GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES UNDER VARIOUS IRRIGATION LEVELS 1

This study evaluated the growth and agro-industrial productivity of sugarcane varieties subjected to different irrigation levels in the county of Penápolis São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with a factorial arrangement of 2 × 7 (two cultivars of sugarcane: RB965902 and RB855453, at seven irrigation levels: L0 = 0%, L1 = 25%, L2 = 50%, L3 = 75%, L4 = 100%, L5 = 125%, and L6 = 150% of crop evapotranspiration ETc) with four replicates. The irrigation system was a subsurface drip at a flow rate of 1.4 L h. The variables evaluated were tillering, culm length, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter, and industrial productivity. The maximum number of plants per linear meter was 30 for variety RB965902 at 100% ETc, and 29 for variety RB855453 at 125% of ETc. Maximum tillering occurred at 120 and 150 days after planting (DAP) for RB965902 and RB855453, respectively. The maximum LAI of BR965902 was 9.57 at 210 DAP and 9.81 at 201 DAP for the RB855453 variety. The RB855453 variety produced an average of 178.93 t ha with irrigation and 164.81 t ha without, while the variety RB965902 produced 164.08 t ha and 154.61 t ha with and without irrigation, respectively. At harvest, the total recoverable sugars (TRS) were 129.62 kg t for RB965902 and 131.63 kg t for RB855443. The RB855453 variety produced on average 14.19 t ha more than the RB965902 variety.


INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a crop of great social and economic importance for Brazil, the world´s largest producer, as it generates employment and foreign export.The state of São Paulo (SP) is the largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil, responsible for 52% of all sugarcane processed for sugar and alcohol production in the country.In the harvest of 2015/2016, SP was responsible for the production of 367.6 million tons of sugarcane in an area of approximately 4.5 million hectares (CONAB, 2016).
The sucro-energy sector has suffered from diverse problems, such as a lack of water, as rainfall is not always sufficient to satisfy the water requirements of plants, was well as poor water distribution.This has led to the application of additional irrigation that when well managed and used with the right plant variety, increases productivity and excellent financial returns.In subsurface drip irrigation, water is applied directly to the root system of the crop using buried drip tubes to maintain the soil moisture in the root area near to the field capacity (BERNARDO et al., 2008).
In spite of the advanced technology used in sugarcane production, the sector still lacks substantial information, especially in relation to the factors involved in the growth of sugarcane subjected to different water availability.Various studies carried out in Brazil evaluated only production elements, without considering the physiological responses of the crop during its development (DANTAS NETO et al., 2006;DALRI et al., 2008).
Therefore, the analysis of crop growth cycles allows a sequential assessment of various development phases of the plant (SANTOS et al., 2009) and subsequently the quantification of growth rates in different environmental conditions, which is considered a standard method of measuring biological productivity in plant species (OLIVEIRA et al., 2004).In addition, it provides information without the need for special equipment or environmental conditions.
Knowledge of crop responses during the vegetative cycle allows us to establish the appropriate management and to improve the efficiency of fertilizer application, irrigation, and timing of planting, so that the highest growth phase coincides with the greatest water availability (RAMESH, 2008).
Sugarcane may be influenced by different levels of irrigation during its growth (DANTAS NETO et al., 2006;GONVCALVES et al., 2009).In addition, morphophysiological development of the plant is also affected by water availability, with a reduction in tillering and the number of culms suitable for processing (FARIAS et al., 2008).
This study aimed to evaluate the growth and productivity of two varieties of sugarcane during the first-cut cycle, when subjected to different irrigation levels, in the municipality of Penápolis -SP.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in a 0.5-ha area in the farm of São Francisco, Penápolis -SP, at the geographical coordinates of 21° 15′ 00″ S, 50° 02′ 00″ W, at an altitude of 415 m.The soil in the experimental area was classified as dystrophic Red Latosol, with medium sandy texture (EMBRAPA, 2013), according to its chemical characteristics (Table 1).
Table 1.Chemical characteristics of the soil at a depth of 0 -20 cm.
Soil preparation consisted of subsoiling, plowing, grading, and contouring.The initial fertilizer application was based on chemical analysis of the soil, with a view to achieving productivity of over 100 t ha -1 .To achieve this, we applied 30 kg ha -1 of nitrogen in the form of urea, 180 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 in the form of triple superphosphate, and 120 kg ha -1 of K 2 O in the form of potassium chloride, following RAIJ et al. (1997).
Planting was carried out in double rows with 0.60 m between the two rows.The spacing between each set of double rows was 1.40 m.The irrigation system used was a subsurface drip feeding system, with each drip dispenser spaced 50 cm apart and a flow rate of 1.40 L h -1 (autocompensating).
Meteorological data to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ET O ) and to manage the irrigation was obtained from a meteorological station installed in the experimental area.The ET O was estimated using the "Class A pan" method employing the equation in which: ECA = water evaporation observed in the "Class A pan" (mm day -1 ); Kp = pan adjustment coefficient (dimensionless).The daily value of Kp was estimated from the following equation (FAO/56)  (ALLEN et al., 1998): , in which: U = average daily wind speed at a height of 2 m (km day -1 ); F = length (extent) from the border area (m); H = average daily relative humidity (%).
Evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc) was estimated according to the local ET O and the crop coefficient (Kc) of DOORENBOS and KASSAM (1994).
These values are shown in  (1994).
At 60 days after planting (DAP), we started the irrigation, adopting a fixed irrigation frequency of every second day.Growth assessments started at 90 DAP and were conducted at 30 day intervals.The evaluation of growth used the number of plants per linear meter, height of plants, and leaf area index (LAI).To determine the length of the culm, we measured the distance from the ground to the last leaf ear segment visible + 1.The number of plants per linear meter was counted.LAI was obtained by dividing the total leaf area of the plants by the land area.The leaf area (LA) was calculated with the following equation: LA = L × W × 0.75 × (N + 2) in which: L is the leaf length, W is the leaf width, 0.75 is the correction factor, and N is the number of leaves open to at least 20% of the green area (HERMANN;CÂMARA, 1999).The plots consisted of eight crop rows, and the four central rows of each plot were used to determine the productivity at 360 DAP.
The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and significant differences were tested using the F test (P < 0.05).The Scott-Knott test was applied at 0.05 probability to compare averages.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 3 shows rainfall distribution, irrigation levels, and average air temperature throughout the crop cycle.Cumulative rainfall was 1,453.75mm.We applied 130.85, 261.77, 392.64, 523.54, 654.40, and 785.29 mm to represent the irrigation levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and 150% of ETc, respectively.The volume of water applied at the irrigation level corresponding to 25% of Etc, combined with rainfall, was within the recommended annual range of 1,500 -2,000 mm for sugarcane.This amount of water supply is sufficient for optimal productivity (INMAN-BAMBER; SMITH, 2005) if it is well distributed over the crop lifecycle.
The rainfall during the experiment was 142.94 mm, which was 9.86% above the average (1,312.89mm) for the same period between 1990 and 2015.Rainfall in the rainy season was 1,409.21mm, corresponding to 96.93% of the annual rainfall, while in the dry season, only 44.50 mm of rainfall was recorded, corresponding to 3.06% of the annual rainfall.In January, it rained the equivalent of 28.38% of the entire annual rainfall (Table 3).
The highest levels of irrigation were concentrated between July and October when the plants were between 90 and 180 DAP.After that, irrigation levels were reduced until the end of the experiment.The greatest volume of rainfall was between January and March.From January, rainfall was almost sufficient to meet the water requirements of the crop with only 9.02 mm of irrigation required at the beginning of March (Table 3).
There was minimal variation in air temperature throughout the crop cycle, with a maximum of 28.97 °C in November and a minimum of 20 °C in May 2010.The average temperature was 24.03 °C (Table 3).The base temperature for sugarcane is around 20 °C, and the ideal temperature range for optimal growth is within an average daily temperature range of 22 -30 °C.In these conditions, the crop shows maximum growth and at temperatures under 20 °C and over 38 °C, the culm do not lengthen (DOREMBOS; KASSAM, 1994).
For the south and southeast regions of Brazil, temperatures of 18 -20 °C are critical for sugarcane growth.Thus, the average temperature range during the crop period was within the range suitable for sugarcane, which, according to MAGALHÃES (1987), should vary between 20 and 30 °C.Therefore, temperature was not a limiting factor for crop growth.29, n. 4, p. 945 -955, out The number of sugarcane plants per linear meter is shown in Figure 1.For the RB965902 variety, we observed that the peak occurred at 120 DAP in all treatments.Meanwhile, the 100% level of ETc showed better tillering (30 plants per linear meter), and the 150% level of ETc produced the lowest, with only 23 plants.After 120 DAP, the number of plants steadily declined until harvest, when a 60% reduction was seen for the 100% level of ETc, and a 50% reduction for the 150% level of ETc, with averages of 10.5 and 11.5 plants per linear meter, respectively.In irrigated sugarcane, Farias et al. (2008) reported a maximum of 24 plants per linear meter, and only 14 plants without irrigation.At 360 DAP, the plots irrigated with 150% of ETc had, on average, 11.5 plants per linear meter, which was higher than in plots with other levels of irrigation and the non-irrigated plot that had 8.5 plants per linear meter.Even though the 150% level of ETc had lower values at points during the experiment, it surpassed the other irrigation levels at 360 DAP (Figure 1).Some varieties of sugarcane reach their peak at 120 DAP (CASAGRANDE, 1991).The results for the RB965902 variety are in agreement with those published by Orlando Filho and Rodella (1995), who recorded maximum tillering (29 plants per linear meter) at 120 DAP.
For the variety RB855453, the maximum tillering occurred at 150 DAP, and the treatments corresponding to 125% and 150% levels of ETc presented the highest numbers of plants per linear meter, which were 29 and 28.75, respectively.Meanwhile, the 0% level (without irrigation) presented the least number ( 22 irrigation levels showed a reduction in numbers of plants up to harvest time, with reductions of 51.72% for the 125% level, 51.32% for the 150% level, and 50% for the 0% level (Figure 1).The variety RB855453 showed an increase in the number of plants concurrent with greater water availability.Conversely, at 360 DAP the greatest number of plants was observed in the treatment corresponding to the 25% level of ETc, and the smallest in the 75% level of ETc (Figure 1).Oliveira et al. (2004) reported a reduction of 27% for the variety RB72454, 52% for RB855113, and 57% for RB855536, between maximum tillering and the harvest time.This response was related to an increase in intra-species competition for resources such as water, light, nutrients, and space, which resulted in the death of the younger, weaker, or more poorly positioned shoots.
The maximum tillering can be achieved in less time than was observed in this study.Ramesh and Mahadevaswany (2000) reported maximum tillering at 120 DAP under conditions of severe and moderate water availability stress, and at 90 DAP in conditions without water stress, with 31, 28, and 34 plants per linear meter, respectively.
The maximum number of tillers in a relatively short period was obtained by Silva et al. ( 2008 The variation in tillering observed among different authors might result from the interaction between high temperatures and irregular rainfall occurring in the regions where the studies were conducted (SUGUITANI, 2011), in addition to the genetic characteristics of the plants used (OLIVEIRA et al., 2007).
Once the culms started to elongate, there was a reduction in the number of plants for both varieties.After establishing the plant (maximum tillering), the crop started to use resources for vertical growth, with growth rates depending on the variety of plant and irrigation level (Figure 2).The three growth phases occurred in different periods.The variety RB965902 presented the first phase up to 120 DAP, with an average height of 32.90 cm.During this phase, the 50% irrigation level provided the fastest growth rate (0.30 cm day -1 ) and the 0% level the slowest rate (0.23 cm day -1 ).In addition, the growth was slow as young plants had a small LA, which reduced the solar absorption rate and, thus, the rate of plant growth.Oliveira et al. (2005) reported that the slow growth in the initial phase of the crop was related to the morphological characteristics of the plant canopy, which were not sufficient to capture solar radiation.
The second phase occurred between 120 and 270 DAP.In this period, the growth was rapid and linear, with an average increase of 282.79 cm.The 75% level of ETc had the fastest growth, growing 1.96 cm day -1 , and the 150% level had the slowest, with growth of only 1.81 cm day -1 .This same pattern was observed by Alvarez and Castro (1999) and INMAN-BAMBER et al. (2002), who reported that culm elongation coincided with the period in which the LA was greatest.
The third phase (maturation) occurred from 270 to 360 DAP.In general, the maturation process was characterized by a stable number of plants, which was maintained at approximately the same level from 270 DAP (Figure 1).Growth was reduced for plants in the 125% level of ETc treatment, which showed an average increase of 116.04 cm and a maximum growth rate of 1.45 cm day -1 .The minimum growth rate was 1.05 cm day -1 for the 50% level of ETc treatment.This response occurred as a result of the involvement of photoassimilates in the form of sucrose, which was detrimental to culm elongation (KEATING et al., 1999).Oliveira et al. (2004) also reported greater growth after maximum tillering, when the variety RB855536 grew 99.2 cm in only 44 days.Farias et al. (2008) observed a height of 40 cm at 98 DAP for the variety SP79-1011, reaching maximum heights of 152.8 cm at 194 DAP under irrigation and 148.1 cm at 236 DAP without irrigation.
The variety RB855453 showed the first phase of development up to 150 DAP, when plants showed an average height of 43.74 cm.The 150% level of ETc enabled the fastest growth rate (0.33 cm day -1 ) and the 0% level the slowest rate (0.24 cm day -1 ).In this period, the variety RB855453 showed faster growth rates with increased irrigation.The second phase of growth occurred between 150 and 300 DAP, where an average increase of 260.59 cm was observed.In this phase, the 125% level of ETc produced the fastest growth rate (1.84 cm day -1 ) and 0% the slowest growth rate (1.68 cm day -1 ).
The third growth phase for the variety RB855453 occurred between 300 and 360 DAP, with an average increase of 72.02 cm day -1 .The fastest and slowest growth rates were observed for levels of irrigation at 75% and 125% of ETc, which were 1.41 and 1.02 cm day -1 , respectively.For the variety RB855453, the 150% level of ETc provided the fastest growth rate only in the first growth phase.During the phase of the fastest growth of the sugarcane plant in the region of Paranavaí (PR), Oliveira et al. (2005) reported rates of culm elongation of 1.6 cm day -1 for the variety RB855113, 1.8 cm day -1 for the variety RB855536, and 2.0 cm day -1 for the variety RB72454, and attributed the reduced rate of culm growth to the plant self-shading during maturation.The growth and death of tillers in sugarcane has been greatly affected by lack of water in India (RAMESH; MAHADEVASWAMY, 2000).
The two varieties in this study, which were cultivated under the same water availability conditions, exhibited different responses in the various phases of development.These responses showed that variety RB965902 was less affected when subjected to different treatments, presenting faster overall growth rates.However, the variety RB855453 showed inferior size at harvest time (Figure 2).The variation in the height of the plant is an indication of either tolerance or susceptibility of the plant variety to the lack of water (SILVA et al., 2008).
Figure 3 shows the LAI values of the two sugarcane varieties subjected to the different irrigation levels.The LAI reflects the capacity of the plant to efficiently convert solar energy into biomass, and is therefore important for predicting the capture of solar radiation during photosynthesis.The maximum LAI occurred in different periods of crop development, at 210 DAP for the variety RB965902 and at 240 DAP for RB855453.An increased irrigation level did not provide the maximum LAI across the different seasons of the experiment (Figure 3).The variety RB965902 showed increasing linear growth until 210 DAP, when LAI reached an average value of 8.17.The maximum LAI (9.57) was observed when the crop was irrigated at 100% of ETc, and the minimum (6.71) with irrigation at 75% of ETc.After 210 DAP, LAI started to decline until the harvest time (Figure 3).
The observed reduction between the maximum LAI and the harvest time was 41.63% and 40.60% for the 100% and 75% levels of ETc, respectively (Figure 3).Therefore, if the number of plants per linear meter started to decline from 120 DAP (Figure 1), i.e., the time at which LAI growth continued to accelerate, it is evident that the number of plants was influenced by an increased number of leaves and dimensions of the LA.At 360 DAP, the LAI of plots irrigated with the equivalent of 125% of ETc (5.72), was higher than LAI in plots irrigated at other levels, while the plots irrigated with the equivalent of 75% of ETc had the lowest LAI (3.99).
The variety RB855453 presented three growth phases in relation to LAI.The first occurred between planting and 180 DAP (Figure 3), characterized by a slow growth with an average LAI of 4.64.In this period, the maximum and minimum values were observed in the levels corresponding to 100% (5.2) and 25% (4.2) of ETc, respectively.The second development phase was marked by rapid linear growth between 180 and 240 DAP, and was the season in which the maximum LAI was observed in the 25% of ETc plots (9.81), and the minimum in the 50% of ETc plots (8.05).In the third phase, the process of reduction began and continued until the harvest time.This phase produced average LAI values of 6.92, with a maximum of 8.22 for the treatment corresponding to 125% of ETc and a minimum of 6.10 without irrigation.
As LAI was influenced by the LA, the number of leaves, and the number of plants, and the latter started to decline between 120 and 150 DAP, it was observed from Figure 3 that leaf senescence occurred in different stages irrespective of water restrictions.
The maximum LAI values observed in this study were higher than that observed in sugarcane plants (4.92) by Robertson et al. (1999), and those obtained under full irrigation at 152 DAP (6.82), and without irrigation at 147 DAP (6.80) by Farias et al. (2008).Additionally, Oliveira et al. (2004) reported a maximum of 4.8 and 5.8 for varieties RB72454 and RB855113, respectively, at 377 DAP, and 4.5 at 323 DAP for the variety RB855536.
For other sugarcane varieties in different cultivation cycles, some authors have observed a maximum LAI of 4.9 at 120 DAP (SANTOS et al., 2009), while in ratoon cane, Almeida et al. (2008) reported LAI of 6.0 at 210 DAP.In this study, we observed a period of high LAI growth until 210 DAP for the variety RB965902 and until 240 DAP for RB855453 (Figure 3), as the rate of leaf emergence may have been higher than leaf senescence in this period.This confirmed that the size of the photosynthetic apparatus was largely established in the period of faster growth rates for both varieties, aiming at higher solar energy capture.Therefore, in the period of maximum development, LAI should be between 9.0 and 12.There was a parabolic function for LAI during the annual cycle of the crop, with low values at the beginning, a peak in the middle, followed by a decline concurrent with leaf senescence and reduced tillering (FARIAS et al., 2007).For Gomide and Gomide (1999) the reduction in the number of leaves and the LA occurred due to the advanced age of the leaves, combined with an increase in respiratory activity.
In relation to this, Machado et al. (1982) reported that the ideal LAI is approximately 4.0, which would be sufficient to capture approximately 95% of photosynthetically active radiation.The magnitude and duration of LAI is related to the capturing capacity of the canopy.Thus, LAI is correlated with photosynthesis and the accumulation of dry material in unstressed conditions (TAVARES, 2009).
Culm productivity was directly related to growth variables, and this relationship differed between varieties.Figure 4 shows that the variety RB855453 subjected to an irrigation level of 75% achieved the greatest productivity (189.26t ha -1 ), and that this may have been influenced by a greater plant height (394.17cm) and culm diameter (31.33 mm) at 360 DAP (Figures 4A and 4C).
For the variety RB965902, the increased productivity occurred as the irrigation level increased and Figure 4D shows a maximum yield of 173.73 t ha -1 , and a greater number of plants per linear meter (11.5).Thus, we observed a correlation between the number of plants and productivity for variety RB965902.
No relationship was observed between LAI and productivity at 360 DAP (Figure 4B), despite the fact that this index directly correlates with the capture of solar radiation during the entire period of crop development, i.e., its influence on biomass production occurs from the time of canopy formation and not just near harvest time.
Table 4 shows the results of analysis of variance of agricultural productivity and agro-industrial attributes.The F test showed that the varieties had significantly different culm productivity (TCH) and tons of sugar per hectare (TSH).*Significant or non-significant (ns) at 5% probability by the F test.Averages followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different from each other by the Scott-Knott test.TCH = tons of cane per hectare, TSH = tons of sugar per hectare, and TRS = total recoverable sugars (kg t -1 ).
Table 4 shows that the variety RB855453 presented an average productivity higher than RB965902.Average yields of 178.93 and 164.81 t ha -1 were observed for variety RB855453 in the irrigated and non-irrigated treatments, respectively.Average yields of 164.08 and 154.61 t ha -1 were observed for RB965902 in the irrigated and non-irrigated treatments, respectively.Under the same conditions, the variety RB855453 presented an average increase of 14.19 t ha -1 , indicating possible greater efficiency in the use of water.The average productivity of non-irrigated plots was 159.71 t ha -1 , which was above the Brazilian average (76.7 t ha -1 ) for SP (81.7 t ha -1 ) and for the northeast (49.3 t ha -1 ) in the harvest of 2015/2016(CONAB, 2016)).
Experimental results from various regions of Brazil published by RIDESA revealed that the variety RB965902 produced 128.50 t ha -1 in the sugarcane plant cycle, 119.70 t ha -1 in the first ratoon cut, and 113.50 t ha -1 in the second ratoon cut.
Meanwhile, the variety RB855453 produced 128.30t ha -1 in the first-cut cycle, 115.10 t ha -1 in the first ratoon cut, and 114.90 t ha -1 in the second ratoon cut, in non-irrigated crops (DAROS et al., 2010), which are all lower than the results in this study.
Some studies carried out with drip irrigation of sugarcane in various regions of the country report results that are similar to or higher than those in this study.In the region of Botucatu (SP), DALRI et al. (2008) reported productivity of 300.46 t ha -1 with irrigation, and 202.23 t ha -1 without irrigation.In the region of Jaú (SP), Silva et al. (2008) reported yields of 78.18 t ha -1 for the variety IAC86-2480 and 90.30 t ha -1 for RB72454 without irrigation.
For tons of sugar per hectare (TSH), a significant effect was observed only between varieties, with RB855453 showing higher TSH than RB965902.Considering that TSH is influenced by agricultural productivity and sucrose concentration in the cane, we emphasize that these two variables are better expressed in the variety RB855453.The . -dez., 2016 948 Table 3. Rainfall (Pp, mm), irrigation levels, and average air temperature (T m °C) in the first-cut cycle, between May 2010 and May 2011 in Penápolis -SP.* Average temperature (°C) during the experiment; mm = millimeters of rain.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Number of plants per linear meter of sugarcane varieties RB855453 and RB965902, subjected to different irrigation levels in the region of Penápolis -SP, from May 2010 to May 2011.
) at 90 DAP, with 19 plants per linear meter for the variety RB72454 and 21 for the variety IAC86-2480.Conversely, Dalri et al. (2008) observed the maximum tillering for variety RB72454 at 270 DAP, with 27 and 22 plants per linear meter for irrigated and dry regimes, respectively.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Average culm length (cm) of sugarcane varieties RB855453 and RB965902, subjected to different irrigation levels in the region of Penápolis -SP, from May 2010 to May 2011.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Leaf area index of the sugarcane varieties RB855453 and RB965902 subjected to different irrigation levels in the region of Penápolis -SP, from May 2010 to May 2011.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Culm productivity of two sugarcane varieties subjected to different irrigation levels in the region of Penápolis -SP, from May 2010 to May 2011.

Table 2 Table 2 .
Values of the crop coefficient (Kc) for the sugarcane crop in various phases of development during the first crop cycle.

Table 4 .
Analysis of variance (F test) of culm productivity and agro-industrial attributes of two varieties of sugarcane subjected to different levels of irrigation in the region of Penápolis -SP.