Bolivian Rhinotragini III: new genera and species (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

Bolivian Rhinotragini III: new genera and species (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Three new genera are described: Anomalotragus with two new species, A. recurvielytra and A. morrisi; Antennommata with one new species, A. costata; and Stultutragus with two new species, S. mataybaphilus and S. crotonaphilus, five transferred from Ommata (Eclipta) Bates, 1873, S. fenestratus (Lucas, 1857) comb. nov., S. poecilus (Bates, 1873) comb. nov., S. xantho (Bates 1873) comb. nov., S. bifasciatus (Zajciw, 1965) comb. nov., and S. cerdai (Peñaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian, 2003) comb. nov., and one transferred from Cantharoxylymna Linsley, 1934, S. linsleyi (Fisher, 1947) comb. nov. Other new species described are: Ommata (Ommata) buddemeyerae, Ommata (Chrysaethe) amboroensis and Neoregostoma bettelai. Both sexes of Ommata (Ommata) quinquemaculata Zajciw, 1966 and Pseudagaone suturafissa Tippmann, 1960 are redescribed, and one species transferred from Neoregostoma Monné & Giesbert, 1992, Pseudagaone cerdai (Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007) comb. nov. All the Bolivian species are illustrated and host flower records provided.


IntroductIon
recorded 23 species of the tribe Rhinotragini Thomson, 1860 from Bolivia.In spite of intensive collecting for Cerambycidae in general since the turn of the century (by James Wappes et al., and the author), mainly in the Department of Santa Cruz, Wappes et al. (2006) only recorded 20 additional species for Bolivia.This modest increase does not reflect the paucity of the fauna, but the difficulty of obtaining identifications in the absence of taxonomists dedicated to this tribe; indeed, more than sixty taxa, mostly unidentified, await incorporation into the Bolivian records.This paper, the third of a series dedicated to the Bolivian Rhinotragini, is a further step to put the record straight.

MAtErIAL And MEtHods
Most of the material examined was collected at, or near to, the Hotel Flora & Fauna, 420-440 m, 5 km SE of Buena Vista, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.These hilly localities lie in disturbed transition forest (Semi deciduous Chiquitano Forest and Tropical Humid Forest), 16 km from the foot of the eastern Cordillera of the Andes.
Hotel Flora & Fauna, Casilla 2097, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.E-mail: hotelfandf@hotmail.comVolume 50(16):239-267, 2010 Other species were collected 30 km SE of Buena Vista, at Potrerillo de Guenda; and one species from subtropical Santa Cruz, at Bicoquin (1940 m, along with other species collected at the same locality, maybe an altitude record for the tribe).The remaining material was collected 400-560 km to the south, in the subhumid Chaco Forests of the Andean foothills; at Carapari, also in the Department of Santa Cruz; and Villa Montes, Department of Tarija (100 km north of the Bolivian-Argentine border).
Measurements: Total length = tip of mandibles to apex of abdomen.Forebody length (estimated with head straight, not deflexed) = apex of gena to middle of posterior margin of metasternum.Length of abdomen = base of urosternite I (just behind metepisternum) to apex of urosternite V. Length of rostrum = genal length from apex of side to where it meets inferior lobe.Length of inferior lobe from its most forward position on frons to its hind margin adjacent to front of antennal tubercle.Interocular distance of inferior lobes = width of frons at its narrowest point.References to antennal length in relation to body parts are made with head planar to dorsad and antenna straightened.Length of leg (does not include coxae) is measured from base of femoral peduncle to apex of tarsus (does not include claws).
Description: small, cylindrical, delicate species; forebody and abdomen about equal in length; body, antennae, elytra and legs almost entirely setose; antennae entirely filiform.Head: with eyes slightly narrower to slightly wider than pronotum.Rostrum short.Mandibles undifferentiated, acute at apex, cutting edges without teeth or notches.Apical palpomeres fusiform, truncate at tip.Mentum-submentum divided by prominent transverse carina.Labrum small and strongly transverse.Eyes similar in both sexes, finely faceted, relatively small, laterally placed, and inferior lobes wide apart, their distal margin reaching side of gena, or almost, their proximal margin slightly oblique; superior lobes small and widely separated.Antenna moderately long, apex in male reaching base of urosternite IV, in female base of urosternite III; scape subpyriform in males, subcylindrical in female, shorter than antennomere III; III the longest, IV shorter than V and VI, which are equal.Prothorax: cylindrical, longer than wide, sides weakly to moderately rounded, broadest at middle; anterior constriction almost absent; basal constriction shallow.Pronotum convex without protuberances or with ill defined calli; apical and basal margins subequal; sides in male almost entirely and densely punctate (representing sexual puncturation), in female smooth with scattered large punctures.Prosternal process planar with prosternum, with narrow base (ca.1/5 of coxal cavity) and strongly elevated sides, apex triangular, apical angles rounded.Procoxal cavities closed laterally, and just closed behind.Mesothorax: mesosternal declivity shallow; width of process about one-third width of coxal cavity (half width in female), apex bifurcate; side of coxal cavity open to mesepimeron.Scutellum scutiform.Elytra pubescent, short, reaching base to middle of urosternite II; narrowing from behind humeri, in male dehiscent from base of lobe (in female not dehiscent, but with short gape); basal twothirds depressed along midline; apical third lobed, and upturned in most males.Metathorax: metasternum weakly convex in both sexes; metepisternum rectangular, narrow, base not widened, apex only modestly acuminate.Abdomen: cylindrical in males, fusiform in females, otherwise similar in both sexes, convex throughout; sides of urosternites rounded at sides (more strongly in female), widest at middle of urosternite III in males, II in females; urosternite I distinctly longer than II-V, the latter progressively shorter; urosternite V undifferentiated; abdominal process slightly inclined from abdomen in both sexes, apex moderately long and acuminate.Legs: long and slender (ratio front/middle/hind leg 1.0:1.6:2.1);front leg short with moderately long peduncle and abrupt clave; middle legs notably long; strongly pedunculate-clavate; meso-and metafemoral peduncles long, claves abrupt and fusiform.Apex of metafemoral club reaching middle of urosternite IV.Metatibia cylindrical with slight double curve, gradually thickening to apex, setose, otherwise glabrous.Tarsi subequal; metatarsomere I slightly longer than II+III.
Discussion: as a representative genus of the Rhinotragini, Anomalotragus demonstrates a number of characters atypical of the tribe as a whole and which, in combination, justify the establishment of a new genus.Bates (1873) states: "An almost universal character of the [Rhinotragini] is the large volume of the eyes ..... which in the males nearly meet in front: this forms the nearest approach to an exclusive character ..... the antennae are almost always more or less serrated from the sixth joint ..... the prosternum forms a distinct, though narrow, level plate between the anterior coxae; and the episterna of the metasternum are always triangular and very broad in front".To a varying extent Anomalotragus departs from most of these tribal characters and, maybe, we should add: elytra longitudinally depressed (more distinct in this genus than most others), pubescent and densely punctured (characters more common to larger species of the tribe); metasternum weakly convex (not typical); abdomen similar in both sexes, including urosternite V (which usually shows sexual dimorphism); and long middle legs, a character found in few genera (Ischasioides Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2003, Pandrosus Bates, 1867) and subgenera of Ommata White, 1855(Ommata s. str., Ecliptophanes Melzer, 1934and Rhopalessa Bates, 1873).
However, Anomalotragus corresponds to the diagnosis of the Rhinotragini in the following: rostrate (even though short); structure of mandible; short, dehiscent elytra (but also lobed as in some genera, and upturned, as in few); cylindrical, unarmed prothorax, laterally with characteristic sexual puncturation.Lastly, the two species' anthophilous habits are typical of nearly all Rhinotragini.
Etymology: from the Greek anomalos, inconsistent or strange; tragus to denote relationship with the Rhinotragini (from the Greek rhino and tragus or "goat-nosed").
Diagnosis: separation of this species from A. morrisi is discussed with the description of the latter.
General colour: opaque, chestnut to dark chestnut, and orange to yellow.Mouthparts, and base of antennomeres III-XI incrementally yellow.Head, mandibles (except apex black), scape, scutellum, pronotum and sterna pale chestnut; the following dark chestnut: rest of antennae; broad, semi-circular fascia crossing disc of pronotum; and elytra (these paler on apical lobes).Abdomen mainly dark chestnut; urosternite V paler, and urosternite I translucent yellow.Legs translucent yellowish; apical half of mesofemoral clave, protibia and all tarsi slightly duskier; most of metafemoral clave, meso-and metatibia, dark chestnut.
General pubescence: the following with long setae: sides of submentum, antennal segments I-VI, pronotum (mainly on disc), basal two-thirds of elytra, metasternum (sparsely) and metepisternum, and all parts of all legs (except coxae), longer and more numerous on metatibia.The following with dense, recumbent, white pubescence and attendant puncturation: centre of prosternum, sides and basal constriction of pronotum, most of mesosternum, scutellum, sides and hind margin of metasternum, metepisternum, and sides of urosternites.Elytral surface entirely pubescent, the individual hairs with broad shining bases, and lying obliquely to sides of elytra.Variation: vertex may have two comma-shaped, dusky fascia between superior lobes.Scape may be darker, pro-and metatibia frequently yellower, and antennomere III may be entirely chestnut.The fascia in the pronotum may be more triangular or reduced to a small oval spot.Underside may be entirely pale chestnut.Antenna may reach apex of urosternite IV.Dehiscence of elytra in some males weaker than in holotype.
Female (Fig. 1A): apart from characters mentioned under the description of genus, the following differences from the male may be noted: only antennomeres VII-XI narrowly yellow at base; dusky fascia on disc of pronotum smaller; underside may be clouded dusky on metathorax and abdomen; general pubescence golden; abdomen generally smoother and more glabrous; frons flat between inferior lobes, ratio interocular distance to width inferior lobe 2:1; and metathorax slightly wider, with sides more visible behind humeri.
Diagnosis: This is the only species of Ommata (Ommata) sensu stricto known to occur in Bolivia.Separation of O. (O.) buddemeyerae from the other, true, species of the subgenus was kindly supplied by Dr. Santos-Silva, and is as follows: metatarsus pale chestnut (in O. (O.) elegans it is yellowish white); prothorax not notably narrow in both sexes, and antennae more than twice as long as elytra (in O. (O.) tibialis prothorax narrow in both sexes, and antennae about twice as long as elytra); brush of metatibiae less dense; prothorax of male black (in O. (O.) hirtipes brush of metatibiae dense; prothorax of male reddish).
Separation of this species from the only other one in the subgenus found in Bolivia, O. (O.) quinquemaculata, is given under the description of the latter.
General colour: opaque.Body almost entirely shining black to blackish chestnut.Antennae: scape and pedicel shining black; rest of antennomeres duller, III-VI blackish chestnut, VII, VIII, base of IX and XI chestnut; apical two-thirds of IX and all of X creamy white.Scutellum black.Elytra translucent testaceous, suffused brownish for basal third and apical fifth; base, sides and sutural borders dark chestnut.Legs chestnut, tibiae darker, claves, pro-and meso tarsi slightly rufous, metatarsus pale chestnut, meso-and metafemoral peduncles mostly yellow.
General pubescence: the following with fine, moderately long setae-like hairs: sides of submentum, pronotum, base of elytra, and centre of metasternum.Underside of antennomeres III-VI with shorter, thicker setae.The following moderately densely to densely clothed with short, white, recumbent pubescence, the exceptions more or less glabrous: frons; prothorax except front third of prosternum and disc of pronotum; apical quarter of sutural margin of elytra; base and sides of urosternites I-IV, and all of V; meso-and metasternum, these, and centre of prosternum, with longer pubescence; and metepisternum with short, erect pubescence.Legs: coxae of front and middle leg, and profemora clothed with long, unruly hairs, on profemora organised into two rows.Mesofemora fimbriate, the hairs rather short.Metafemoral claves with a few fine setae; metatibia sparsely setose for basal half, with chestnut brush covering apical half, apical 1/5 of brush white; metatarsus with long, white pubescence, not dense enough to be notable.
Surface ornamentation: puncturation just visible as mixture of small and larger, dense punctures on vertex, in front of prosternal process and sides of pronotum; and scattered small punctures on frons, meso-and metathorax, the surfaces of these reticulate.Pubescent areas of abdomen minutely, and not densely, punctured.Glabrous areas of: mentum-submentum smooth and shining, lacking carination, with few scattered large punctures, denser at sides; front of prosternum finely carinate with scattered punctures; disc of pronotum with moderately close large and slightly smaller punctures surrounding calli and midline, these punctures denser and small towards sides of basal depression.Elytra smooth and shining (including apices), almost uniformly punctured, the punctures well spaced, consisting of smaller and moderately larger ones, only denser at base, and a single line from base to apex of epipleuron and adjacent to suture.
Structure: forebody (3.9 mm) 1.4 longer than abdomen (2.8 mm).Head: apical segment of maxillary palp normal (cylindrical with truncate apex); rostrum broad (0.75 mm), and short (0.20 mm) about 0.28 length of inferior lobes; labrum short and moderately wide, front margin broadly excavate; eyes very large, convex and round, distal margin of inferior lobes on frons, proximal margin oblique, lobes longer than wide, moderately confluent, interocular distance 0.10 mm, width of lobe 0.50 mm; interocular V-shaped, moderately shallow; superior lobes of eyes separated by 0.30 mm, about twice width of one lobe.Antennal tubercles rather low and rounded, separated by 1.5 width of scape.Antennae very long, passing apex of abdomen at apex of antennomere VII; III-VII filiform, VIII-X uniformly thickened, slightly lobed at apex; XI with short apical cone; scape pyriform (0.60 mm), much shorter than antennomere III; III (1.00 mm) slightly longer than IV (0.90 mm); V (1.10 mm) slightly longer than III, shorter than VI (1.35 mm) which is the longest; VII (1.10 mm) thicker than II-VI; VIII (0.90 mm); IX-XI subequal (0.80 mm); X the shortest.Prothorax: subcylindrical, 1.3 longer (1.4 mm) than wide (1.1 mm), widest distinctly behind middle; basal constriction moderately strong but narrow, apical one hardly discernible; sides slightly rounded for middle third; apical (0.9 mm) and basal margins (1.0 mm) subequal, the former with smooth border.Pronotum moderately convex, slightly depressed to either side of midline, the latter smooth, broad for basal half and narrowing to apex; and disc with four, shallow, rounded, impunctate calli to either side of depressions: one pair situated at middle, the other just inside apical third.Prosternum with broad transverse depression centred on middle and apical third, base of prosternal process arched, very narrow, apex almost vertical and bilobate; coxal cavities closed laterally and just closed behind.Mesothorax: mesosternal declivity steep but not abrupt; mesosternal process almost completely hidden by pubescence, wide (ca.0.2 mm), about half the width of coxal cavity, the latter open to mesepimeron.Scutellum quadrate, cordiform.Elytra around area of scutellum moderately strongly convex, with strong, and complete humero-apical costa to apical 1/8, the apical half narrow and keel-like; the rest of elytral surface flat towards apices, the latter not lobate but appear so, more convex, slightly widened, rounded separately and darker in colour; elytral apex reaching base of urosternite V, long (4.10 mm), 3.28 longer than width of humeri (1.25 mm); humerus covering base of metepisternum, wider than base of pronotum, not projecting, outer angles square; elytra narrowing behind humeri; suture straight, not at all dehiscent, bordered but not raised; apical half almost parallel-sided; epipleur sloping behind humeri, steep-sided adjacent to keel of humero-apical costa, double bordered laterally.Metathorax: metasternum moderately convex (mesocoxae planar), longitudinal suture almost reaching base (where it is narrow), deeply inset and wider towards apex; metepisternum narrow and rectangular, base not widened, apex only modestly acuminate.Abdomen: convex, cylindrical, parallel-sided, and narrow; urosternite I slightly wider (0.75 mm) than II-IV; V not much narrower than II-IV; length of urosternites subequal; sides of V rounded to apex, apical margin with rounded excavation at middle; abdominal process slightly inclined to abdomen, narrow and triangular, not deeply inserted between metacoxae, long (0.25 mm), apex blunt.Legs: long, especially hind leg (8.0 mm), and slender; ratio of length from front to hind leg 1.0:1.9:3.4.Pro-and mesofemora with large claves and shorter peduncles, mesofemoral clave longer (1.30 mm) and fusiform; metafemoral peduncle, narrow, about 1.5 length of clave (1.50 mm), the latter fusiform and entirely passing apex of abdomen; metatibia (4.0 mm) equal in length to metafemora, cylindrical and almost straight, gradually thickening to apex.Metatarsomere I (0.45 mm) equal to II+III, onychium (0.40 mm).
Variation: antenna may be shorter, passing apex of abdomen at apex of antennomere VIII.White areas of antennomeres IX-XI variable; IX may be all chestnut, or almost entirely white, and X only white for basal half and XI may be white for basal third.Metatibial brush may be black.Urosternites II and III may be widest.
Female (Fig. 4B): moderately strongly dimorphic.Head, scape and prothorax entirely rufous-orange, antennomeres IX and X entirely, and basal half of XI, creamy white, urosternites broadly orange-yellow at middle, duskier laterally.Longer pubescence generally absent, replaced by thicker, denser pubescence; brush on metatibia larger, black with apical third white.Submentum delimited by slightly raised borders which are completely absent in the holotype.Forebody (8.4 mm) 1.23 longer than abdomen (6.8 mm).Frons almost glabrous, between eyes almost flat, with mixture of moderately close large and small punctures, and micro-punctate.Rostrum not much shorter (0.35) than length of inferior lobe of eye (0.45).Eyes smaller and less convex; inferior lobes distinctly longer than wide, widely separated, width of interocular (0.45 mm) greater than width of one lobe (0.35 mm).Antennae passing apex of abdomen at middle of antennomere IX, II-VII setose, the setae thicker and denser.Prothorax 1.1 longer than wide; pronotum more densely punctured, but calli still smooth; prosternal process almost flat; mesosternal declivity shallower.Elytra with area surrounding scutellum not more convex and humero-apical costa not as strong, apices of elytra not widened.Abdomen fusiform, widest at apex of urosternite I, the latter the longest, the rest incrementally shorter to apex; urosternite V undifferentiated, apex broadly rounded; abdominal process flatter and blunter.Ratio of length from front to hind leg 1.0:1.7:3.3;metatarsomere I 1.25 longer than II+III.
Measurements (mm): 7 males/2 females: total length 5.80-7.90/7.50-7.75;length of pronotum 1.20-1.60/1.55-1.60;width of pronotum 0.90-1.20/1.20-1.25;length of elytra 4.00-4.30/4.50-4.75;width at humeri 1.10-1.50/1.40.Discussion: legs long and slender.Mesofemora gradually and moderately clavate.Elytra moderately narrowed posteriorly.Elytra narrowed and rounded at tip.Antennae elongate and thickened at apex (not serrate).Elytra shining or vitreous.These are the characters, in the order given by Bates (1873) to define the "subgenus" Ommata.Since the species described above conforms to all these characters there is no reason to doubt its placement in the subgenus Ommata.Ommata (Ommata) buddemeyerae is most closely related to: the type species, Ommata (Ommata) elegans White, 1855, Ommata (Ommata) hirtipes Zajciw, 1965 and Ommata (Ommata) tibialis Fuchs, 1961. Zajciw (1966)  Female (Fig. 5B): weakly dimorphic, and sexual dichromatism restricted to apical segments of antennae (VIII and IX entirely creamy white, X creamy white with dusky apical third, or only tip of apical lobe dusky).Underside pubescence is not as dense or extensive as in male, and patch on side of pronotum in male divided into two separate ones in female (but difference in puncturation not obvious).Structural differences small (except for those normally affecting the head in most Rhinotragini species), even the abdomen shows little difference from that in male (forebody 1.24 longer than abdomen, and abdominal process slightly wider and less inclined in female), and the legs almost identical (except hind leg 2.9 longer than front leg).Elytra in all three females fail to pass abdomen, and may only reach apex of urosternite IV; and in one female translucent panels uniformly pubescent to apex.Rostrum widest at base, 2.57 wider than long (0.35 mm); eyes slightly smaller and less convex (planar with interocular), proximal margin of inferior lobe more oblique and lobes longer than wide, and wider apart (interocular distance 0.5 mm, equal to width of one lobe); interocular flat (closely micro-punctures mixed with sparse to moderately dense, slightly larger ones).Antenna distinctly more robust (especially apical segments) and shorter (passing apex of abdomen at middle of antennomere X); antennomere XI with short apical cone.Zajciw (1966) described O. (O.) quinquemaculata from two females taken at Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru.According to Wappes et al. (2006) this species has not been recorded for Bolivia, but is recorded by Monné & Hovore (2006) for Rondonia (Brasil), adjacent to Bolivia's north-eastern frontier.

Measurements
Since the male was unknown, and a full description and photographs of both sexes of this species have not been published before, the opportunity to do so is taken now.Ommata (Chrysaethe) amboroensis sp.nov.Fig. 8A Holotype male: 17.9 mm.Deposited at MNKM.Variation: mouthparts may be browner; apical antennomeres may be chestnut with cinnamon coloured pubescence; apical half of elytra may be bronzy; suture of elytra may lack border to apical quarter; urosternite V may lack lateral depressions.

Diagnosis
Measurements (mm): 3 males: total length 17.7-20.2;length of pronotum 2.8-3.2;width of pronotum 2.7-3.0;length of elytra 12.0-12.8;width at humeri 3.1-3.4.The two Bolivian species of Stultutragus fall into group AA (because their elytra nearly cover the abdomen), but present a combination of characters sufficiently different from other species of Eclipta to justify the establishment of the new genus Stultutragus, as follows: rostrum elongate and almost planar with frons (most of Bates' group AA species rostrum is short and declivous across clypeo-frontal area); eyes very large, encroaching on antennal insertion (most of Bates' group AA species have large eyes, but do not encroach on antennal insertions); antennae filiform basally, thickened and serrate to form long, loose club apically (many of Bates' group AA species have similar antennae, but many are more filiform); pronotum with two large calli separated by median depression, which, itself, is delimited by a narrow sulcus to each side (not unknown among Bates' group AA species, but should be considered atypical); sides of pronotum rounded at middle, distinctly constricted at apex and base (pronota of most of Bates' group AA species would be described as cylindrical), side of basal constriction deeply foveate (it has not been possible to analyse this character amongst all the species of Eclipta, but those that have been examined suggest the presence of large, deep fovea should be considered atypical); elytra long, three times longer than width of humeri (among Bates' group AA species the elytra of many species would be more than 3.5 longer than width of humeri), but not quite covering abdomen (typical of most species of Ommata, but not all), wide at apex (in most of Bates' Gp. 2 species the elytra narrow towards apex), almost uniformly densely punctate (many of Bates' group AA species share this character, but many do not); urosternite V with deep depression and strongly "winged" laterally (some Ommata share these characters, but few to such an extent); legs only moderately longer from front to back, the ratio 1.0:1.1:1.4 (a close ratio only approached by species of Ommata (Eclipta) belonging to, what Zajciw (1965) called, the tenuis-group).Colour combination and distribution characteristic (but see Cantharoxylymna Linsley, 1934 below).Punctures generally alveolate (probably most of Bates' group AA species share this character, and those that do not may be considered atypical).Lucas (1857) described Oregostoma fenestratum from Brazil ("intérieur"); the species was transferred to Ommata (Eclipta) by Bates (1873); but examination of Lucas' original description and illustration indicate that this species may be added to Stultutragus.This new combination is established here: Ommata (Eclipta) fenestrata (Lucas, 1857) = Stultutragus fenestratus (Lucas, 1857) comb.nov.Bates (1873) described Ommata (Eclipta) poecila and Ommata (Eclipta) xantho from Brazil (Paraná and Santa Catarina) under his group AA species; both sexes of these species have been examined by the author and found to fully comply with the diagnostic for Stultutragus.This new combination is established here: Ommata (Eclipta) poecila Bates, 1873 = Stultutragus poecilus (Bates, 1873) comb. nov.;Ommata (Eclipta) xantho Bates, 1873= Stultutragus xantho comb. nov. Fisher (1947) described two varieties of this species, nigricornis and maculicollis.The latter, described by him as differing from the typical form of O. poecila as follows: antennae black, becoming brownish black towards apices, mandibles and anterior margin of head [clypeus] black, apical two-thirds of elytra black; metasternum, except anterior margin, black; abdomen uniformly yellow, except last visible sternite, which is black, and the middle and posterior tibiae entirely black; since all these differences are subject to intraspecific variation and/or typical of females, it may be necessary to eliminate this variety from the nomenclature.The former, O. poecila nigricornis, might be a valid variety (subspecies), but a photograph of Fisher's specimen (available on the internet) suggests it may belong to a different species, and only examination of this specimen will clarify its status.
Stultutragus might seem to be closely related to, and certainly in colour is similar to, Cantharoxylymna.However, Linsley (1934) gives a brief description of the genus (based on a single female) which includes a number of diagnostic characters distinct from those of Stultutragus, as follows: antennae filiform; elytra subparallel, reaching apex of abdomen; metafemora reaching beyond apex of elytra; metatarsomere I equal in length to remaining segments together.[These characters also fit the subgenus Ommata (Agaone) Pascoe, 1859, but, curiously, Linsley does not refer to this taxon.]Fisher (1947) described a second species of Canthoroxlymna, C. linsleyi, which does not conform to Linsley's description of the genus (apical antennomeres expanded and triangular, elytra only reach base of urosternite IV, metafemora not reaching apex of elytra, metatarsomere I shorter than remaining segments together), but does conform to that of Stultutragus; the implied transfer to this genus is persuasive, and is established here: Canthorxylymna linsleyi Fisher, 1947 = Stultutragus linsleyi (Fisher, 1947) comb. nov. Zajciw (1965) described O. (Eclipta) bifasciata from Brazil (Espírito Santo); but examination of both sexes of this species indicate its transfer to Stultutragus: Ommata (Eclipta) bifasciata Zajciw, 1965= Stultutragus bifasciatus (Zajciw, 1965) comb. nov. Peñaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian (2003) described O. (Eclipta) cerdai from French Guiana, which is not only similar in body shape, colour, and puncturation to Stultutragus, but also shares the following structural characters: very large eyes; form of antennae; shape of prothorax and surface features of pronotum (including fossate basal depression); elytral proportions, length, and characteristics of apices (broadly truncate and spined); urosternite V deeply depressed and "winged"; and relative length of legs and proportions of metatarsomeres (and the presence of spicules on mesofemora).Again, the implied transfer to Stultutragus is persuasive, and is established here: Scrutiny of photographs available on the internet suggest that O. (Eclipta) romani Aurivillius, 1919, although lacking the contrasting colour combination, also might be placed in Stultutragus when specimens become available for examination.
Diagnosis: Stultutragus mataybaphilus is readily separated from S. crotonaphilus by completely yellow legs and pronotum (and other differences of colour distribution) and: inferior lobes of eyes of males separated by distance smaller than width of pedicel; elytra not uniformly punctured; the yellow fascia on elytra with smaller, less dense punctures than adjacent black areas.The distance between the inferior lobes of eyes of S. crotonaphilus is distinctly greater than width of pedicel, and the elytra almost uniformly punctured.
General colour: black and translucent yellow.Head and mouthparts yellow (including frons between eyes and area between antennal tubercles) except vertex adjacent to inner and hind margins of superior lobes of eyes, and apex of mandibles black.Antennal scape, pedicel, antennomere III, and apex of IV and V chestnut, the rest duskier, base of IV-XI annulated yellowish, the annulations incrementally shorter towards apex of antenna.Remainder of body, scutellum and legs yellow (apices of tibiae, and tarsi slightly darker), the following black: anterior border of pronotum, apical half of metasternum, all of metepisternum and urosternite III.Elytra black, the following yellow: a broad chevron-shaped fascia across elytra on basal third, and similar, slightly narrower, transverse fascia on apical third.
General pubescence: body almost glabrous, and entirely lacking long setae; shorter setae on the following: antennal segments I-V, disc and small group on sides of pronotum, sides and apices of femoral claves, and tibiae.Apex of frons with dense very fine pubescence.Mesofemoral peduncle fimbriate.Urosternite V pubescent.
Surface ornamentation: nearly all of dorsad heavily punctured, and nearly all of underside impunctate.Labrum with transverse line of six punctures; base of clypeus and adjacent area of frons and genae finely and irregularly punctate; vertex with dense, semiconfluent punctures of moderate size.Basal 4/5 of pronotum with somewhat irregular, large, alveolate punctures, less irregular to each side of midline, those on midline almost rectangular, and together latticelike; apical 1/5 smooth, a few scattered punctures at midline; sides of pronotum without apparent sexual puncturation.Elytral puncturation fine and sparse on yellow fascia; large, dense and alveolate at humeri; smaller, denser, and somewhat scabrous on central and apical black fascia.Underside of head closely, but finely, carinate with scattered punctures.Centre of prosternum reticulate with irregular punctures.Shallow, confused, small punctures cover urosternite V.
Structure: head with eyes (1.2 mm), about as wide as pronotum; rostrum narrow and long (0.35 mm), more than half length of inferior lobes of eyes (0.65 mm); labrum narrow and wide.Eyes convex and large; inferior lobes almost contiguous on front; interocular distance (0.05 mm) twelve times narrower than width of one lobe; width of superior lobe (0.15 mm) half interocular distance.Antennae reach apical third of urosternite II; moderately narrow; antennomeres III-V filiform; VI-X distinctly broader, serrate, the apex of the "teeth" blunt; scape subcylindrical, much shorter (0.55 mm) than antennomere III (1.05 mm); IV very short (0.4 mm); V (0.6 mm); VI and VII (both 0.5 mm); VIII-X (all 0.4 mm); XI (0.45 mm) with small cone at apex.Prothorax: cylindrical, slightly longer (1.50 mm) than wide (1.25 mm), sides rounded, widest at middle; apical constriction weak; basal constriction short but strong; front margin (1.0 mm) and hind margin subequal.Prosternal process slightly arched with sides strongly raised; base very short, widening to apical triangle well before middle of coxae; apical angles of triangle rounded.Coxal cavities closed at sides and behind.Pronotum convex; middle half to either side of midline as far as sides of prosternum raised into one irregularly shaped callus; area of midline, especially towards base, depressed and broad, with ill defined carinas to either side of centre; side of base with single deep fovea.Mesothorax: mesosternal declivity abrupt; mesosternal process moderately narrow (0.15 mm), about one-third width of coxal cavity, apex somewhat cordiform.Scutellum small, rectangular and truncate at apex.Elytra flat, basal and apical thirds slightly convex, humero-apical costa absent; epipleur inclined from immediately behind humeri, flat for apical half; reaching middle of urosternite IV, three times longer (4.2 mm) than width of humeri (1.4 mm), base inclined posteriorly; humeri slightly projecting forwards, hiding sides of mesosternum and base of metepisternum; sides moderately strongly narrowing to middle, and slightly widening to broad apex; not dehiscent; suture straight, without gape; apex strongly and obliquely emarginate, sutural angle with small tooth, lateral angle produced to form long, broad-based tooth.Metathorax: metasternum tumid; mesocoxae lying well below level of metasternum; metasternal suture entire, and deep posteriorly.Metepisternum large, very broad at base, moderately acuminate to apex.Metasternal process a low triangle in shape; apex blunt and intimately connected with apex of mesosternal process.Abdomen: convex, narrow and subcylindrical, broadest at base, slightly narrowing from urosternite III, individual urosternites slightly rounded at sides.Legs: moderately robust, peduncles rather short; pro-and mesofemoral claves large and fusiform, ventrally spiculate; metafemora not reaching apex of elytra, clave narrow and subcylindrical, slightly spiculate.Metatibia slightly flattened, only widened at extreme apex, Metatarsomere I slightly shorter (0.35 mm) than II+III (0.40 mm).
Variation: the basal yellow fascia on the elytra of three specimens joins the scutellum, and in one specimen (from the Reserva Natural Potrerillo de Guenda) the apical yellow fascia is absent on one elytron, represented by small yellow dot on the other.Rostrum of one specimen shorter (0.25 mm), less than half length (0.60 mm) of inferior lobes of eyes.Humeri of two males are less oblique.The femoral claves of one specimen has ventral spicules much reduced.
Female (Fig. 6B): pronotum and abdomen unicoloured.Elytra of one female with anterior fascia distinctly narrower and posterior fascia absent.Etymology: combination of matayba the host flower genus, and Latin philus, to like, or be attracted to.
Diagnosis: separation of this species from S. mataybaphilus is discussed after the description of the latter.
General colour: black and translucent yellow.Head and mouthparts yellow except apex of mandibles black.Antennal scape yellow with elongate black fascia on dorso-mesal surface; pedicel black with base narrowly yellow; antennomere III blackish; IV-XI black at apex, base annulated yellowish, the annulations incrementally shorter towards apex.Remainder of body and scutellum yellow, the following black: pronotum with two irregular suboval fascia to either side of disc; metasternum with quadrant-shaped fascia occupying hind corner; apical 3/4 of metepisternum; all of urosternite III and apex of last visible tergite.Elytra black to dark chestnut, the following yellow: broad chevron-shaped fascia across elytra on basal third, extending narrowly forward to connect with scutellum; and similar, slightly narrower, transverse fascia on apical quarter.Front and middle legs yellow, claves with elongate black fascia on dorsal surface (broader and extending down sides on middle leg); dorsal surface of tibiae black (spreading to sides apically).Hind leg yellow, apex of clave black (more extensive on dorsal surface); apical third of metatibia black.Tarsi yellow, apex of meso-and metatarsomere I dusky, all onychia blackish, those on middle and hind leg with yellow base.
General colour: opaque scarlet, the following black: apex of mandible and apical palpomeres; antennal segments I-VI.moderately broad fascia occupying entire midline of pronotum; scutellum; calliper-shaped fascia occupying basal half of both elytra, and apices of elytra; anterior margin of metepisternum.Scape and antennomere VI, meso-and metasternum, abdomen, and edges of some tarsomeres, clouded dusky.
General pubescence: yellow.Upperparts almost glabrous, except: short, sparse, pubescence on head, on basal angles of pronotum (denser and mixed with longer hairs), and very fine and dense on scutellum.
Sterna almost entirely pubescent, the following glabrous (or almost so): front margins and sides of prosternum, sides of mesosternum, hind half of metasternum (with some erect fine hairs), and metepisternum (except extreme base); and distinct patches of dense, recumbent pubescence on the following: centre of prosternum and mesosternum (and their processes), mesepimeron, and front half of metasternum.Abdomen generally glabrous, with scattered long, erect hairs at midline, and narrow dense patches on lateroposterior margins of urosternites.Protibiae densely clothed with shining, golden pubescence mesally.
Surface ornamentation: dense and heavy on upperparts, the puncturation as follows: on head confused, smaller and confluent, semi alveolate punctures; on entire pronotum and elytra the punctures comparatively large, contiguous and alveolate, those on pronotum more rounded and shining, those on elytra irregular in shape and dull.Description of female (Fig. 10B): colour differences not marked, but note the following: all of clypeus, and adjacent frons, black; black fascia on pronotum scutiform, not at all irregular, and fascia on elytra truncate at base (not rounded as in male).
Structure: forebody/abdomen length 7.0/5.5 mm.Rostrum twice as wide (1.5 mm) as long (0.75 mm), about as long as inferior lobes (0.8 mm), and widest at base.Eyes slightly smaller; inferior lobes slightly longer than wide, round and convex, distal margins lie on genae, proximal margins slightly more oblique, interocular almost flat, each half occupied by shallow sulcus, relatively wide (0.60 mm), 4/5 width of lobe, frontal suture, broader and longer (reaching base of clypeus).Antennae moderately long, just reaching base of urosternite II; formula as male, except urosternite III much longer (1.35 mm) than IV (0.55 mm).Basal constriction of pronotum stronger.Metasternum as male but less flattened, and apical margin truncate.Elytra 2.7 longer than width of humeri; apical teeth just reaching apex of urosternite V; humeri slightly more prominent than male; sides regularly narrowed to apex; sutural margin straight for basal two-fifths, then abruptly and broadly fissate.Metepisternum wider than male.Abdomen robust, longer, but much wider (2.4 mm) than male (1.9 mm); urosternite V triangular (slightly broader at base), depressed across middle, apical margin obtusely rounded.Apical tergite elongate and subconical, and apical margin truncate.Discussion: Tippmann (1960) described the monotypic genus Pseudagaone from the Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia.Since P. suturafissa Tippmann, 1960 is endemic to Bolivia, has never been illustrated, and photographs of the species unavailable on the internet, the opportunity is taken here to publish photographs of both sexes and register the species occurrence in the Department of Santa Cruz.It should be noted that Tippmann describes and provides a sketch (Textskizze 2) of the apices of the elytra as coming together (touching); in the Santa Cruz specimens (Fig. 10) this is not so.

Measurements
Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva (2007) described Neoregostoma cerdai from French Guiana, but subsequently recognised its true placement to be in the genus Pseudagaone Tippmann, 1960.Since they were aware that the author intended publishing a redescription of the Bolivian species (P.suturafissa), it was thought appropriate to establish this new combination at the same time: Neoregostoma cerdai Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007 = Pseudagaone cerdai (Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007) comb. nov. Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva (2007) made reference to the similarity of Neoregostoma cerdai to Neoregostoma spinipenne (Fuchs, 1961); whether or not the latter should also be placed in the genus Pseudagaone will have to wait until the specimen can be examined.

AcknowLEdgEMEnts
Doctor Ubirajara Martins for his steady encouragement and help.Doctor Antonio Santos-Silva for imformation on the subgenus Ommata (Ommata).Two plant experts: Dr. Michael Nee, Curator of the New York Botanical Gardens, for identifying the plants, and Señor Ruperto Vargas for their local names.J.E. Wappes for the loan of specimens.L. Bezark, R.V.G.Clarke, U.R. Martins, G.L. Tavakilian, J.E. Wappes, for copies of the published literature.My wife, Sonia Zamalloa for the many hours of help I have received from her in the field.
Certainly, addition of further characters (demonstrated by O. (O.) buddemeyerae, and probably O. (O.) elegans, O. (O.) hirtipes and O. (O.) tibialis) to diagnose White's genus, would support this suggestion.These additional characters are: apical maxillary palpomere cylindrical and not enlarged (enlarged and securiform in O. (O.) quinquemaculata); antennal formula different (the alternating longer and shorter segments in O. (O.) quinquemaculata might be unique among the Rhinotragini); elytra almost glabrous (in O. (O.) quinquemaculata distinctly pubescent); hind legs slender, and more than three times longer than front leg (robust, and less than three times in O. (O.) quinquemaculata), and entire clave passing apex of abdomen (only middle of clave passes abdomen in O. (O.) quinquemaculata); shape of abdomen sexually dimorphic (not so in O. (O.) quinquemaculata); and sexual dichromatism strong (lacking in O. (O.) quinquemaculata).

(Ommata) quinquemaculata Zajciw, 1966 Figs. 5A, 5b Ommata
provided a key to the subgenus in which O. (O.) hirtipes and O. (O.) tibialis (and, now, O. (O.) buddemeyerae) are readily separated from O. (O.) elegans by the white (or partially white) colour of antennomere X (in the latter it is entirely dark coloured), and (incorrectly, as O. (O.) elegans has a modest brush) by the presence of a metatibial brush; and And from Fuchs' short description of the male paratype: antennae pass apex of abdomen at apex of antennomere VIII (O.(O.) buddemeyerae apex of VII).Fuchs does not refer to the metatarsal pubescence, implying that it is not noticeably dense (as in O. (O.) buddemeyerae); but is very dense in O. (O.) elegans and O. (O.) hirtipes.Etymology: this species has been named for Cheri A. Buddemeyer in recognition of her contribution to the establishment of Amboró National Park.epipleur and extreme apex, chestnut.Metathorax and abdomen entirely pale cinnamon.Antennae: scape, pedicel and antennomeres III dull black, IV-VII and XI chestnut, VIII-X white to creamy white with apical angle of IX and apical half of X chestnut.Legs translucent pale cinnamon, except metatibia and metatarsus pale yellow.
Since Ommata (Chrysaethe) amboroensis fulfils these criteria (and could not be placed in the subgenus Ommata (Eclipta), which Bates states have non-serrate antennae) it would seem the species is correctly classified.
Bates (1873)ates (1873)gives the following characters to define the "subgenus" Chrysaethe: legs long and slender; mesofemora gradually and moderately clavate; elytra moderately narrowed posteriorly; elytra scarcely abbreviated, apex truncate.Description: rostrum long.Eyes large and convex in males, inferior lobes slightly longer than wide (longer in females), distal margins lying on frons or close to sides of genae, proximal margins weakly oblique (strongly in females), almost contiguous in males (widely separated in females).Antennae moderately short, not reaching Colour: characteristic yellow and black pattern on elytra, with humeri and apical two-thirds black, normally divided into two fascia by transverse yellow band towards apex (the presence of the latter intraspecifically variable).Discussion: Bates (1873) established the subgenus Eclipta for those species of Ommata with: legs slender; comb.nov.Costa Rica Stultutragus mataybaphilus sp.nov.Bolivia Stultutragus poecilus (Bates, 1873) comb.nov.Brazil Stultutragus xantho Variation: the black areas on the elytra may be chestnut.The spicules on ventral surface of profemoral claves may be indistinct (but strong on metafemora).Type material: Holotype male, BOLIVIA, Tarija: 7 km W of Villa Montes, 21°18'S/63°30'W, 500 m, 05.I.2008, R. Clarke & S. Zamalloa col., on Croton sp.A flower (MNKM).Etymology: combination of croton the host flower genus, and Latin phila, to like, or be attracted to.
contracted in front (1.70 mm wide) than behind (2.35 wide), and widest at middle.Pronotum convex, surface slightly irregular, but lacking discrete calli or depressions, and disc not depressed; apical constriction moderate; basal constriction moderately strong, narrow, with small fovea adjacent to hind angle; border of front margin moderately prominent; hind angles almost right-angled; basal sixth declivous, but not abruptly.Prosternum declivous across apical third; base of prosternal process narrow (0.15 mm), about one sixth width of coxal cavity, slightly arched, apex moderately large, subtrapezoidal, inclined to base, rather weak-looking, sides slightly inclined; procoxal cavities ovate, closed at sides and behind.Mesothorax: mesosternum with deep, abrupt declivity; base of mesosternal process depressed to midline, relatively narrow (0.30 mm), about one third width of coxal cavity; apex of process bilobed, the lobes short and rounded at sides to apex, slightly diverging and separated by short notch; mesocoxal cavities not widely open to epimeron; mesepimeron narrow and constricted at middle.Scutellum small, narrow and bifid at apex, each minute lobe capped by rounded eminence.Surface of elytra rather flat and even (without prominent humeri, nor with humeroapical costae); epipleur steeply sided to well behind humeri, then almost planar with disc from middle to apex (which also describes sutural border); elongate, with apical teeth just reaching middle of urosternite V, 2.9 longer (7.3 mm) than width of humeri (2.5 mm); humeri rounded, not projecting; sides regularly (but not strongly) narrowed from behind humeri to apical quarter (leaving metepisterna clearly visible), then equally wide to apex; sutural margin straight for basal third, then abruptly and broadly fissate, slightly converging for apical quarter, but leaving apices well apart; apices truncate, with sutural border prolonged into short tooth, and lateral border into long acute tooth.Metathorax: metasternum moderately large, convex and somewhat flattened, more so behind, with complete longitudinal suture; sides slightly contracted to apex, apical margin oblique.Metepisternum moderately wide, widest at base, not strongly narrowed to apex.Abdomen: apiform and strongly convex, widest at middle of urosternite I, II-V subequal in length, II-IV strongly transverse, with slightly rounded sides; V trapezoidal, with flat, horseshoe-shaped area at middle, apical margin bisinuate, with rounded projection at centre; abdominal process almost planar with abdomen, triangular, sides moderately raised towards apex, apex moderately pointed, and intimately inserted between metacoxae.Apical tergite transverse, trapezoidal with evenly emarginate apical margin, and overlapping apex of urosternite V. Lateral lobes of tegmen large, strongly curved and slightly twisted, lobes diverging, elongate and narrow, with slightly acuminate apices.Legs: moderately robust; ratio length front to hind leg 1.0:1.3:2.0;front and middle legs strongly pedunculate-clavate (pro-and mesofemoral peduncle and profemoral clave flattened at sides, profemoral clave slightly, and mesofemoral clave more strongly tumid mesally); hind leg more slender, cylindrical, peduncle cylindrical and slightly shorter than clave.Front leg (5.8 mm), apex of tibia weakly toothed, and with short, oblique, excision laterally.Middle leg (7.5 mm), femora spiculate below, tibia regularly thickened from base toward apex, somewhat abruptly at apex.Hind leg about as long as body (11.8 mm), tibia bisinuate, narrow, hardly thicker at apex, nearly as long (4.7 mm) as clave (4.85 mm); tarsi incrementally longer from front leg to hind leg; on front and middle legs tarsomeres I-III incrementally larger; on hind leg incrementally shorter; metatarsomere I cylindrical, shorter (0.75 mm) than II+III (0.85 mm), II almost parallel-sided, III slightly shorter (0.40 mm) than II, with narrow, well spaced lobes.