The range of motion of the back squat exercise affects absolute volume load without changing the rating of perceived exertion

– The range of motion (ROM) may affect the external maximal load during back squat (BS) exercise. The correct ROM manipulation can be useful as an exercise load manipulation strategy, changing the volume load during a resistance training session. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of ROM on relative load, absolute load and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during partial and full BS exercise with adjusted loads. Fifteen male individuals (age: 26.5±4.5 years; height: 173±6 cm; body mass: 80.6 ± 8.8 kg; resistance training experience 5±3 years) participated in this study. The experimental procedure was con- ducted in two sessions. In the first session, brief familiarization and a 10-repetition maximal test (10-RM) was performed for partial (PBS) and full BS exercise (FBS) with 30-min of rest interval. During the second session, all subjects performed 1 set of 10-RM in both conditions (partial and full ROM), and relative load, absolute load, and RPE were evaluated. A paired t-test was used to compare means. The results showed higher values for PBS when compared to FE exercise: relative load (PBS: 1.14±0.24xBW vs. FBS: 0.87±0.24xBW; P< 0.001), and absolute load (PBS: 925±249 kg x FBS: 708±232 kg, P< 0.001). Similar RPE was observed between conditions (PBS: 8.6±1.3 IEP x FBS: 8.5±1.0 IEP, P =0.855). It was concluded that PBS allowed higher relative load and absolute load during 10RM, without effects on RPE.


INTRODUCTION
Back squat (BS) exercise has been widely used in resistance training gyms, functional training and rehabilitation clinics for dynamically developing the lower limb muscles; as well as the trunk and upper limbs in a static manner 1,2 . The positioning of the bar 3 , the distance from the feet 4-7 and the range of motion (ROM) 3,[8][9][10][11] are the main technical strategies that can affect the contribution of muscles involved, and consequently the ability to perform the exercise [8][9][10]12,13 . Among these technique variations, the ROM can affect length-tension and torque-angle relationships; therefore, different loads can be lifted when full or partial exercise are performed 11,13 . The ROM affects the time under tension of muscles involved, and may influence the adjustments of loads used and training adaptations 14. Caterisano et al. 9 observed that full squat (0º-140º of knee flexion) presented greater myoelectric activity of the maximum gluteus when compared to partial squat (0º-90º and 0º-45º of knee flexion); however, the study did not consider the effects of ROM on lifting capacity or maximum exercise overload when using body mass percentage as external load. Contreras et al. 3 compared the mean and peak sEMG during squat exercise under three conditions: partial squat (0º-90º of knee flexion) and full squat with bar positioned in front and back with ROM of 0º-140º of knee flexion. Thirteen women performed ten repetitions using an estimated load. No difference was observed in mean and peak muscle activity (sEMG) of maximum gluteus and vastus lateralis in both squat exercises. Silva et al. 11 analyzed the effects of ROM during partial back squat (PBS) and full back squat (FBS) with loads adjusted to 10RM for each ROM. Greater myoelectric activity was observed in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, maximum gluteus, long head of the biceps femoris, soleus and erector of the spine in PBS when compared to FBS.
Based on the concept that ROM affects load imposed on exercise, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) could also be influenced by the physical effort performed. Tiggemann et al. 15 and Day et al. 16 demonstrate that RPE is affected by load variations and muscle activity levels. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of the range of motion on relative load, absolute load and rating of perceived exertion during PBS and FBS with adjusted loads in recreationally-trained individuals. The hypothesis is based on the previous scientific concept that both maximum conditions will have no difference in the RPE. However, the absolute load and relative strength will be greater for PBS.

METHOD
The sample consisted of 15 healthy men (age: 26.5 ± 4.5 years; height: 173 ± 6 cm; total body mass: 80.6 ± 8.8 kg; time of practice in resistance training: 5 ± 2.9 years). The number of participants was determined using load data obtained from a pilot study that was previously carried out with individuals who have the same characteristics as those participating in the present study, based on a 5% significance and test power of 80% 17 . All participants were recreationally-trained in resistance training with previous experience in PBS exercises for at least one year with frequency of at least three times a week using intensities between 6 and 12-RMs. None of participants presented any osteomioarticular involvement (injury / surgery) in the lower limb, trunk and / or shoulder. All participants were informed of the experimental procedures, read and signed the Informed Consent Form, approved by the University's Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. 68/2016).
Participants were instructed to abstain from any physical activity for the lower limbs in the 72 hours prior to the two visits to the laboratory. On the first visit, personal data were collected through oral questioning (name, age, time of practice in resistance training and BS exercise and preference in kicking a ball to determine foot dominance) 18 . Anthropometric data (total body mass and height) were measured. Then, participants performed a brief warm-up on cycle ergometer for five minutes at 70 revolutions per minute without external resistance. After warming up, participants were tested for maximum load lifted in 10 maximum repetitions (10-RM) in the free BS exercise in two specific amplitudes [partial (PBS): from 0º to 90º; and full (FBS): from 0º to 140º of knee flexion]. A mark was made on the floor to ensure that the participants' feet remained in the same position during both conditions. The distance between feet was self-selected to ensure closer approach to the practice. During tests, participants were instructed to report the effort performed in each attempt to be familiarized with the scale adapted from Foster et al. 19 , regarding the rated perceived exertion (RPE). In the second session, participants performed a random series of 10RMs of squat exercise for each range of motion (partial and full). Immediately after the end of sets, participants were instructed to report their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). During all conditions, participants were accompanied and observed by a strength training specialist responsible for the safety and maintenance of the back squat execution technique in the different experimental conditions.

Assessments
Maximum Repetitions Test (10-RMs): 10-RMs test was performed for the free BS exercise in the different experimental conditions (PBS and FBS). Feet position was predetermined in the warm-up exercise and was the same during all experimental conditions. The test consisted of performing up to five attempts with increasing overloads and with five-minute interval between attempts. The initial load was estimated by participants based on their training experience 20,21 . Movements were performed in a self-selected cadence with 30-min interval between the two experimental conditions in a randomized way. The ROM was controlled by an electrogoniometer aligned to the knee joint center of the dominant lower limb (PBS: 0º-90º of knee flexion and FBS: 0º-140º of knee flexion. Participants returned to their initial position through the full knee and hip extension. Any interruption in the execution of the movement between ascending and descending phases was not allowed, and only repetitions with correct execution of exercises were valid. To minimize errors in tests, the following strategies were adopted: (I) participants received information about the appropriate exercise technique before tests (II) the execution of the exercise technique was monitored and corrected when necessary (III) participants were verbally encouraged during tests and (IV) participants performed the movements until concentric failure.
Electrogoniometry: Electrogoniometer (EMG System do Brasil, São José dos Campos, Brazil) was attached close to the knee joint center of the dominant limb of each participant to define the knee flexion angle and the ascending and descending phases of the movement in each repetition performed. Data acquisition was carried out at frequency of 2000 Hz.
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE): RPE was verified through the scale of Foster et al. 19 . The appraiser instructed participants to choose a descriptor and then a number from 0 to 10, which was also provided in decimals (for example: 7.5). The maximum value (10) was compared to the greatest physical effort experienced by the participant and the minimum value was the condition of absolute rest (0). Immediately after PBS and FBS, each participant was asked: "How was your training?". Through RPE, the participant indicated a value from zero to ten, where zero means extremely easy and 10 means extremely difficult. Thus, RPE represented a global value of perceived effort intensity for each experimental condition.

Data analysis
The loadoad lifted during the 10-RM test for PBS and FBS was normalized by the total body mass of each participant. Therefore, the ratio between weight of the bar and the total body mass of participants was calculated and expressed in multiples of total body mass (xBM). The absolute load (AL) was calculated using the product of maximum repetitions (RMs) by the lifted load (kg).

Statistical analysis
The normality and homogeneity of variances were verified using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene test, respectively. All data were reported using mean and standard deviation (SD) of the mean. Paired student t-test was used to verify differences in the overload used in 10-RMs, in the absolute load and in the rated perceived exertion. The effect size calculation (d) was performed using Cohen's formula and results were based on the following criteria: <0.35 trivial effect; 0.35-0.80 small effect; 0.80-1.50 moderate effect; and> 1.5 great effect, for recreationally-trained individuals according to Rhea 22 . Significance (α) of 5% was used for all statistical tests, using SPSS software version 21.0.

DISCUSSION
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of the range of motion on relative load, absolute load and on the rating of perceived exertion during full (FBS) and partial (PBS) back squat exercise with adjusted loads in recreationally-trained individuals. Higher relative load (23.68%) and absolute load (23.41%) was observed in PBS when compared to FBS. However, there were no significant differences in RPE after performing PBS and FBS. Thus, the results of the present study corroborate the initial hypothesis that states that the difference in the lifting capacity does not affect RPE since loads were adjusted to the RM of each participant.
The greater load lifted in the partial range is mainly due to mechanical (length-tension relationship and "sticking point") and neurophysiological (facilitating action of muscle spindles) differences related to the ROM during exercise. From the mechanical point of view, the back squat exercise has an ascending characteristic in the strength production, which means that as the concentric phase progresses, greater loads are possible to be lifted 23,24 . Thus, the greatest load that can be lifted in the exercise is determined by the point of least strength, which is known as the "sticking point" and is defined by the point of greatest mechanical disadvantage in the entire ROM of the exercise (~ 90º of knee flexion for BS); after this point, lifting can be completed without major difficulties 25 . The RPE scale is a method used in training sciences mainly to measure the perceived exertion intensity in a given exercise 15,16,19 . In the present study, there was no significant difference in RPE for BS exercise at different ROMs (PBS and FBS), with adjusted loads (10-RMs), corroborating Tiggemann et al. 15 , who verified similar responses for RPE when maximum efforts were performed (RMs). However, RPE is sensitive to load variations used in exercises 16,19,26 . Thus, it is possible that the greater ROM performed in FBS may have affected RPE due to the change in time under tension of the muscle-tendon unit 15 , which in turn, may have compensated for the lower overload used. Additionally, it is possible that mechanoreceptors such as muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and afferent articular and cutaneous receptors may also have contributed to reported RPEs 27 ; however, such influences were not analyzed in the present study. The results of the present study may be subject to limitations as it includes only healthy, recreationally-trained male participants, which limits the applicability of our findings to other populations. However, the selected design sought to resemble the resistance training practice using 10RMs and cadence self-selected by participants. Thus, the present study has great practical applicability for physical education professionals and strength training practitioners, who can use OBS exercise in order to increase strength production capacity without changing RPE.

CONCLUSION
It could be concluded that the range of motion of the back squat exercise affects practitioner's weight lifting capacity and RPE when loads used are maximum (RMs).

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This study was funded by the authors.