Household arrangements of elderly persons in Brazil: analyses based on the national household survey sample (2009)

Introduction: Increased longevity and, consequently, a rise in the number of elderly persons in Brazil, has an effect on different sectors, especially family living arrangements. Objective: To analyze the socioeconomic profile of the family living arrangements of the elderly using PNAD micro-data (2009). Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study using PNAD micro-data (2009) was performed. The elderly family living arrangements that constituted households in Brazil were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the most representative arrangement was a couple who lived with their children and other relatives, Palavras-chave: Idosos; Características da Família;


INTRODUCTION
The global phenomenon of the growth of the elderly population is a global phenomenon of increasing significance in both developed and developing countries. 1azil is undergoing a process of significant population aging.In the 1940s and 1960s, the death rate in Brazil declined while the birth rate remained constant.In the second half of the 1960s there was a significant reduction in the birth rate, resulting in large differences in the age distribution of the Brazilian population.The same phenomenon took place in the majority of countries of Latin America and the Developing World. 2 The growth of the elderly population has occurred in different forms in various parts of the world.While in developed countries this process has occurred in a slower, more gradual manner, in developing countries it has taken place more quickly, with the society in question often unprepared to deal with it.As a result, despite being a global phenomenon, population aging differs between countries, states, regions and cities, as the manner in which it occurs depends on the socioeconomic, historic and political situation of each location. 3ojections suggest that in 2020 Brazil will have 30 million elderly people, the sixth biggest such population in the world. 4The elderly population is growing by around 650,000 each year, with elderly women being more numerous than elderly men.In the year 2000, 55.1% of the elderly population was composed of women, and for every 100 elderly women, there were 81.6 elderly men. 5 The situation remained the same in 2010, with women representing 55.8% of the elderly population of Brazil. 6This reality can be explained by the fact that women live, on average, eight years longer than men. 6nce the 1950s the elderly population, especially elderly women, has been concentrated in the urban areas of the country.The number of elderly people living in urban areas grew significantly, however, in proportion to the rest of the population, between 1950 and 1970. 7me studies 8 have considered that the place where an elderly person lives can influence his or her living arrangements.Urban areas, due to processes of modernization and urbanization, can generate a sense of individualism among people, affecting traditional customs and values.As such, it has become more acceptable for elderly people who live in urban areas to choose to live alone, resulting in new household arrangements.
In Brazil, the household arrangements of the elderly have been changing over the years due to sociodemographic and structural alterations and changes in values.The decision regarding the type of household arrangement of the elderly is not solely the choice of the elderly person and his or her family, but a reflection of a series of historic, sociocultural, political, economic and demographic factors, which can positively or negatively affect an individual's life.
Analysis of the data of the 2010 9 Demographic Census shows that between 2000 and 2010 there was an increase in the number of people living alone in Brazil, with the mean percentage rising from 8.6% to 12.1%.Such an increase was a largely urban tendency.Additionally, changes in cultural behavior, and the increase in marital separations and life expectancy have contributed to this statistic, making elderly persons choose to live alone.Some studies 7 have shown that one explanation for this is that, faced with widowhood or separation, women prefer to be the head of single parent families, to live in the homes of their children, alone or with relatives.Men, meanwhile, seem to prefer to rebuild their own family through new relationships, and when unable to do this, would rather live with children or relatives than to live alone, displaying, therefore, a greater degree of dependence.
In terms of household arrangements, the number of households whose head is an elderly person has increased since 1980.The number of households with elderly persons in the role of parent and/or mother or father-in-law and living with other relatives, has declined from 4.5% to 3.3% since the same year.Families with elderly members have a different structure, and are generally older, in a more advanced cycle of life, and have more women as heads of households than in families without elderly persons. 10 terms of income, there has been a drastic reduction in the number of low income elderly persons.In 1993 the number of elderly persons with a family income of up to half of the minimum salary was 21.5%, while in 2003, this percentage fell to 12.5%. 11

METHOD
The present cross-sectional study was quantitative and descriptive in nature, and employed secondary data.
The secondary data was taken from the 2009 PNAD, carried out by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (IBGE).This database was chosen due to the large quantity of information it contains regarding households, taken from the population at large, which allowed the identification and analysis of the profile of the different household arrangements in which the elderly persons were inserted.
The aim of the PNAD is to investigate, annually, the general characteristics of the population, such as: education, work, earnings and housing, as well as characteristics of migration, birth rates, marital status, health, food safety and other factors.It is produced with varying frequency, depending on the information needs of the country.These statistics represent, over the 44 years of the study, an important tool for the formulation, validation and evaluation of policies aimed at socioeconomic development and to improve the living conditions of the Brazilian people. 12e universe analyzed was the living arrangements of elderly persons resident in domestic units and living in all the regions of Brazil.
PNAD 2009 microdata was selected for this study.This data was extracted and statistically analyzed, using the STATA 12.0 (Data Analysis and Statistical Software) software program.
To delineate the socioeconomic profile of the different domestic arrangements in which the elderly persons were inserted, an exploratory analysis of the data was performed to clearly characterize the population being studied, so that clustering characteristics could be identified. 13th the aim of describing the panorama of the income of elderly persons in Brazil, the Gini index, 14 which consists of measuring the degree of income concentration in a particular group, identifying the difference in income between its richest and poorest members, was calculated.Generally the Gini coefficient varies from zero to one, in which zero represents a situation of equality, or in other words, where everyone earns the same, while a score of one represents the other extreme, in which one person earns all the wealth.
The results obtained in relation to the earnings of the elderly were shown in a Lorenz curve, which is a graphic, analytical tool which allows income distribution to be analyzed, as well as allowing the ordering of distribution of earnings in relation to well-being.The Lorenz curve shows the relationship between the proportion of people with an income elevated to a determined value, and the proportion of income received by these people. 15 addition to this characterization of household arrangements, regression least squared regression was performed, for the determinants of the monthly income of the families being studied.The linear regression model of monthly income is given by the following equation: + β 3 ethn + β 4 educ + β 5 urban + β 6 members + β 7 age + εi, with gender being a categorical variable with a value of 1 for male heads of household and 0 for female heads of households; job being 1 when the head of household was in work in the referenced week and 2 when he or she was not in work; educ represents the years of formal education of the head of household; urban is 1 when the household forms part of the urban area and 0 when it relates to a rural residence; members represents the maximum number of family members who lived in the house; and; ε is the term of regression error.Finally, to compare the possible factors that influenced the income of the household arrangements, a linear regression model was used.This is a statistical, descriptive and inferential technique, which consists of analyzing the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. 16 accordance with the Ethics Research Committee of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (the Federal University of Viçosa), as the data, while relating to humans, was taken from a public access database, it was not necessary to submit the project for approval.

Socioeconomic profile of the elderly persons
Of the 191.8 million people that PNAD (2009) surveyed, 20.2 million were aged 60 or older, representing 10.54% of the total population.The mean age of the elderly persons was 70.7 years (±7.7), with a minimum age of 61 and a maximum age of 112 years, with 75% aged 76 years or less and 10% aged 82 years or more.There was a predominance of females, of whom there were 11.3 million (55.87%), which can be explained by the fact that the life expectancy of women is greater, and by the high mortality of Brazilian men of all age groups, which results in a lower number of elderly men. 4 The educational level of the elderly persons remained low, with 61.01%(n=12.3 million) having only a primary level education.A total of 9.55% (n=1.9 million) had a high school education; 6.12% (n=1.2 million), a university education; and only 0.42% (n=0.08 million), a postgraduate education.
Figure 1 shows the geographic distribution of people aged 60 years or over according to Brazilian region and state.A greater concentration of elderly persons was found in the southeast, which was home to 47.2% (n=9.5 million) of the population of this age group.Contrastingly, the states with the lowest presence of old people in order of importance were: Amazonas, Distrito Federal (the Federal District), Sergipe, Tocantins, Rondônia, Acre, Amapá, and Roraima.Taken together, these states represent less than 5% of the national elderly population.
Additionally, it was noted that 83.16% (n=16.8 million) of elderly people resided in an urban zone, characterizing this segment of the population as urbanized, which could be explained by the fact that this region has the greatest population density, as well as offering better conditions and services to meet the needs of this age group.Data from the 2000 5 Demographic Census showed that living in the city can be a good choice for the elderly, as they can live closer to their children and access the services they require.In all family arrangements at least one of its members was classified as elderly.The reference person was considered the person responsible for the household.The spouse was the resident who lived conjugally with the reference person.The child was the person who was a childstepchild, adopted or foster child of the reference person and/ or his or her spouse.Other relatives were considered individual(s) who was or were not related to the reference person or his or her spouse.This classification was made from the aggregation of the "other relative", "non-blood relative", "lodger", "domestic worker" and "relative of domestic worker" that the National Household Survey (2009) uses to classify the inhabitants of household units.

Characterization of household arrangements of elderly persons
The sample employed cut-off points based on monthly per capita income, as the extreme values of this variable significantly altered its central tendency measurements, and as such, the results of the analysis.For the cut-off, a monthly per capita income of R$0.00 was taken as the minimum criteria and an income of R$65,000.00was used as the maximum criteria.In the distribution shown in Figure 2, the most frequent arrangement was couples who lived with children and other relatives, followed, in order of frequency, by single-parent arrangements and couples with children.It is worth noting that the lives alone arrangement was the penultimate in order of importance in the distribution of living arrangements.However, while in the case of elderly persons the number of single person households was not expressive in relation to the other domestic arrangements, the number of elderly persons living alone is increasing. 17 the families analyzed, 84.21% (n=11.93 million) had an elderly person as their head and, of these, 57.24% (n=6.82 million) had men as their heads.This distribution may be due to social gender stereotypes, based on distinct and hierarchical roles within the family, 18 which can influence the perception of the elderly persons and other family members in terms of the head of the family.This situation changes for the arrangement lives alone, where female heads of households are more frequent, representing 66.8% (n=1.70 million) of the total.In mixed and single parent arrangements there were also more female heads (84.7%; n=676,000 and 82.6%; n=2.16 million, respectively), as, in many cases, with faced with widowhood, women prefer to live alone rather than remarry or become heads of households.Some studies 19 consider that "widowhood is the predominant marital state among elderly women".This data has also been found by other studies, [20][21][22] which affirm that the increase in the life expectancy of women has created more widows and, subsequently, an increase in single person female households.
Of the households studied, the majority, 83.53% (n=11.83 million), lived in the urban areas of Brazil.
In terms of economic activity, only 27.6% (n=5.11 million) of the elderly persons were in work, and, of these, 64.3% (n=3.29 million) were men.Even when able to retire, many elderly persons prefer to remain in active employment.According to some studies, 23 the productive capacity of elderly persons in Brazil is growing, and has contributed to an increase in active aging.This change is a reflection of the improvement in the quality of life of the population, especially the older population, as in recent decades there has been a significant growth in the number of elderly persons and increased access to health services.
The distribution of income among elderly people in work was unequal, which was congruent with the estimates of national inequality in income distribution.In this sense, the Gini coefficient for monthly salary calculated was 0.63 (figure 4), with the coefficient for the monthly salary distribution of women slightly inferior (0.61).
In addition, the mean monthly salary of elderly men (R$1,319.00)was significantly greater than that of elderly women (R$801.00),resulting in an unequal participation in overall income.Women were responsible for only 20% of the total salary earnings of the study.With a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 15.89% (table 1), the household arrangements studied that were headed by men had, in 2009, a mean income that was R$420.00 greater than the monthly income of those headed by women, or in other words, there was inequality between the genders.Contrastingly, the results of regression analysis showed that elderly persons not in work received on average R$673.00less than elderly persons who were working during the reference week.This inequality in income has a direct influence on the consumption of goods and services, as elderly persons with a higher income have greater spending power, 24 which can have an effect on their quality of life.
In terms of ethnicity, with the exception of Asian-Brazilians, the monthly income of household arrangements with a Caucasian head of household was significantly higher than those with an Afro-Brazilian (R$1,032.00),mixed race (R$922.00)or indigenous (R$709,00) head of household.
It was also found that each additional year of schooling represented an increase of R$399.00 in the monthly income of households.The fact that the elderly persons lived in urban zones was an important determinant for income, since the coefficient of this independent variable was R$1,067.00 higher due to living in this type of area.Contrastingly, the number of members of a household and age had little influence on monthly income, with an increase of R$172.00 for each extra member of the household and R$28.00 more for each additional year of age.
As such, the importance for the study was to identify each type of household arrangement in which the elderly persons were inserted.The description of the profile of all of the constituent members of the household arrangements follows below.

Couple without children
The mean age of heads of households of couples without children was 69.3 years (±8.13), with a minimum age of 19 and a maximum age of 102.The majority of heads of households were men (87.24%; n=2,256,123).In relation to ethnicity, 62.35% (n=1,612,452) of heads of households considered themselves to be Caucasian; 30.87% (n=798,314), mixed race; 5.64% (n=145,818), Afro-Brazilian; 0.90% (n=23,299), Asian-Brazilian; and 0.24% (n=6,225), indigenous.The level of education of the majority of the heads of households was low, with 77% (n=1,659,113) having completed only primary education.

Couples without children or relatives
In the arrangement of couples without children or relatives, the mean age of the heads of households was 63.3 years (±12.93),with a minimum age of 20 years and a maximum age of 102 years.A total of 83.52% of the heads were male (n=619,360).In terms of ethnicity, 48.59% (n=360,325) described themselves as Caucasian; 42.34% (n=313.988),mixed race; 8.09% (n=60.023),Afro-Brazilian; 0.72% (n=5.339),Asian-Brazilian; and 0.26% (n=1.928),indigenous.The level of education of the heads of household was low, with 75.21% (n=444,292) having only a primary level education.

Single-parent
In single parent families, the mean age of the heads of households was 68.44 years (±11.47),with a minimum of 16 and a maximum of 107 years, with 83.56% (n=2,465,021) of the heads of households being women.In terms of ethnicity, 47.81% (n=1,410,403) considered themselves Caucasian; 41.68% (n=1,229,686), mixed race; 9.62% (n=283,731), Afro-Brazilian; 0.51% (n=14,964), Asian-Brazilian; and 0.38% (n=11,240), indigenous.The educational level of the heads of households could be considered low, with 78.68% (n=1,757,058) having only a primary level education.
Couples with children and relatives had younger heads of households (58.8 years), while couples without children had older heads of households (69.3 years), which could be explained by the stage of life in which these individuals find themselves.Only in the lives alone, mixed and single parent arrangements were the heads of households more frequently women.In all the arrangements, the head of household was predominantly Caucasian and the degree of education was primary level.Of the spousal arrangements, younger spouses were found in the couple with children and relatives arrangement (54.8 years), and older spouses in the couple without children arrangement (65.4 years).As with the heads of households, the spouses also declared themselves Caucasian command had a primary level education.
Due to its descriptive nature, the present study contributes important findings for the characterization of household arrangements in which elderly Brazilians are inserted.However, it is necessary to discover whether there is a relationship between the household arrangement to which the elderly person belongs and his or her quality of life.

CONCLUSION
The predominance of Caucasian ethnicity and the feminization of old age were noticeable, and there was a greater number of older women in relation to men.The education level of the elderly remains low, with most having only a primary level education.
The majority of elderly persons were concentrated in the southeast of the country, especially in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.Most elderly individuals reside in urban areas, a trend that can be explained by their seeking out services necessary for their requirements in these areas.
The employment rate among the elderly remains low, and of those in work, there was a predominance of males.Ethnicity and place of residence are the variables that most strongly influenced increases in the income of the elderly.
The most representative arrangement was couples who lived with their children and other relatives, followed by single parent arrangements and couples with children.Of the arrangements studied, most were headed by elderly men, except for in sole, single-parent and mixed arrangements, where most of the heads were older women.This situation can be explained by the fact that unlike men, widows or separated women prefer to live with their children, alone or with other relatives than remarry.However, it is believed that decisions taken by the elderly regarding the type of living arrangement are decisions not only of the elderly persons and their families, but a reflection of a number of historical, socio-cultural, political, economic and demographic factors and may interfere positively or negatively with quality of life.
Households are undergoing changes in, to name just a few characteristics, their constitution, size, arrangement and values.Among these alterations, an important change concerns the situation of elderly members, who in many cases are breadwinners, assuming the role of caregivers instead of being cared for.In this context, future studies should consider a historical and comparative analysis of the reality experienced by elderly residents of a developing country such as Brazil.Such studies can provide useful information on how elderly individuals and families in this country are adjusting to the aging process.
light of the above, the main investigative question the present study proposed to answer was: what are the different household arrangements in which elderly persons are inserted, and what are their socioeconomic characteristics?In this way, this study aimed to analyze the socioeconomic profile of different household arrangements in Brazil, based on microdata from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) (the National Household Sample Survey) of 2009.
The 2009 PNAD classification of household arrangements, which does not include, for example, single person arrangements, was restrictive for the purposes of the present study.It was therefore decided to create a new classification of household arrangements.This empirical classification, which corresponds principally to the possibilities/ limitations of the data base, was as follows: Lives Alone*; Mixed** , Couple without Children***; Couple that Lives with their Children****; Couple without Children or Relatives*****; Couple that Lives with Children and Relatives******; and Single Parent*******.Source: PNAD (2009)/IBGE.
According to the classification of household arrangements used in this study, in 2009, 41.38 million people lived with elderly persons, representing 14.16 million families.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Lorenz Curve of salary income of elderly persons in work.Brazil, 2009.

Table 1 .
Factors that influence monthly income of domestic units.Brazil, 2009.