Efficiency of Electrical Stunning by Electronarcosis : Current Situation and Perspective of Improvement in a Medium-Size Processing Plant

I Federal Technologic University of Parana (UTFPR), Academic Department of Mechanics, Rodovia PR 469, Km 1, CEP 85503390 Pato Branco, PR. E-mail: rodrigolb.sc@gmail.com II Federal Technologic University of Parana (UTFPR), Academic Department of Mechanics, Rodovia PR 469, Km 1, CEP 85503390 Pato Branco, PR. E-mail: gilson@ utfpr.edu.br III Federal Technologic University of Parana (UTFPR), Coordination of Industrial Engineering lato sensu Specialization, E-mail: dvojatzkipricila@gmail.com IV Federal Technologic University of Parana (UTFPR), Academic Department of Electricity, E-mail: marcelo@utfpr.edu.br V Federal Technologic University of Parana (UTFPR), Academic Department of Mathematics. E-mail: donizetti@utfpr.edu. br


IntRoduCtIon
Brazilian poultry processing plants began to adapt their processes in order to comply with the requirements of the European Union and Asian consumer markets.Two essential factors are required for the accreditation of processing plants for exports: animal welfare assurance and humane slaughter (CE, 2009).The increasing importance of animal welfare for the animal processing industry has resulted in changes in animal handling and slaughter practices.Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of animal welfare issues, and have started to demand the adoption of methods that mitigate animal suffering during slaughter (Elrom, 2000).However, welfare concerns must be addressed using technical approaches, such as those proposed in a study on the effects of lighting in the shackling area on broiler welfare (Adamczuk, 2014).
Electrical stunning is not always fully effective, and some broilers may not be properly stunned before bleeding.This is a major welfare concern, in addition of negatively affecting meat quality (Raj, 1998).
Inefficient stunning may cause pain and suffering to the broilers, and increase the incidence of fractures, blood spots, and other meat-quality defects, resulting in significant losses for the processing plant.Several different parameters have been used to determine broiler unconsciousness and insensitivity after stunning, including somatosensory (physical) parameters, such as eyelid reflex (blinking reflex), pupil dilation, wing flapping, absence of voltage in the neck; heart parameters, such as ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest as determined by electrocardiogram (ECG); rhythmic breathing by direct or indirect observation of breathing and cloacal movements, respectively; and neurological signs (Kristensen et al., 2007;Koknaroglu, Akunal, 2013).
In water-bath electric stunning systems, broilers shackled in the line are continuously immersed in the electrified water tank.Voltage is applied between a submerged electrode and the earth, and when the birds are immersed in the tank a circuit is created.However, much of the electric current is lost when transferred from the submerged electrode to ground due to resistance created by each broiler, and the brain receives only a small percentage of the current (10-28%).The average current applied to a group of broilers in the water tank should be sufficient to efficiently stun every bird that comes out of the tank (Ludtke et al., 2010).However, differences in body resistance should be taken into account, making it difficult to apply a single electric current (Raj, 1998).
The electric current that reaches the brain must be sufficiently strong to induce epileptic seizure.In general, the current is lower than that required for ventricular fibrillation and, therefore, death by electrocution.Insufficient currents may physically immobilize the broiler, but cannot prevent the perception of pain, stress, or discomfort by the animal.Thus, if bleeding does not occur rapidly, broilers may recover consciousness (Bilgili, 1999).
Electric voltage is constant in most commercial stunners, and may be adjusted by the operator.However, it is the current that causes stunning.Thus, from the animal welfare standpoint, electric current is more important than voltage (Castellini et al., 2012).Current variation may be linked to factors that affect the body resistance, such as bird body size and weight, processing line speed relative to water tank length, and the applied frequency (Ludtke et al., 2010).The use of the recommended electric current for stunning reduces meat quality defects, and complies with humane slaughter requirements (Clark et al., 2006).Despite the development of electric stunners using continuous current, providing a separate current for each broiler in the water bath, electric stunning or electronarcosis still apply constant voltage in most commercial processing plants (Grandin, 2010).
Any broiler body part that contacts the electrified water will result in pain and agitation, and sometimes broilers arch their necks, preventing their heads from immersing in the water and receiving the electrical current.
High frequency (>450 Hz) electric stunning has been used in replacement of low frequency systems (50 or 60 Hz), producing lower initial spiking and more even and muscular contraction when the current is applied (Gregory, 2005).The main advantages of using high frequency is reduction of blood spots and other hemorrhages in the carcass, possibly as a result of lower muscular voltage during stunning.High frequency stunning may also reduce blood retention in the viscera, increasing liver yield.In addition, stunning is faster and, depending on the current intensity, the broiler can be more efficiently stunned (Komiyama et al., 2006;Ciobanu et al., 2013).
The duration of stunning depends on the electric current amount and frequency, how long birds remain immersed in water, processing line speed, water tank length, body resistance, and depth of immersion.A shallow immersion (up to the base of the wings) requires higher voltage than a deep immersion (above the base of the wings), since much of the current is lost (ABEF, 2014).
This article proposes of a method to evaluate the effectiveness of broiler stunning by electronarcosis according to a novel indicator, the Stunning Severity Index (SSI).

MAteRIAlS And MethodS
This study was carried out in broiler integration located in the state of Parana, Brazil.Their processing plant slaughters 90,000 broilers per day, with a conveyor line speed of 11,000 broilers/hour in daily production shifts of 8 hours.The company owns a feed mill, an incubatory four grandparent farms and 10 breeder farms.Broilers are produced by approximately 200 contracted farmers.
The study was conducted between August 2014 and November 2014 in three stages.In the first period, the current stunning efficiency and the behavior of broilers leaving the water tank was analyzed to assess the current situation.Data collected for 60 days using the company's spreadsheet template to check stunning efficiency were analyzed.In the second stage, a review and the redesign of the currently used animal welfare monitoring method was proposed (Table 1).In the third stage, the Stunning Severity Index (SSI) is proposed.

Current situation
Flocks were straight run until May 2014.In June, chicks started to be sexed, and male Cobb 500 broilers became the standard for processing.The slaughter process starts with the shackling of broilers in the conveyor line.The line comprises 16 shackles to match the processing speed, which is of 11,000 broilers/hour with no empty shackles.The conveyor line is equipped metal shackles, spaced at six inches, and a breast rub along the shackling line to reduce bird stress.
Broilers are stunned by immersion in a water tank electric stunner.The water tank is 5-m long, has a capacity for 21 broilers, and applies continuous electric current.No compounds, such as salt, are added to improve shock effectiveness.
The recommended parameters for broilers (Gregory, 2005) of a current of 120 mA/bird, a voltage range between 60 and 80 Volts, and a maximum frequency of 800 Hz were applied.However, the stunning was not effective as flock weight was not uniform.
In order to monitor stunning effectiveness, an operator in the shackling area monitor stunning tank water level, aiming at preventing bird fractures or burns.Also, the stunning parameters (electric current, voltage, and frequency) are adjusted to according to bird weight (raising the water level for small broilers and lowering it for big broilers).Stunning effectiveness is also checked by a employee of the quality control department that monitors the reception area, following the procedures of an official Self-Control Program, required by the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA, 2005).The quality-control employee uses specific spreadsheets for monitoring, which contain monitoring instructions and control frequency.Deviations from the parameters set in the spreadsheet are reported to the staff responsible for the sector in order to undertake needed actions to correct the non-conformity.
The following parameters are monitored by the quality sector: • Processing speed: the values on the digital screen located in the slaughter supervision room are recorded; • Stunning voltage, current, and frequency shown on the digital screen in the shackling area are recorded.Current oscillates as a function of the conveyor line speed and level of bird agitation at the entry into the water bath, ant therefore, current is never stable; • If water spills to the sides of the water tank, "yes" is recorded; otherwise, "no" is recorded; • The time interval from shackling to entry in the water tank, time interval of permanence in the water tank, and time at the exit of the water tank are recorded.The time interval from shackling to entry in the water tank starts to be recorded when the shackling operation leader marks one shackle and informs the quality employee by radio, and ends when the marked shackle arrives at the water tank.The other times are monitored by the quality employee, who identifies as hackle and follow it until the final point.Stunning effectiveness is determined by individually observing 50 broilers/hour and recording the number of broilers that present blinking eyes, wing-flapping, arched head, rhythmic breathing, and/or vocalization on the spreadsheet.Additionally, the negative and positive results of each parameter is to determine stunning effectiveness is critically analyzed (Table 2).

Blinking eyes
Important for humane slaughter, since the bird may be conscious and not show any other signs.However, it is difficult to determine, due to conveyor line speed and low light intensity of the shackling area, and therefore, the results are not reliable.

Wing-flapping
It is one the most important parameters for stunning effectiveness evaluation, as it is easy to observe, which makes it results highly reliable.However, it should be differentiated from wingflapping due to muscle spasms, which are not considered as a result of deficient stunning.

Arched head
Easy to observe and highly reliable result.

Rhythmic breathing
Observation of the regular up and down movement of the cloaca.It is easy to observe, and the results are considered reliable.

Vocalization
It is difficult to determine, but the results are reliable.
All monitored parameters complied with the thresholds, except for conveyor line speed and period of permanence in the water tank.When deviations are detected, the quality employee issues a noncompliance report on the back of the spreadsheet and transmit it to the staff responsible to describe the actions taken to correct them.
The stunning monitoring spreadsheet had been used since 2012, and needed to be updated, implementing Dvojatzki P, Trentin MG, Lima JD

Efficiency of Electrical Stunning by Electronarcosis: Current Situation and Perspective of Improvement in a Medium-Size Processing Plant
representative sampling and parameters simple to analyzed, not interfering with the slaughter process, conveyor line speed, and lighting.
Table 3 shows Pearson's correlation coefficients of dependent variables for a conveyor line speed of 11,000 broilers/hour(blinking eyes, wing-flapping, arched head, and rhythmic breathing) relative to independent variables (current, frequency, and average broiler body weight).The correlation analysis showed that all dependent variables were statistically and positively correlated with average broiler body weight, indicating it has the greatest impact on stunning effectiveness.Blinking eyes were negatively correlated with stunning electric frequency.Considering that male and female broilers typically present different body weight at slaughter, sexing at hatch, and rearing single-sex flocks may increase stunning effectiveness, and therefore should be considered by the company under study.
After assessing the current situation, the monitoring method was reviewed and improvements were proposed.Relative to shackling and stunning, some measures could be taken in terms of sampling and analyses.
Sample size n 1 may be determined according to Barbetta et al., (2010): a proportion p of the population π needs to sampled in order to determine the proportion of broilers that are not effectively stunned.The sample size is calculated as Equation 1: Where (p -π) is the error and z is the confidence level.Therefore, based on a typical 95% average confidence level, z = 1.96.The equation (1) shows that the larger the population π not effectively stunned, the larger the sample size.This applies to π values up to 0.5, above which sample size decreases.Also, according to Barbetta et al., (2010), a sampling error (p -π) in the range of 0.025 to 0.03 is acceptable to obtain the maximum population variance value.Therefore, in the evaluated processing plant, a sample size of 1,067 to 1,450 broilers is suggested.Considering the line speed of 11,000 broilers/hour and 8-h daily shifts, data should be collected for 1 minute per hour, totaling 180 broilers/min, corresponding to 1.63% of the total number of broilers in 1 hour.This amounts to 1,460 broilers analyzed per day, divided into eight samples of 1 minute per hour, which would allow for collecting data on all possible dimensions (flock, sex, average body weight, weather conditions throughout the day, etc.).Hourly sample collection would also allow using Statistical Process Control (SPC) tools.There is the possibility, according to the company, to collect and evaluate the proposed samples with the aid of one worker during a one-month period.
Additionally, improvements in the processing plant under study were proposed, including: • Regular training at every six months of all employees working in the reception, stunning, and bleeding areas; • Improve feet cutting effectiveness in the featherplucking area to prevent feet returning in the shackles to the reception area, which causes delays in shackling and reduces line speed.• Monitoring if shackles are wet before entering the water bath; • Evaluation of flock uniformity and feet size when shackling; • Placement of a metal slope to support the broiler's head and better direct the birds to the entry of the stunning water bath; • Testing stunning with two water tank levels: shallow immersion (up to the base of wings) or deep immersion (above the base of wings); • Implementing the Stunning Severity Index and the control chart for the electrolytic water bath.As the shackling area uses natural and/or blue light in order to meet animal welfare recommendations, as the use of artificial white light is not allowed, the lighting conditions at the stunner observed on the days when the survey was carried out and the slaughter speed of 11,000 broilers/hour, it was very difficult to monitor the parameter "blinking eyes".Therefore, the data recorded for this parameter was not considered reliable.According to literature, the "absence of vocalization" indicated effective stunning and bleeding.However, no vocalization was observed during any of the monitoring periods.
After 30 days of observation, some monitoring improvements were suggested, as shown in Table 4. of the broilers, on average, were not effectively stunned.Although this is a preliminary analysis, the cause of values above 11% (UCL) would need to be investigated.Thus, the SSI, in addition of integrating 3 dependent variables (F w , A h , and R b ) through SPC, may aid the monitoring of this important stage of broiler processing.

ConCluSIonS
Initially, the current process of measuring stunning effectiveness was presented.Improvement measures and a review of the current method were proposed, including simultaneous collection of data on all stunning parameters for one minute per processing hour.Thus, the objective is to capture all strata in one day of slaughtering.Finally, the use of a Statistical Process Control tool, the Stunning Severity Index (SSI), by means of using the p-chart, was proposed as quality indicator.
The SSI should include the parameters "wingflapping," "arched head," and "rhythmic breathing".Using SSI, it was observed that 5% of the broilers, on average, were not effectively stunned.A preliminary analysis indicated that the causes of SSI values above 11% (UCL) should be investigated.

Table 1 -
Stunning efficiency parameters

Table 2 -
Critical analysis of aspects of checking the efficiency of the electric stunner

Table 3 -
Correlations between dependent and independent variables of stunning a Not significant.b Significant by the t-test at 5% probability level.