforcement of 336 % and a 1,002 % increase in the modulus of elasticity.
Most of the EGP panels without veneer reinforcement ruptured abruptly along the glue line and exhibited a lower mechanical strength (Figure 10a).
The results indicated that specimens with bamboo veneer reinforcement on both sides showed a superior mechanical performance than that observed by Cortez-Barbosa et al. (2017), who used glued Dendrocalamus asper strips to reinforce MDF panels and obtained a 130 % increase in the modulus of elasticity.
The shape of the loading curve changed from a straight line in non-reinforced panels, indicating an elastic behavior (Figure 10a), to a curve, demonstrating a plastic behavior for the bamboo veneer-reinforced panels (Figure 10b).The average mechanical reinforcement achieved in this case was 336 % higher than the results found for the nonreinforced battenboard panels.
The panels with glued bamboo veneers displayed a behavior typical of ductile materials, a desirable characteristic in structural panels.Ideally, panels should not break abruptly when mechanically loaded.The bamboo veneer was largely responsible for this change in the panel performance.Bamboo veneer serves as a fiber reinforcement on a fragile base, which is the case of eucalyptus EGP in the transverse direction of the panel.
As reported by Lee et al. (1997), the use of bamboo reinforcement improves the mechanical characteristics of non-hardwood with a density of less than 500 kg m -3 .However, in the present study, it was also observed that thin bamboo veneers reinforced the high-density eucalyptus wood for the normal tensile test.Moreover, bamboo veneers glued onto EGP reinforced these panels primarily in the transverse direction (Table 1).
The use of bamboo veneers as a mechanical reinforcement was effective for both eucalyptus wood specimens and EGP.
The panels of eucalyptus laths coated with fine bamboo veneers provided a significant mechanical reinforcement and modified the behavior at rupture  by allowing the panel to bend, making it more elastic, ductile and reliable.The use of veneers obtained by grinding bamboo culms in a lathe produced a new class of laminated bamboo panel in Brazil, known as battenboard bamboo and wood panels.These reinforced panels could have a range of possible applications, including furniture and civil construction, for example.
Another important feature of bamboo-coated battenboard panels is their surface finish.The coloring of the bamboo blades ranges from white to light brown and the orientation of the fiber bundles in the region of the internodes is straight, giving the bamboo-coated panel a uniquely attractive appearance.CONCLUSIONS 1.The use of bamboo veneers as a mechanical reinforcement is effective for both eucalyptus wood specimens and edge glued panels; 2. Panels of eucalyptus laths coated with fine bamboo veneers provide a significant mechanical reinforcement and modified behavior at rupture by allowing the panel to bend, making it more elastic, ductile and reliable.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Corymbia citriodora wood specimens reinforced with giant bamboo veneers in the device and ready for testing.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Density of Corymbia citriodora wood specimens and giant bamboo veneers.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Normal tensile strength of eucalyptus specimens: a) uncoated; b) coated on both sides with giant bamboo veneers.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Normal tensile strength of glued eucalyptus laths: a) uncoated specimens; b) specimens coated on both sides with giant bamboo veneers.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Bending strength of specimens tested in the transverse direction: a) eucalyptus edge glued panel with fragile fracture; b) bamboo veneer-reinforced edge glued panel with ductile fracture.

Table 1 .
Overview of the mechanical test results obtained for eucalyptus specimens and edge glued panel reinforced with giant bamboo veneers (average values).