Physical quality of grains subjected to moistening and drying processes for marketing

Ref. 131-2015 – Received 4 Sep, 2015 • Accepted 14 Jul, 2016 • Published 3 Aug, 2016 848 Paulo C. Coradi et al. R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.20, n.9, p.847-855, 2016. Introduction Corn is one of the major inputs for the production segment and is used in large volume in animal feed, particularly in the sectors of poultry, swine and dairy cattle in “fresh” form, industrialized as bran, or silage (Elias et al., 2000; Coradi et al., 2011). Grain quality is to be preserved to a maximum during storage, due to the occurrence of chemical, biochemical, physical and microbiological changes. The speed and intensity of these processes depend on the intrinsic quality of the grain, the pre-storage operations, the storage system used and the environmental factors during the storage period (Schuh et al., 2011; Antunes et al., 2011). Elias et al. (2000) note that, among the methods for preserving the quality of grain, drying brings not only savings from the point of view of processing, but also enables the preservation of natural environment product for a long period of time. Thus, drying stands out as the most important post-harvest stage, ensuring the maintenance of grain quality. However, the drying process also causes water loss in the grain and can cause damage to the cellular structure of the product, leading to changes in shape and decrease in their dimensions and chemical-physical characteristics (Elias et al., 2000: Costa et al., 2011; Tiecker Júnior et al., 2013). The water level recommended by Brasil (2012) for the marketing of corn grain is 13.5% (w.b.); however, this moisture is still hotly contested by industries, farmers, cooperatives, warehouses, federal agencies and research institutions, because corn grains with moisture content above 12% (w.b.) when stored quickly lose their intrinsic quality. Thus, many producers have opted to raise the water content of the grains, the storage conditions (12% w.b.) to the condition of 13.5% (w.b.) market at the moment, to achieve greater product weight. However, this type of operation is contradictory to the functional aspects and post-harvest quality, causing the standards of grain water content for marketing established by MAPA to be questionable. The drying operation followed by moistening can be highly detrimental to the product, affecting the physical and chemical quality, and thus, precautions regarding food safety standards should be studied to minimize losses (Sousa et al., 2011). The objective was to evaluate the physical quality of conventional and transgenic corn grains with an initial moisture content of 13.5% (w.b.), through drying processes (at temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C) and moistening (under the conditions of 10 °C and 90% relative humidy (RH)) for marketing in accordance with the standards established by MAPA. Material and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Grain Postharvest at Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campus of Chapadão do Sul (CPCS). The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (7 x 3 x 2), corresponding to seven drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min), three drying air temperatures (80, 100 and 120 ° C), and two corn hybrids (conventional AG 1051 and transgenic Herculex@ 30S31H). For each drying condition, there were three replicates. Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by Tukey test at 0.05 probability. Conventional and transgenic corn grains were harvested at moisture contents of 13.5% (w.b.) and dried in convection oven with forced air ventilation at temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C. Corn grains used for evaluation were chosen manually, to form homogeneous and standardized lots. For each corn sample, two aluminum caps were used, one with ten grains for measuring width, thickness and length, and another one with one hundred and fifty grains, weighed for the determination of water content, every twenty minutes. For each withdrawal, a sample of seventy-five seeds was weighed for the evaluation of electrical conductivity. Then, a sample with the same quantities of grain (one hundred and fifty) was subjected to the wetting process for the same drying time. For moistening the grain, it was considered, as the initial water content, the moisture obtained in the grain at the end of each drying process, the twenty-minute interval and water content of the final moisture obtained in grains with moistening, when the grain reached the equilibrium water content. A B.O.D. chamber at a temperature of 10 °C and RH of 90% was used to accomplish wetting. For each moisture condition, there were three replicates. The temperature and the relative humidity were monitored throughout the drying and moistening. Upon withdrawal of each sample, ten grains were weighed and measured again. The water content of embu grains were determined by the gravimetric method. Grsize (length, width and thickness) was evaluated using a digital caliper (Mohsenin, 1986). The electrical conductivity test was performed according to the methodology described by Vieira & Krzyzanowski (1999). Twenty-five grains were used for three sub-samples from each treatment and weighed accurately using two decimal places (0.01 g). Samples were placed in plastic cups to soak with 75 mL of deionized water and kept in a refrigerated B.O.D. chamber, temperature-controlled at 25 ± 2 °C for 24 h. The solutions containing the grains were lightly stirred, for the uniformity of the leachate, and immediately proceeded to the reading on a portable digital conductivity meter (CD-850 "Instrutherm"). The results were divided by the mass of 25 grains and expressed in μS cm-1 g-1 grains. Results and Discussion In the results presented in Figure 1, it is observed that increasing the drying time caused a reduction in the water levels of conventional corn, for all temperatures, resulting in an increase in the percentage of desorbed water throughout the drying time. This process was more intense with increasing drying temperature. It was also noted that, in the first forty minutes of drying, there were the biggest reductions in water content and desorbed water. 849 Physical quality of grains subjected to moistening and drying processes for marketing R. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambiental, v.20, n.9, p.847-855, 2016. For the process of moistening, it was found that increasing the exposure of the grains under conditions of 10 °C and 90% RH promoted water absorption. At drying temperatures of 100 to 120 °C, there was an increase in the absorbed water content, until the time of 80 min, thereafter the values varied and, at the time of 100 min, the levels decreased; at the time of 120 min, they increased again until reaching the hygroscopic equilibrium water content. In Figure 2, it was found that the same time used for drying is not enough to rehydrate the grains, through the wetting process. The loss of grain quality due to the leaching of ions was verified through the electrical conductivity, that is, the rewetting of the grains contributed to the reduction in quality, in proportions similar to those in the drying. However, higher electrical conductivity values coincided with the higher temperature treatments, because these conditions promoted 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 M o is tu re c o n te n t (% w .b .) D es o rb ed w at er ( % ) Drying time (min) Percentage of water desorbed* Moisture content* C D E F G a b c d e f g A B 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14


Introduction
Corn is one of the major inputs for the production segment and is used in large volume in animal feed, particularly in the sectors of poultry, swine and dairy cattle in "fresh" form, industrialized as bran, or silage (Elias et al., 2000;Coradi et al., 2011).
Grain quality is to be preserved to a maximum during storage, due to the occurrence of chemical, biochemical, physical and microbiological changes.The speed and intensity of these processes depend on the intrinsic quality of the grain, the pre-storage operations, the storage system used and the environmental factors during the storage period (Schuh et al., 2011;Antunes et al., 2011).Elias et al. (2000) note that, among the methods for preserving the quality of grain, drying brings not only savings from the point of view of processing, but also enables the preservation of natural environment product for a long period of time.Thus, drying stands out as the most important post-harvest stage, ensuring the maintenance of grain quality.However, the drying process also causes water loss in the grain and can cause damage to the cellular structure of the product, leading to changes in shape and decrease in their dimensions and chemical-physical characteristics (Elias et al., 2000: Costa et al., 2011;Tiecker Júnior et al., 2013).
The water level recommended by Brasil (2012) for the marketing of corn grain is 13.5% (w.b.); however, this moisture is still hotly contested by industries, farmers, cooperatives, warehouses, federal agencies and research institutions, because corn grains with moisture content above 12% (w.b.) when stored quickly lose their intrinsic quality.
Thus, many producers have opted to raise the water content of the grains, the storage conditions (12% w.b.) to the condition of 13.5% (w.b.) market at the moment, to achieve greater product weight.However, this type of operation is contradictory to the functional aspects and post-harvest quality, causing the standards of grain water content for marketing established by MAPA to be questionable.
The drying operation followed by moistening can be highly detrimental to the product, affecting the physical and chemical quality, and thus, precautions regarding food safety standards should be studied to minimize losses (Sousa et al., 2011).The objective was to evaluate the physical quality of conventional and transgenic corn grains with an initial moisture content of 13.5% (w.b.), through drying processes (at temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C) and moistening (under the conditions of 10 °C and 90% relative humidy (RH)) for marketing in accordance with the standards established by MAPA.

Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Grain Postharvest at Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campus of Chapadão do Sul (CPCS).The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (7 x 3 x 2), corresponding to seven drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min), three drying air temperatures (80, 100 and 120 ° C), and two corn hybrids (conventional AG 1051 and transgenic Herculex @ 30S31H).For each drying condition, there were three replicates.Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by Tukey test at 0.05 probability.
Conventional and transgenic corn grains were harvested at moisture contents of 13.5% (w.b.) and dried in convection oven with forced air ventilation at temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C.Corn grains used for evaluation were chosen manually, to form homogeneous and standardized lots.
For each corn sample, two aluminum caps were used, one with ten grains for measuring width, thickness and length, and another one with one hundred and fifty grains, weighed for the determination of water content, every twenty minutes.For each withdrawal, a sample of seventy-five seeds was weighed for the evaluation of electrical conductivity.Then, a sample with the same quantities of grain (one hundred and fifty) was subjected to the wetting process for the same drying time.For moistening the grain, it was considered, as the initial water content, the moisture obtained in the grain at the end of each drying process, the twenty-minute interval and water content of the final moisture obtained in grains with moistening, when the grain reached the equilibrium water content.A B.O.D. chamber at a temperature of 10 °C and RH of 90% was used to accomplish wetting.For each moisture condition, there were three replicates.
The temperature and the relative humidity were monitored throughout the drying and moistening.Upon withdrawal of each sample, ten grains were weighed and measured again.The water content of embu grains were determined by the gravimetric method.Grsize (length, width and thickness) was evaluated using a digital caliper (Mohsenin, 1986).
The electrical conductivity test was performed according to the methodology described by Vieira & Krzyzanowski (1999).Twenty-five grains were used for three sub-samples from each treatment and weighed accurately using two decimal places (0.01 g).Samples were placed in plastic cups to soak with 75 mL of deionized water and kept in a refrigerated B.O.D. chamber, temperature-controlled at 25 ± 2 °C for 24 h.The solutions containing the grains were lightly stirred, for the uniformity of the leachate, and immediately proceeded to the reading on a portable digital conductivity meter (CD-850 -"Instrutherm").The results were divided by the mass of 25 grains and expressed in μS cm -1 g -1 grains.

Results and Discussion
In the results presented in Figure 1, it is observed that increasing the drying time caused a reduction in the water levels of conventional corn, for all temperatures, resulting in an increase in the percentage of desorbed water throughout the drying time.This process was more intense with increasing drying temperature.It was also noted that, in the first forty minutes of drying, there were the biggest reductions in water content and desorbed water.
For the process of moistening, it was found that increasing the exposure of the grains under conditions of 10 °C and 90% RH promoted water absorption.At drying temperatures of 100 to 120 °C, there was an increase in the absorbed water content, until the time of 80 min, thereafter the values varied and, at the time of 100 min, the levels decreased; at the time of 120 min, they increased again until reaching the hygroscopic equilibrium water content.
In Figure 2, it was found that the same time used for drying is not enough to rehydrate the grains, through the wetting process.The loss of grain quality due to the leaching of ions was verified through the electrical conductivity, that is, the rewetting of the grains contributed to the reduction in quality, in proportions similar to those in the drying.However, higher electrical conductivity values coincided with the higher temperature treatments, because these conditions promoted largest amount of leached ions, i.e., greater disruption of cell membranes of the tissues that make up the grains (Vieira, 2008;Siqueira et al., 2011;Coradi et al., 2014).Thus, it can be seen that increased water content in the grains for the allowed marketing conditions (13.5% w.b.) (Brasil, 2012) through moistening can be an alternative to increasing the weight of the grain mass; however, the loss of physical quality was evident.
In Figure 3, it was observed that increasing the drying time caused a reduction of the grain volume.For the drying temperature of 80 °C, the time of 20 to 40 min showed the largest grain volume reductions.At the temperature of 100 °C, further reduction in the volume of the grains occurred in the time interval between forty and sixty minutes, coming into equilibrium in the following days.
At drying temperature of 120 °C, it was noted an increase in the time interval for the grains to be in balance, and that the volume reduction occurred in the range of zero to 10 min.During drying, the grains simultaneously undergo several physical changes caused by variations in the drying temperature and grain moisture, causing water and thermal stresses, expansion, contraction and irreversible changes in the density and porosity (Corrêa et al., 2010;Goneli et al., 2011).Siqueira et al. (2011) found that the decrease of the geometric volume and diameter of the grains were directly proportional to the water content, regardless of the drying condition.
In the process of grain moistening, at the temperature of 80 °C, there was a greater increase in volume for the interval from 40 to 60 min; after 80 min, it tended to equilibrium.For the temperature of 100 °C, there was greater increase in volume in time of 40 to 60 min, then reaching equilibrium.At the temperature of 120 °C, the increase in the volume was higher in the time interval from 40 to 80 min.
For drying and moistening and for all treatments, there were losses of grain quality, analyzed by the electrical conductivity test, oscillating throughout drying and moistening, but attenuated in a curve, very close to all the conditions evaluated.
Observing the results presented in Figure 4, with increased drying time, the water content of the transgenic corn grains decreased for all temperatures, as observed for conventional corn, but less intensively, between the ranges of time.The same was found for the water desorbed from the grains, wherein the temperature increased the drying time and accelerated the process .
For the grain wetting (Figure 4), it was noticed that the absorbed water varied as a function of the increasing R. Bras.Eng.Agríc.Ambiental, v.20, n.9, p.847-855, 2016.time and temperature to which the grains were subjected during the drying step.These events occur because the water potential is much changed, especially in the early imbibing, influencing the water absorption and may derail the sequence of events related to the process (Vieira, 2008;Coradi et al., 2014).
In Figure 5, the loss of grain quality through the leaching of ions was verified through the electrical conductivity.
Increasing the drying temperature and time led to greater cell damage to the grain tissues, according to results reported by other authors (Oliveira et al., 2013;Coradi et al., 2014).However, the wetting was not an intensive increase in electrical conductivity.
In Figure 6, in the drying, there was a reduction of the grain volume with the increase in the drying air temperature and time.The larger volume reductions in Figure 6 occurred in the time of 100 and 120 min.These findings are important, since the volumetric changes of the product due to water removal are reported as the main causes of changes in the main physical properties of agricultural products (Siqueira et al, 2011;Goneli et al., 2011).In the moistening of the grains, for all the temperatures used in drying, there were variations in increasing the volume and, for the temperature of 80 °C, the greatest increase in volume was obtained at 120 min, while for the drying temperature of 100 ° C, it occurred at time of 80 min and at a temperature of 120 °C in a period of 20 min.
According to the results of Figure 6, it was found that the disintegration of the cell tissue of the grain, quantified by the electrical conductivity, was increased with the increase of the wetting time, but not linearly.This was due to fluctuations of water charges absorbed by the grains along the moistening.Increasing the resistance presented in the different layers that make up the cellular structure of the plant tissue caused the physical damage in grains to be variable for each time of moistening.

Conclusions
1.The genetically modified corn grains reduced the negative effects of drying and moistening on the physical quality of the grain.
2. The increase of the drying air temperature accelerated the physical deterioration of conventional and transgenic corn grains.
3. The increase in water content by moistening process caused losses in the physical quality of the grain, similar to those of the drying process, for both the conventional and transgenic corn grains.

*
Figure 1.Variation of moisture content x desorbed and absorbed water in grains of conventional corn hybrid AG 1051, during the drying and wetting processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) T 120 °C

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Variation in the percentage of desorbed and absorbed water x electrical conductivity in grains of conventional corn hybrid AG 1051, during the drying and moistening processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) T 120 °C

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Volumetric shrinkage variation and expansion x electrical conductivity in grains of conventional corn hybrid AG 1051, during the drying and wetting processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) T 120 °C

*
Significant at 0.05 probability level by Tukey test

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Variation of moisture content x desorbed water and absorbed in transgenic corn hybrid Herculex 30S31H during the drying and moistening processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) 120 °C

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Variation of desorbed water percentage and absorbed x electrical conductivity of grains of transgenic corn hybrid Herculex 30S31H, during the drying and moistening processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) T 120 °C

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Volumetric shrinkage variation and expansion x electrical conductivity of grains of transgenic corn hybrid Herculex 30S31H, during the drying and moistening processes: (A, D) T 80 °C; (B, E) T 100 °C; (C, F) 120 °C