Deforestation in mixed ombrophilous... DEFORESTATION IN MIXED OMBROPHILOUS FOREST IN THE SERRANA REGION OF SANTA CATARINA

1 Received on 13.06.2017 accepted for publication on 30.01.2018. 2 Universidade do Planalto Catarinense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Saúde, Lages, SCBrasil. E-mail: <luiz.schneider@hotmail.com>,<leagostinetto@yahoo.com.br> and <asiegloch@gmail.com>. 3 Universidade de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Lages, SC Brasil. E-mail: <morganatramontini@gmail.com>. *Corresponding author.


INTRODUCTION
The Atlantic Forest is composed by a set of forest formations (Forests: Dense Ombrophilous, Mixed Ombrophilous, Semideciduous Seasonal, Deciduous Seasonal and Open Ombrophilous) and associated ecosystems such as restingas, mangroves and altitude fields (Brasil, 2015).In Santa Catarina (SC), the phytoecological region of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) originally covered the largest part of the State surface, about 45% (Montagna et al., 2012); however, there are currently only 24.4% of its original area (Vibrans et al., 2013), a reflection of a strong policy of forest exploitation that began in the 1950s and 1960s (Hoff and Simioni, 2004).
The deforestation of the Atlantic Forest has been causing severe fragmentation and habitat reduction, as well as loss of biodiversity, especially of species endemic to the biome (Myers et al., 2000;Pinto et al., 2006).In the Planalto Serrano (Serrano Plateau) region of Santa Catarina alone, more than 500 criminal cases associated with MOF deforestation in the last nine years (Santa Catarina, 2016) were instituted.These deforestations were caused by several reasons of property use, especially for wood sale, an alternative land use (Santa Catarina, 2016).
The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 recognized the relevance of this biome in paragraph 4 of section 225, where it treats the Biome as national patrimony, and determines that its use must be, in accordance with the law, under conditions that ensure the preservation of the environment, including the use of natural resources (Brasil, 1988).In order to regulate this device, Law No. 11,428 was issued on December 22, 2006, which deals with the use and protection of native vegetation of the Atlantic Forest Biome (Brasil, 2006).
In view of the concurrent competence among the entities of the federation, in the State of Santa Catarina, attention is paid to the service regarding environmental occurrences given by the Environmental Military Police -PMA.Since its creation in 1990, the PMA has been recognized by society due to its importance in the fight for environmental protection, since the Command of Environmental Military Policing represents to Santa Catarina's ostensible police a milestone to act in the defense of the environment, internalizing its constitutional mission (Venâncio, 2015).
The PMA has a hierarchical structure in commands with specific missions, and among them is the Environmental Policing Command -CPMA, containing two Battalions (BPMA), being the 1 st Battalion based in Florianópolis, distributed in four Companies (Cia PMA), and the 2 nd Battalion, based in Chapecó, with three Companies.
In the municipality of Lages, SC, an Environmental Military Police Company is headquartered, which covers a circumscribed area of 64 municipalities.The geographic characterization extends from the Planalto Serrano to the Midwest of Santa Catarina, whose body has as its attribution to exercise the ostensible police related to: the guarding and inspection of forests and springs and the protection of the environment, in accordance with the terms of section 107, subsection I, clauses "d" and "g", of the State Constitution of 1989(Santa Catarina, 1989).Therefore, it is the responsibility of the PMA to identify the authorship and quantify the damage, for applying the current legislation on deforestation of forest areas in the region.However, as evidenced by the number of occurrences registered by the Environmental Military Police, we have a strong indication of the non-compliance with the protection norms of natural resources.This scenario may be observed in relation to the prohibition of cutting araucaria.Although there is a prohibitive forecast, that is ignored by the rural landowner who has other economic and subsistence needs, far from the preservation of the species.
Deforestation in mixed ombrophilous... Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to analyze the history of deforestation in the Planalto Serrano of the State of Santa Catarina, whose forest cover is characterized by the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest; 2) to verify the effectiveness of the application of Law No. 11,428/06 in the occurrence of deforestation, and 3) to identify the reasons for deforestation.

Study Site
This study included information from 24 municipalities in the Serrana Region of Santa Catarina, located in the coverage area of the PMA (1 st Cia-2 nd BPMA) of the same region (Figure 1).
The forest cover in the Santa Catarina Serrana region is formed by the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, characterized by a heterogeneous formation of vegetation with primitive genera such as Drimys, Araucaria (Australasian) and Podocarpus (Afro-Asian), and it may be subdivided according to the altitude and the proximity of the water course (Higuchi et al., 2013).Four MOF formations are identified: Alluvial -on old terraces associated with the river system; Sub-montane -constituting disjunctions at altitudes below 400 m; Montane -located approximately between 400 and 1,000 m of altitude; and High Montanecomprising altitudes above 1,000 m (IBGE, 2012).The Planalto Serrano is located in the central portion of the state, to the south and more to the east than to the west, it has relief with great variation, occurring from mountainous to smooth wavy relief, with altitudes oscillating between 700 and 1,800 m above sea level and with an altitudinal gradient declining in the East-West direction.
The municipalities in which this research was carried out are part of the Macroregion of Serra Catarinense, with an average altitude of 740 meters above sea level, with a minimum of 716 meters registered in Abdon Batista and a maximum of 1,353 meters in São Joaquim.The vegetation of this region is formed by a mosaic of fields and MOF Montane and High Montane, adapted to a rigorous winter with occurrence of snow and frost (Higuchi et al., 2013).The climate is humid subtropical with welldistributed rains throughout the year and rigorous winter with temperatures below 0°C (IBGE, 2012).

Type of study, Sampling and Data collection
This study was carried out based on the analysis of criminal cases obtained from the Subunit of the Military Environmental Police, headquartered in Lages, SC-Brazil.
The documentary research was based on the analysis of the 1,369 criminal procedures instituted by the PMA, generated from 2007 to 2015, of which, after the enactment of Law 11,428/06 (Brasil, 2006), 543 were about deforestation, all of which were selected for the study.In each case regarding deforestation, the following data were extracted: date, number of occurrences per year and municipality, type of land use of the deforestation areas, reason, deforested area, area recovery and successional stage.The occurrences were also stratified according to types of deforestation (clearcutting, selective cutting, soil scraping).This results from the characterization of the criminal offense, with the description of the offense, extent of the damage and, consequently, it reflects in the form of committed infraction and in the reparation of the damage.
It is also worth noting that in compliance with the requirement of the criminal type set forth in section 38-A of the Law on Environmental Crimes (Law No. 9,605/98), introduced by Law No. 11,428/06, there is a need to characterize the successional stage of the damaged or destroyed vegetation for the enforcement of criminal law.Thus, in order to characterize the successional stage of the vegetation, the PMA uses CONAMA Resolutions 10/1993and 01/1994, validated by Resolution No. 388/2007(CONAMA, 1993, 1994;Brasil, 2007) (Vibrans et al., 2013).

Data analysis
The information extracted from each criminal process was tabulated in Excel© spreadsheets, with a basic descriptive analysis of the data (sum and percentage).
The geographic coordinates in SIRGAS2000 (Universal Transverse Mercator -UTM) were plotted in the software ArcGIS Desktop 10.5 to generate thematic maps, spatializing the occurrences of deforestation in the circumscription area of the PMA Subunit of Lages, SC.The images used in the maps were from the Aerophotographic Survey of the State of Santa Catarina (SDS, 2013).
Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the association between the variables size of the deforested area and the number of infractions over the nine years of study.The variation of data regarding the number of infractions over time and among municipalities was evaluated by the Student's t-test.The analyses were performed in the software Past (Hammer et al., 2001).

Temporal and spatial distribution of deforestation
Between December 2006 and December 2015 the PMA attended to 1,369 occurrences of various natures, of which 543 (39.66%) were from deforestation.During the period, there was a decrease in the number of deforestation occurrences, with a reduction of 58% of cases in 2015 compared to the first year (2007) after Deforestation in mixed ombrophilous... the enactment of the Atlantic Forest Biome Law.The size of the deforested area was correlated with the number of infractions registered (r=0.94,p=0.0002), with a reduction in the size of the deforested area over these nine years (Figure 2), with a significant and positive correlation, i.e., as the deforested area decreases, there is also a reduction in the number of infractions.
The number of occurrences due to deforestation showed significant variations among the municipalities of the study (t=4.6,p=<0.001) and in the time span (t=9.5, p=<0.001).The deforestation was concentrated in areas where forest cover was still preserved, especially in the municipalities of São José do Cerrito with a total of 113 infractions (20.81%),São Joaquim with 52 (9.58%) and Alfredo Wagner with 44 (8.10%) registers of deforestation attended to by the PMA (Figure 3).The forest affected by deforestation in these municipalities was the middle stage of regeneration, whose tree size had a greater economic interest.Few cases of native vegetation cutting were registered within the municipalities of Abdon Batista (0.55%), Celso Ramos (1.10%) and Urupema (0.92%).Lages registered 27 occurrences (4.97% of the total).    1 of the supplementary material).

Types and reasons for deforestation
The selective cutting of Araucaria angustifolia presented a higher percentage, reaching 62.07% of occurrences, followed by clearcutting (27.80%) and soil scraping (9.95%).
The reasons for deforestation were varied, however, the use of wood for commercial purposes was predominant in relation to the others with 33% (177 occurrences), followed by the use of the land for agriculture with 24% (130 occurrences) and use in the property (building houses, renovations, etc.) with 23% (125 occurrences).When comparing deforestation among municipalities, São José do Cerrito had 58 occurrences of deforestation for commercial purposes, followed by São Joaquim with 15 and Campo Belo do Sul with 14 occurrences (Figure 4).

Successional stage of the suppressed vegetation
Data from deforestation infractions stratified by successional stages showed that most of the occurrences reached the middle regeneration stage (71.46%).From the total of analyzed processes, 15.47% (84) did not present characterization of the vegetation in the registers.The initial stage presented a high percentage (12.34%),while the vegetation in the advanced stage was suppressed in only four cases (0.73%) of the total.
Among the municipalities, the secondary vegetation in the middle stage of deforested regeneration occurred mainly in São José do Cerrito with 84 occurrences, followed by São Joaquim with 46, Alfredo Wagner with 31 and Campo Belo do Sul with 27 processes, whereas the occurrences in the advanced stage were registered in Anita Garibaldi (two occurrences), Lages and Alfredo Wagner (both with one case).Deforestation in mixed ombrophilous...
From the definition of the successional stage of the deforested forest, it was defined the type of criminal infraction imputed to the offender.The data show that damage to forest in the middle or advanced stages of regeneration was predominant (71.46%, or 419 occurrences).On the other hand, the infraction characterized by preventing or hindering regeneration in the initial stage of regeneration (according to section 48 of Law No. 9,605/98) had a 13.08 (71 occurrences) damage percentage, followed by the suppression of native vegetation characterized by forest destruction with 9.76% (53 occurrences).As a consequence of the responsibility for deforestation, in addition to other impositions provided by law, there is an obligation to repair the damage.The data showed that between 2006 and 2015 there were 1,234.47ha of degraded area by deforestation, in which São José do Cerrito had the largest deforested area (327.70ha),followed by Otacílio Costa (105.42ha) and Anita Garibaldi (96.13ha).Of the 1,234.47ha,only 28% of the total area was recovered (351.33ha) and 2% (24.76ha) partially recovered.Sixteen percent (191.49ha) of the deforestation was not recovered and 54% (666.89ha) of the processes had no information regarding recovery, since the processes were not completed until the end of this study.

Temporal and spatial distribution of deforestation
The results showed a worrying reality regarding deforestation in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina, especially in relation to the size of the deforested area in the last nine years.Although the Atlantic Forest Biome Law deals with the use and protection of the native vegetation of the biome, it was not enough to completely cease the deforestation occurring annually in the region.Thus, effective control and inspection are needed as the foundation of any forest conservation strategy (Tabarelli et al., 2005).
At the beginning of the enactment of Law No. 11,428/06, between 2006 and 2008, there was a high number of deforestation occurrences (average of 87 occurrences/year).However, in the following years (2009 to 2015), there was a reduction in infractions (average of 52.71) and a greater decrease in the last two years (47 occurrences in 2014 and 42 infractions in 2015).Law No. 11,428/06 created a criminal type and added section 38-A, in Law No. 9,605/98, with a penalty of detention, from one to three years, or a fine, or both penalties cumulatively.In other words, it became more rigid the responsibility for the offender who ventures to carry out deforestation without authorization from the competent environmental agency, which contributed to the reduction of deforestation in the region of this study.
In addition to the approval of the Law, inspection was more effective during this period.The work developed by the PMA in the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina, conjunctly with the technology available in the compilation and analysis of the data, contributed to the reduction of deforestation in the region.The use of software of geoprocessing of information, which helped in the spatialization of occurrences, made it possible to see in a systemic way the evolution and the sites with the highest concentration of deforestation and analysis of land use predominance in the described region.The spatialization of the data from this study showed that the number of deforestation occurrence differed among the municipalities of the Santa Catarina Plateau, making possible the future direction of the efforts to combat deforestation in the areas with the highest number of occurrences.
Recently, the SOS Mata Atlântica Foundation and INPE -National Institute of Space Research, published the Atlas of the Atlantic Forest Remains, which describes the study carried out on the regeneration of the Atlantic forest in Brazil, and the State of Santa Catarina has been outstanding for reducing deforestation rates since 2010 (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica and INPE, 2017), corroborating the results of this study on the decrease in the number of deforestation cases in the Araucaria forest.However, it is worth mentioning that this result may also be a reflection of the progressive reduction of the forest in the region over the years, i.e., there is a reduction of deforestation because there was a reduction of forest to be deforested, a hypothesis not tested in this study.
Figure 4 shows the locations with the highest number of occurrences of deforestation in the region, forming six darker areas representing the highest concentrations of occurrences.On the other hand, the light areas have a low number of infractions (Figure 4).

Types and reasons for deforestation
The selective cutting of Araucaria angustifolia was the most representative in the municipalities of the study, except in Alfredo Wagner and Bom Retiro; both municipalities impacted the forest with clearcutting and scraping of soil with the use of a bulldozer blade.The main reason that led to the selective cutting of native trees was the commercialization of wood, which reached 33% of occurrences, indicating that rural landowners still use forest resources as a source of income.It is possible to understand this assertion of the socio-economic evolution of the region, historically, in the sense of maintaining the economy with an extractive model only, as evidenced by the research on the economic model of the region.Lages, specifically up to the peak of the timber cycle, had not invested in long-term economic alternatives, maintaining a predatory and primitive extractive model (Hoff and Simioni, 2004), which is reflected even today in the rural community.
The municipalities of the Serrana Macroregion have low state GDP, which represents only 4.8% of the economic movement in the state of Santa Catarina (SEBRAE, 2013).In this region, economic pressure is one of the drivers of land use change.The low value of land covered by native forests, as a consequence of the restrictions on the possibility of use of their resources, strongly contributes to the replacement of forested areas with other uses (Siminski and Fantini, 2010).
The other reasons for deforestation were the use of the soil for agriculture, followed by the use of wood in the property, silviculture and pasture.The burning Deforestation in mixed ombrophilous... and cutting of tree vegetation for the expansion of grazing area for livestock feeding has also been a common practice in the Santa Catarina plateau, as well as the selective extraction of tree species for use in the property, such as firewood, wooden posts or boards, directly contributing to the reduction of the remains of the MOF, (Klauberg et al., 2010).
Deforestation for pasture cultivation for cattle accounted for 8% of occurrences.MOF fragments from the region are often used as grazing areas for cattle, raised extensively, especially in winter, when pastures have low biomass.In addition, they are also used by cattle as shelter against extreme temperatures, both in winter and summer.Once inside the Araucaria fragment, the cattle feed on palatable leaves, fruits and seeds, trample the seedlings and compact the soil, hindering seed germination and seedling growth, hindering the natural regeneration of the forest (Sampaio and Guarino, 2007).Another situation found was the deforestation for the introduction of silviculture, which also occurred in 8% of the cases.The replacement of native forests by silvicultural monocultures, such as Araucaria, changes the structure of the original communities, reducing resources for fauna, drastically reducing biodiversity (Copatti and Daudt, 2009).In addition, Araucaria has a great capacity for dispersion and colonization of new environments, such as the native fields associated with the Araucaria Forest, because its seeds are easily carried by the wind, they tolerate a range of environmental factors and, when adults, they limit growth of other species (allelopathic effect), altering the availability of light and nutrients in the environment (Simberloff et al., 2010;Maltchik et al., 2013). Decree No. 6,660/2008(Brasil, 2008), which regulates provisions of the Law No. 11,428/06, prohibits the exploitation of species included in the Official List of Brazilian Flora Species Threatened with Extinction (Brasil, 2014), in this case the Araucaria angustifolia.Therefore, the rural landowner cannot make the commercialization and use of the wood in his or her property.The scarcity of financial resources and low productivity of the land are factors that have probably led rural landowners in the region to convert the native wood into a financial resource for family subsistence, according to the justifications described in the processes, not considering the consequences of this act.Clearcutting and soil scraping, registered mainly in Alfredo Wagner and Bom Retiro, seem to be associated to land use for subsistence farming (onion planting), considering that the deforested areas were small.Such infractions require more complex recovery techniques, since in addition to the suppression of native vegetation, complete removal of the seed bank occurs, which is very damaging to a short-term recovery.During the degradation processes of deforestation, the soil undergoes profound modifications as far as its chemical, biological and structural compositions are concerned.The loss of organic matter is the main consequence of degradation, delaying the successional process of restoration (Reis et al., 2007).
Loss of habitat and fragmentation of forests due to deforestation either by selective cutting, clearcutting or by scraping the soil with the use of a bulldozer, for the various registered land uses, may limit the migration, species colonization and the persistence of several populations at these locations (Tabarelli et al., 2005).Furthermore, habitat loss and fragmentation influence the demographic parameters of mortality and birth rate of different species and, consequently, directly affect the structure and dynamics of the ecosystem (Viana and Pinheiro, 1998).

Successional stage of the suppressed vegetation
The characterization of the MOF successional stage is provided for in Law No. 11,428/06, both for use and for possible accountability.The remains in the middle stage of regeneration were the most affected by deforestation in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina, followed by the initial and advanced stages.These data may reflect the current state of conservation of the state's forests, where the average regeneration stage still predominates with geographic distribution throughout the region, despite the strong exploitation in the timber period of the 1950s and 1960s (Hoff and Simioni, 2004).
It is estimated that the remains of the MOF, in the initial or even advanced stages, do not represent more than 0.7% of the original area (Mattos et al., 2010).The low number of deforestation cases registered in the initial stages does not mean that these areas have been preserved; however, it does reflect the existence of few areas at this stage of conservation.On the other hand, the high number of occurrences of deforestation in forests with middle regeneration stages results from the predominance of this type of forest cover in the studied municipalities.In the State of Santa Catarina, SCHNEIDER LCA et al.
studies on the successional stage of vegetation remains are still incipient.The only Floristic and Forest inventory of Santa Catarina (Vibrans et al., 2013) contributed with the methodology for its characterization, however, it did not estimate the remaining vegetation cover area stratified by successional stages in the State.Nonetheless, their information is essential for the analysis of the different successional stages of forest remains.
The type of environmental crime committed by the offender is defined based on the successional stage of the native forest affected by deforestation.Hence, the PMA defines the successional stages using the methodology provided in CONAMA Resolutions No. 10/1993, 04/1994and 388/2007(Vibrans et al., 2013).Thus, the characterization of the successional stage has implications for the definition of criminal action, the possibilities of land use and, consequently, the economy and environmental policy (Siminski et al., 2013).Currently the PMA has equipment (sliding T bevel, electronic tape measure, among others), and its police officers have the capacity to evaluate fragments of forest in order to characterize the successional stage of the vegetation, fulfilling the requirements of the CONAMA Resolutions mentioned above.Therefore, it has a Standard Operating Procedure No. 11, as an institutional guideline regulating the practice of this characterization (Santa Catarina, 2011).
The legislation is clear regarding the obligation to repair the damage (paragraph 1 of section 14 of Law 6,938/81) and this study showed that despite the register of occurrences and criminal cases, a large portion of deforested areas was not recovered, which requires the filing of a public civil lawsuit to impose this obligation.The justification of the rural landowners is that the recovery of the degraded areas is economically impracticable, making it difficult for the family to remain in the countryside.In these cases, the rural landowners are subject to a corresponding civil public lawsuit, promoted by the Public Prosecutor's Office, with the purpose of recovering the damage that has been caused.
Regarding the recovery of the degraded area, it depends on the severity of deforestation.In this sense, the techniques for recovery are also varied and analyzed in loco by a professional who will elaborate the Project of Recovery of Degraded or Disturbed Area (PRAD), as established by Normative Instructions No. 04/201104/ , 45/201304/ and 11/201404/ (IBAMA, 2011;;ICMBIO, 2011;PFE/IBAMA, 2013).By legal imposition, the offender must recover the damage caused, paying for the PRAD.One of the techniques recommended to the PRAD would be the recovery of degraded areas, potentiating natural processes of regeneration and succession (Zaú, 1998;Paludo et al., 2011).
The present study reinforces that, in addition to the application of environmental laws, inspection work and preventive actions of the military environmental police, it is necessary to promote a study of human needs, reconciling them with the conservation of the MOF of the Serrana Region of Santa Catarina.In addition, an important conservation strategy for the MOF is to increase knowledge about its biodiversity, which may be made feasible via basic and applied research.

CONCLUSIONS
The research showed that the concentration of deforestation is located in the municipality of São José do Cerrito, SC, where it exceeded 20% of the total registers.In the same sense, it was evidenced that the secondary vegetation in the middle stage of regeneration accounted for more than 70% of the occurrences of deforestation.
The study presented relevant information on the type of deforestation, and the occurrences of the selective cutting of Araucaria exceeded 60% of the registers and, in addition, 33% of the flagrant use of wood was for commercial purposes.Furthermore, the research showed that less than 30% of the degraded areas were recovered, even though more than 50% of the deforestation processes were still to be tried.However, in addition to the figures, the spatialization of deforestation occurrences are essential to understand the dynamics of deforestation in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina.Based on the information extracted from the criminal procedures instituted by the PMA, public authorities, universities and civil entities may direct actions of research, environmental education, guidelines, prevention and inspection, with the aim of preserving the Atlantic Forest.The results may be used as an instrument by the inspection bodies to elaborate strategies and public policies to improve the indices of attendance of the occurrences and to increase the recovery of the degraded areas by deforestation.In addition, knowledge about the reasons that lead farmers to practice deforestation may also anticipate actions to cope with infractions.Thus, the formulation and application of Environmental Laws and the use

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Location of the 24 municipalities of the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina State.Figura 1 -Localização dos 24 municípios do Planalto Serrano do estado de Santa Catarina.

Figure 2 -
Figure 2 -Number of criminal infractions and size of the deforested area between 2006 and 2015 in the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina State.Figura 2 -Número de infrações penais e tamanho da área desmatada entre 2006 e 2015 no PlanaltoSerrana do estado de Santa Catarina.
The municipality of São José do Cerrito presented an increase in the number of deforestation in 2008 with 16 occurrences, returning to that index in 2014.São Joaquim, in its turn, presented 11 occurrences in 2010, and the lowest index in 2012, with only two occurrences.The municipality of Anita Garibaldi had the highest number of occurrences in 2007 (11 occurrences), however,

Figure 3 -
Figure 3 -Map with areas of the highest number of occurrences of deforestation in the Planato Serrano in the state of Santa Catarina, between January 2007 and December 2015.Figura 3 -Mapa com áreas de maior ocorrência de desmatamento no Planalto Serrano do estado de Santa Catarina, entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2015.

Table 1 -
Number of criminal infractions between 2006 and 2015 in 24 municipalities of the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina State.Tabela 1 -Número de infrações penais entre 2006 e 2015 em 24 municípios do Planalto Serrano do estado de Santa.Catarina.