Urea coated with poultry litter as an option in the control of nitrogen losses

into NO3 did not vary between the sources, except for the control, but it differed between soil moisture contents, with equilibrium estimated at 31 and 38 days, in the treatments with 80 and 100% FC, respectively. The urea + litter has N losses by NH3 volatilization and speed of transformation of the soil mineral N similar to those of the other sources, and can be used to substitute them. Ureia recoberta com cama de aviário como opção no controle de perdas de nitrogênio R E S U M O A volatilização de amônia (NH3) e lixiviação de nitrato (NO3 -) são os principais processos de perda de nitrogênio (N) no solo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e as transformações do N mineral no solo com ureia recoberta com cama de aviário (ureia + cama) comparativamente a outras fontes de N, em duas condições de umidade. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado com arranjo fatorial 5 x 2 com quatro repetições sendo cinco fontes de N (ureia, SuperN®, Kimcoat®, ureia + cama e testemunha sem fertilizante) e dois teores de umidade [80 e 100% da capacidade de campo (CC)]. O total de NH3 volatilizada não diferiu entre as fontes independente da condição de umidade do solo variando de 10,8 a 13,2% do total de N aplicado. A transformação do NH4 + em NO3 não variou entre as fontes, exceto a testemunha mas diferiu entre as umidades do solo com equilíbrio estimado aos 31 e 38 dias, nos tratamentos com 80 e 100% CC, respectivamente. A ureia + cama apresenta perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e velocidade de transformação do N mineral do solo semelhante às demais fontes podendo ser utilizada em substituição a essas.


A B S T R A C T
The volatilization of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrate leaching (NO 3 -) are the main processes of nitrogen (N) loss in the soil.The objective of the study was to evaluate N losses by NH 3 volatilization and mineral N transformations in the soil with urea coated with poultry litter (urea + litter) compared with other sources of N, under two moisture conditions.The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replicates, five N sources (urea, SuperN®, Kimcoat®, urea + litter and control without fertilizer) and two moisture contents [80 and 100% of field capacity (FC)].The total volatilized NH 3 did not differ between the sources, regardless of the soil moisture condition, ranging from 10.8 to 13.2% of the total N applied.The transformation of NH 4 + into NO 3 -did not vary between the sources, except for the control, but it differed between soil moisture contents, with equilibrium estimated at 31 and 38 days, in the treatments with 80 and 100% FC, respectively.The urea + litter has N losses by NH 3 volatilization and speed of transformation of the soil mineral N similar to those of the other sources, and can be used to substitute them.

Introduction
The low efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizations can be attributed to the N losses through the emission of gases and leaching and reflects in the loss of yield of the crops and causes deleterious effects on the environment (Cantarella et al., 2008;Li et al., 2014).The leaching of nitrate (NO 3 -) favors the eutrophication of aquatic environments, while the ammonia gas (NH 3 ) is toxic to most living organisms (Asing & Verma, 2008;Cameron et al., 2013;Singh et al., 2013).However, environmental factors such as humidity, temperature and pH can have an influence on the magnitude of N losses (Rochette et al., 2009;Tasca et al., 2011;Li et al., 2014).
Some techniques maximize the efficiency of N fertilization (Zhang et al., 2015), especially the addition of urease inhibitors such as N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and the coating of N fertilizers with polymers, resins and gypsum (Sanz-Cobeña et al., 2012;Halvorson et al., 2014).These processes aim to reduce the solubility of the fertilizer generating a gradual release of the nutrient to the soil, in a controlled way and with a possible synchrony with the needs of the crops (Azeem et al., 2014).On the other hand, many products have high costs and are not biodegradable and thus can have toxic action (Al-zahrani, 2000;Azeem et al., 2014).Hence, the utilization of organic materials to coat N fertilizers, such as poultry litter, must be evaluated.
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of urea coated with poultry litter regarding the susceptibility to N losses through NH 3 volatilization and speed of transformation of NH 4 + into NO 3 -, under two soil moisture conditions.
The soil, after dried, passed through a 2-mm-mesh sieve and was incubated with dolomitic limestone with recommendation for pH 6.0 (CQFS-RS/SC, 2004) for 30 days, until reaching the desired pH.Both experiments were set in a completely randomized design with samples repeated over time, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme with four replicates, corresponding to four amidic N sources: Urea, Kimcoat ® , SuperN ® , urea coated with poultry litter (urea + litter), with 45, 43, 44 and 30% of N and one control without fertilizer application, and two moisture contents: 0.39 and 0.49 cm 3 cm -3 , corresponding to 80 and 100% of field capacity (FC), respectively.
In both experiments, the soil received the same N dose of 100 mg kg -1 , equivalent to 200 kg ha -1 of N, regardless of the source, except the control, using as the base of calculation the surface area of the experimental unit in which the fertilizers were homogeneously distributed.Soil moisture was maintained according to the treatment 80 or 100% FC, through the replacement of the water lost, measured by weighing the experimental units and adding distilled water.
The experiment 1 evaluated the effect of the application of five N sources in the soil and two moisture contents on the N losses through NH 3 volatilization, in eight sampling periods, at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 23 and 28 days after applying the treatments (DAA).The experimental units consisted of plastic pots with capacity for 0.7 L containing 0.3 kg of soil and a surface area of 42.7 cm 2 .
The volatilized NH 3 was captured in Falcon ® tubes with capacity for 15 mL, containing 10 mL of 0.17 mol L -1 H 3 PO 4 with glycerin (1%) and two strips filter paper (1 x 8 cm) immersed in this solution to increase the contact surface of the NH 3 with the H 3 PO 4 .The tube containing the solution to capture NH 3 was fixed in the soil at the moment of application of the treatments, substituted in each sampling and taken to the laboratory for analysis.The volatilized NH 3 was quantified by the steam distillation of the capturing solution plus the strips of filter paper in a micro-Kjeldahl apparatus after alkalinization with 10 mol L -1 NaOH (Tedesco et al., 1995).
The experiment 2 evaluated the effects of the same treatments of the experiment 1 on the transformation of soil mineral N (NH 4 + and NO 3 -), in six sampling periods, at 0, 5, 10, 15, 23 and 28 DAA.The experimental units consisted of plastic pots with capacity for 1 L containing 0.7 kg of soil and surface area of 49.5 cm 2 .
The soil was sampled in each period using a 1-cm-diameter plastic cylinder, which was inserted in the soil until touching the bottom of the pot and carefully removed in order not to disturb the surroundings.The mineral-N was determined on the same day of sampling, extracted with 1.0 mol L -1 KCl solution, collecting an aliquot for later distillation and determination of N in semimicro-Kjeldahl apparatus, for the quantification of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N (Tedesco et al., 1995).
The data obtained in both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the sampling periods were analyzed as measurements repeated over time; the significant effects, when qualitative (sources and moisture), were compared by the Tukey test of means of (p < 0.05) and, when quantitative (days), by the fitting of regression curves, using the statistical programs Sisvar 5.6 (Ferreira, 2014) and SigmaPlot 12.5, respectively.

Experiment 1. Ammonia volatilization of different N sources under two soil moisture conditions, in various periods after application
The soil moisture condition did not interfere with the N losses through NH 3 volatilization (Figure 1).The SuperN ® led to lower mean volatilization of NH 3 -N until the 23 days, due to the decrease in the release of NH 4 -N from the fertilizer by the inhibition of the urease enzyme.However, this decrease in urease activity is observed only for an initial period, although there was, at the end of the experiment, difference between the treatments evaluated under the different conditions of soil moisture.The mean N losses at 28 DAA were 11.4 and 12.1% of the total applied, for the moisture contents of 80 and 100% FC, respectively.R. Bras.Eng.Agríc.Ambiental, v.21, n.6, p.398-403, 2017.
At the soil moisture of 100% FC for urea + litter, the relative loss was 13.2% of the total N applied, but without differing from the other sources, which evidences that the coating of urea with poultry litter did not have effects on the N losses through NH 3 volatilization.
The daily losses of NH 3 responded to the effects of the fertilizer and soil moisture in the intervals after application of the fertilizer (Figure 2).The daily losses of N through NH 3 volatilization in the soil with moisture of 80% FC initially exceeded those of the soil with moisture of 100% FC, but with lower variation over time.
The peak of volatilization, except for SuperN ® , which was recorded at 10 DAA, occurred at 2 DAA for the other fertilizers at 80% FC.For this moisture condition, the daily NH 3 volatilization was similar for all fertilizers at 28 DAA and did not differ from the control.On the other hand, at the moisture of 100% FC the peak of volatilization occurred at 4 DAA for urea, 6 DAA for urea + litter and Kimcoat ® and at 10 DAA for SuperN ® ; at 28 DAA, only urea and urea + litter did not differ from the control.
The utilization of urease inhibitors, such as the NBPT present in the SuperN ® , generally reduces the initial NH 3 volatilization in relation to the conventional soluble fertilizers (Zaman & Blennerhassett, 2010;Tasca et al., 2011;Li et al., 2014;Tian et al., 2015), in response to the inhibition of the hydrolysis of urea to NH 4 -N available to be converted to NH 3 .In addition, the higher soil moisture favors NH 3 volatilization, due to the greater urease activity under high moisture conditions (Rochette et al., 2009), or reduces it, for favoring the diffusion of the urea molecule and also the mineralized NH 4 + to the inside of the soil porous space (Li et al., 2014).

Experiment 2. Transformation of the soil mineral-N from different N sources under two soil moisture conditions
The NH 4 + concentrations available in the soil were individually influenced by the sources (Figure 3A) and soil moisture (Figure 3B), but did not respond to the effects of interaction between both factors.For all fertilizers, the highest NH 4 + concentrations were observed at 15 DAA, while for the control these values did not differ over time, with mean of 53.3 mg kg -1 .The NH 4 + concentration in the soil was very close between the fertilizers; however, the soil fertilized with urea + litter showed the highest NH 4 + concentrations until 22 DAA, being surpassed by the SuperN ® at 28 DAA.+ concentration along the time of application of 100 mg kg -1 of N (A) in the form of urea (○), Kimcoat ® (∆), SuperN ® (▼), urea + litter (■) and control, without fertilizer application (•), mean of two soil moisture conditions and soil NH 4 + concentration with application of 100 mg kg -1 of N at 80 and 100% of field capacity -FC (B) The poultry litter, for being an organic product used to coat urea + litter, according to Bowles et al. (2014), has high concentration of enzymes such as urease and, thus, the urea molecules in the treatment urea + litter were rapidly hydrolyzed, releasing higher NH 4 + concentrations since the beginning of the experimental period.On the other hand, the use of urease inhibitors such as NBPT, used in the SuperN ® , delayed the release of NH 4 + in comparison to the other fertilizers until 10 DAA, which is similar to the results of NH 3 fertilization of the experiment 1 (Figures 1 and 2).
The soil moisture also influenced the soil NH 4 + concentration over time (Figure 3).At 10 DAA, the treatments with moisture of 100% FC showed higher NH 4 + concentrations, probably because the lower availability of oxygen in this treatment limits the oxidation of NH 4 -N to NO 3 -N (Guo et al., 2014;Chen et al., 2015).
The soil NO 3 -concentration was also influenced by the soil moisture and N sources applied, linearly increasing over time (Figure 4).In systems without leaching, as the studied one, most mineral-N is generally in the form of NO 3 -, because the + ions present in the soil, which are catalyzed by the microbial action (Bowles et al., 2014;Chen et al., 2015).
Given the above, the faster the nitrification of the applied fertilizer, the greater its susceptibility to losses through leaching, because the NO 3 -ions are not adsorbed to the superficial charges of the colloids (Zaman & Blennerhassett, 2010).However, the evaluation period proved to be insufficient to reach the equilibrium between the amidic and nitric forms (Figure 5).Despite that temporal insufficiency, there was influence of soil moisture on the nitrification process, expressed by the lower availability of oxygen in the treatment of 100% FC, delaying the nitrification, with estimated mean of 38 days to reach the equilibrium between NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N, and of 31 days in the treatments with 80% FC.

Conclusions
1.The urea coated with poultry litter did not influence nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, regardless of the soil moisture condition.
2. The highest soil moisture content reduced the speed of nitrification of the soil nitrogen.
3. The urea coated with poultry litter can be used in substitution to other amidic nitrogen sources, regardless of the soil moisture condition.

Figure 2 .
Figure 1.Ammonia volatilization from the soil in percentage of the applied after application of 100 mg kg -1 of N in the form of urea (•), Kimcoat ® (○), Super N (▼) and urea + litter (∆) at the soil moistures of 80 (A) and 100% (B) of field capacity, subtracting the values of the control

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Percentage of total mineral-N of the soil in the forms of NH 4+ and NO 3 -along the time of application of 100 mg kg -1 of N in the form of urea, Kimcoat ® , SuperN ® , urea + litter, under two soil moisture conditions (80 and 100% FC)