Dietary level of cull pinto beans on nutrient digestibility and animal performance of finishing hair lambs

The objective was to evaluate the effect of cull pinto beans (CPB) (Phaseolus vulgaris) on performance of feedlot lambs. Seventy-two crossbred hair-breed lambs (Dorper × Pelibuey and Kathadin × Pelibuey) were used (75±6 days old and 18.7±3.89 kg of initial body weight). Animals were fed twice daily. Diets consisted of 20% alfalfa hay and 80% concentrate based on ground sorghum grain and were formulated to contain 17.9% crude protein and 2.60 Mcal/kg metabolizable energy. Treatments were (dry matter basis): no CPB (0%), 10% CPB, and 20% CPB. Lambs were blocked by body weight and treatments and arranged in a 2 × 3 arrangement of treatments. Body weights were recorded initially and subsequently at 14-day intervals for a total 70 number of days. Dry matter intake was recorded daily. Apparent dry matter digestibility was predicted using insoluble acid detergent fiber. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Final body weight and average daily gain decreased linearly with increasing CPB level and were greater for males than females. A level × gender interaction was observed for dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Data for hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight decreased linearly as CPB level increased and were greater for males. Carcass yield, longissimus muscle area, and dressing percentage were greater for males. Dressing percentage quadratically increased as CPB level increased. Cull pinto beans are a suitable ingredient for feedlot hair-breed lambs, but the inclusion of more than 10% of CPB level decreases animal performance.


Introduction
Feed price increments have driven sheep producers to look for new alternatives in animal feeding.Agricultural byproducts are alternatives to replace high-priced grains.An alternative is cull pinto beans (CPB, Phaseolus vulgaris L.) popularly known as kidney beans.Mexico has an inventory of 7,306,600 sheep (INEGI, 2007), of which the main product is finished lambs for the domestic market.Feeding lambs in feedlot is a common practice in Mexico.Also, about 1.7 million ha are planted with beans (SIAP, 2010).In 2014, 1,273,957.14tons of beans were produced in Mexico (SIAP, 2016).Therefore, those that do not fulfill the quality standards for human consumption (20% approximately) can be potentially used in animal feeding.So, CPB represent a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals, and complex carbohydrates.However, they also contain anti nutritional factors such as protease inhibitors and polyphenols, lectins, and phytic acid, among others (Mejía et al., 2003), causing a detrimental effect on diet quality (Díaz-Batalla et al., 2006).Nonetheless, their effect on finishing hair-breed lambs fed high-concentrate diets is unknown and feeding high-concentrate diets is not a common practice in Mexico (Villalobos et al., 2006).It was hypothesized that the use of CPB would be a good feed alternative for hair-breed lambs.Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of CPB supplement on animal performance, apparent digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing hair-breed lambs.

Material and Methods
All procedures involving animals were approved by local official techniques for animal care (NOM-051-ZOO-1995: Humanitarian care of animals during mobilization of animals and NOM-024-ZOO-1995: Animal health stipulations and characteristics during transportation of animals).This study was conducted in Chihuahua city, Chihuahua, México (28º35'09"N and 106º06'27"W).
Seventy-two crossbred hair-breed lambs (Dorper × Pelibuey and Katahdin × Pelibuey) were used (36 ewe lambs and 36 wethers, 75±6 days of age and 18.7±3.89kg of initial body weight).At the start of the experiment, all lambs were identified, vaccinated with a three-way clostridial vaccine (Bacterina triple bovina, Bio -ZOO S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico), treated for external and internal parasites with ivermectin (Iverfull, Aranda Salud Animal, Querétaro, Querétaro, México), and received vitamin A, D, and E supplement.Lambs were sorted by gender and assigned within gender to one of four body weight (BW) blocks.Within each gender/BW block, three animals were assigned at random to a pen (outdoors; 2.5 × 2 m), thus forming three gender/BW pens.Then, the three pens within each gender/BW block were allocated at random to one of the three dietary treatments.Therefore, there were a total of 24 pens, each containing three lambs and the experimental design was a randomized block with a factorial arrangement of two genders (wether, ewe) × 3 levels of CPB (0%, 10%, 20%) × 4 replicates (blocks) with pens of three lambs forming the experimental plots.Diets were mixed weekly and consisted of 20% alfalfa hay and 80% concentrate based on ground sorghum grain.Treatments consisted (dry matter basis) of: 0% CPB, control; 10% CPB (low cull pinto beans); and 20% CPB (high cull pinto beans) in the total diet, with beans replacing ground sorghum grain, cottonseed meal, and corn distillers' grains in the ration.Diets were formulated to contain 17.9% of crude protein and 2.60 Mcal/kg of metabolizable energy (Table 1).The diets were offered ad libitum with the food being refreshed at 7.00 and 17.00 h daily; lambs were allowed free access to water.During the experiment, two lambs from low CPB and one lamb from control group were removed from the study because of respiratory disease that was not related to the treatments.Animals were gradually adjusted to an 80% concentrate diet before the trial started.
Body weights were recorded initially and subsequently at 14-day intervals for a total of 70 days.Feed and refusal (10%) samples were taken once weekly and composite samples were formed over 14-day intervals.
Feed samples were ground in a Wiley mill through a 1-mm screen (Wiley mill model 4, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ) and subjected to all or part of the following analysis: dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, methods 930.15, 942.15, and 990.02, respectively (AOAC, 1997).Acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were determined sequentially according to Van Soest et al. (1991) using an Ankom 200 fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY).
One animal from each of the 24 pens (the one that represent the average body weight for the pen) was selected to evaluate experimental diet digestibility (34±4.1 kg of body weight and 163±6 days of age).Animals were kept outdoors in pens (2.5 × 2 m) and the same schedule of feeding regime was followed.The digestibility trial was eight days in length, with five days for dry matter intake (DMI) measurements, and three days for fecal collections.During collection, fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum four times daily as follows: day 1, 08.00, 10.00, 12.00, and 14.00 h; day 2, 16.00, 18.00, 20.00, and 22.00 h; and day 3, 00.00, 02.00, 04.00, and 06.00 h.Individual fecal samples consisted of approximately 50 g (wet basis).Samples for each animal were composited for analysis and stored at -20 ºC.
Composited fecal samples were dried in a forced-air oven (60 ºC) for five days.Feed, orts, and fecal samples were ground in a Wiley mill through a 1-mm screen and analyzed for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber as described previously.Feed and fecal samples were incubated in a DAISY II system (Ankom Technology Corp. Fairport, NY) during five days (Mabjeesh et al., 2000).After incubation, bags were washed four times with cold water for 5 min and then dried (60 ºC) for 24 h.Concentration of acid detergent fiber was determined in the bag residue to calculate the percentage of indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) (Penning and Johnson, 1983).
Apparent dry matter digestibility was predicted using insoluble acid detergent fiber according to the following formula (Schneider and Flatt, 1975): Apparent digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were calculated using the formula: Lambs were slaughtered after concluding the digestibility trial.Food was withheld for 18 h and water for 12 h before slaughter and their fasted body weight was taken just before slaughter.Hot carcass weight (HCW) was determined on the day of slaughter.Carcass yield was calculated with the formula CY = (HCW×100)/slaughter weight.Carcasses were chilled for 36 h at 4 ºC and cold carcass weight (CCW) was recorded.Carcasses were ribbed at the 12th rib, and longissimus muscle area was measured between the 12th and 13th ribs (USDA, 1992).Dressing percentage was estimated as (CCW×100)/slaughter weight.
Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1.3).Pen was the experimental unit.When significant (P<0.05),F-statistics were obtained and means were separated using polynomial contrast.
The mathematical model used was: y ijklm = µ + τ i + ρ j + σ k + Θ ik + a l + b m + e ijklm , in which y ijklm = observed value of the variable that received the level of CPB i, day j, gender k, block l, and pen m; µ = overall mean; τ i = dietary level of CPB effect; ρ j = effect of the day of measurement; σ k = effect of gender; Θ ik = interaction between level of CPB and effect of gender; a l = BW block; b m = effect of pen; and e ijklm = random error associated with each observation.

Results
Initial body weight (kg) was not different among treatments (P>0.05).Final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) decreased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing CPB level (Table 2) and was greater (P<0.01) for males.Dry matter intake was not affected (P>0.05) by CPB level; however, it was greater for males than for females (P<0.04).As a result of the linear decrease in average daily gain without  2 Probabilities for the treatment (TRT), lamb gender (Gender), and interaction of treatment × lamb gender (TRT × Gender) effect.
3 Probabilities for the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) effects of cull pinto bean levels.
effect on dry matter intake with increasing CPB level, DMI:ADG ratio (P>0.05)increased linearly as CPB level increased and it was greater (P<0.03) for females than for males.
Cull pinto beans level × gender interaction (P<0.03) was observed for apparent dry matter digestibility.Dry matter digestibility for males linearly decreased (P<0.05) but quadratically increased for females (P>0.05) with increasing CPB level (Table 2).Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was not affected (P>0.05) by CPB.Cull pinto beans level × gender interaction was observed for apparent digestibility of crude protein (P<0.04) and it decreased for males (P<0.04) and was unaffected for females (P>0.05).Data for digestible dry matter intake showed a CPB level × gender interaction (P<0.05).For males, digestible dry matter intake quadratically increased (P<0.05), but for females, it linearly decreased (P<0.02) with increasing level of CPB in the diet.Digestible neutral detergent fiber intake was greater (P<0.03) for males than for females, while digestible crude protein intake linearly decreased (P<0.01) with increasing CPB level in the diet and it was greater (P<0.01) for males than females.

Discussion
Decreased performance could have been from possible effects of anti-nutritional factors on protein digestibility in the small intestine (Mejía et al., 2003).Different studies have shown the negative effects of anti-nutritional factors when high levels of legumes are offered to ruminants.These results are in agreement to those found in the present study.Williams et al. (1984) showed that yearling cattle fed raw kidney beans had greater circulating antibodies to bean lectins, indicating absorption of lectins.Rush et al. (1998), in a study in which steers were fed different levels of cull dry edible beans (0, 7.5, and 15% of dry matter) found that, as level of beans increased in the ration, the body weight gains decreased linearly.Similar to the results of Rush et al. (1998), average daily gain was lowest in steers receiving diet containing the greatest proportion of beans (Williams et al., 1984).Moreover, average daily gain decreased linearly with increasing lentil screenings (0, 12.5, 25, and 33%) in feedlot lamb diets (Stanford et al., 1999).Feeding growing animals on diets containing beans as a source of protein brings about a number of undesirable effects.These effects are basically reflected by growth inhibition, poor nitrogen balance, and reduced intestinal absorption of sugars and amino acids (Marzo et al., 2002).Williams et al. (1984) concluded that the toxic nature of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv.Processor) is not restricted to monogastric animals.Gilbery et al. (2007) found that field peas, cheakpeas, or lentils did not affect dry matter intake in feedlot cattle when corn-based diets were provided and Lardy et al. (2009) found that field peas did not affect dry matter intake of finishing feedlot steers.Dry matter intake has been reported to decrease with the inclusion of beans (Rush et al., 1998), kidney beans (Williams et al., 1984), lentil screenings (Stanford et al., 1999), and field peas (Soto-Navarro et al., 2004) on diets for lambs or cattle.Rush et al. (1998) reported improvements of DMI:ADG ratio when including dry edible beans in diets for growing cattle.Available data agree with our results.The amount of feed required per unit of gain has been reported to increase in diets containing kidney beans (Williams et al., 1984) or lentil screenings (Surra et al., 1992;Stanford et al., 1999).However, faba beans did not affect DMI:ADG ratio in lamb diets (Surra et al., 1992).
Because dry matter intake was not affected by CPB level, the decrease in average daily gain is attributed to the decreased in digestibility of dry matter and crude protein.
Researchers have shown that feeding raw beans to young pigs can negatively affect protein digestibility, reduce pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase activity and reduce systemic protein utilization (Myer et al., 1982;Myer and Froseth, 1983).Enzyme inhibitors can diminish protein digestibility and lectins can reduce nutrient absorption (Lajolo and Genovese, 2002).The presence of these antinutritional factors could explain the decrease in digestibility and, therefore, the decrease in performance.In agreement with present results, Williams et al. (1984) reported that raw beans caused diarrhea and depressed performance in young ruminants fed feedlot diets.Similarly, Stanford et al. (1999) reported that lentil screenings decreased apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber.Moreover, Soto-Navarro et al. (2004) found that field peas decreased forage crude protein in situ degradation.Including CPB in the diet affects carcass weight.Addition of this ingredient can be justified when the cost allows its inclusion.Because the reduction in carcass weights, more time on feed is necessary to achieve the cold carcass weight required by the local market for finished lambs.More information is necessary to understand the effects of legume grains on organoleptic characteristics of meat lamb.

Conclusions
Cull pinto beans are a suitable substitute up to 10% for a combination of sorghum grain, cottonseed meal, and corn distillers' grains in a concentrate diet.However, inclusion of cull pinto beans in more than 10% in concentrate diets for lambs results in negative effects on apparent dry matter and crude protein digestibilities, animal performance, and carcass characteristics.