Effect of thermal environment on performance of broiler chickens using fuzzy modeling

Submitted on December 05 ,2015 and accepted on July 18 , 2017. 1 Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Engenharia, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. flavio.damasceno@deg.ufla.br; lhpabreu@gmail.com; leonardo.schiassi@deg.ufla.br 2 Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Itapina, Itapina, Espírito Santo, Brazil. deborah.cassuce@ifes.edu.br 3 Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. iftinoco@ufv .br *Corresponding author: flavio.damasceno@deg.ufla.br Effect of thermal environment on performance of broiler chickens using fuzzy modeling


INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, the percentage of days in the year with weather conditions considered comfortable for the birds is higher compared with the US and Europe.However, production systems developed in these countries have been introduced in Brazil without any significant change, leading the poultry producers to a reduction in production competitiveness, besides imposing heat stress situations on the birds (Medeiros, 2001;Almeida & Passini, 2013).
The high environmental temperature values have been causing serious problems in the poultry industry due to a decline in production and the high mortality.High mortality rates and other economical losses happens during the first weeks of broiler rearing, emphasizing that incorrect management and environmental control routines at this stage may cause significant losses (Baracho et al., 2006;Heier et al., 2002).
The level of thermal comfort inside poultry houses is a highly important factor in determining the success of broiler production activity (Lopes et al., 2015).Excess cold and/or heat results in lower productivity of the birds, affecting their overall performance and health, and extreme situations may occur, with the addition of high mortality.
For this reason, it is very important to know the thermal levels considered comfortable and appropriate for the maximum growth performance of broilers in their different development stages (Nascimento et al., 2011).Furthermore, it is believed that the temperature ranges currently established as optimal for the standard lines of birds may be outmoded due to the genetic and nutritional changes, as well as to their acclimation to the local weather conditions (Medeiros, 2001).
In order to quantify the interaction of the thermal variables in the comfort of the birds, one can make use of computational models, such as those known as intelligent expert systems, which are able to perform tasks or solve problems from a knowledge base.The most used and tested are the logical, fuzzy, and artificial neural networks (Schiassi et al., 2012).
Expert systems based on fuzzy set theory are alternatives for the management of uncertainties in the poultry environment.They have been applied to evaluate animal welfare (Pandorfi et al., 2007) and growth performance of broiler chickens (Schiassi et al., 2015;Ponciano et al., 2012), production cost analysis (Nääs et al., 2010), monitoring systems for electricity transmission networks (Almeida & Kagan, 2010), estrus detection in dairy cows (Ferreira et al., 2007), and workers in intensive systems (Schiassi et al., 2012).
Faced with the versatility displayed by this computational mathematics tool, this study aimed to develop a decision support system based on fuzzy set theory, which can estimate welfare depending on the production responses of broiler chickens raised in climatic chambers.

Data collection and animal management
This study was developed in two stages: a) In the first stage, we evaluated the representative range of thermal comfort for broilers of different ages, acclimatized in Brazilian climatic conditions, verifying the influence of different cold-and heat-stress temperatures in the early stages of breeding on productive performance of the birds subjected to comfort or different conditions of heat stress.
For this, we used five climatic chambers with dimensions of 2.5 m wide × 3.3 m long × 2.5 m high, located in the Center for Research on the Environment and Agro-Industrial System Engineering (AMBIAGRO), Rural Construction and the Environmental Sector of the Departmento de Engenharia Agrícola (Agricultural Engineering Department) of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV).
Each climatic chamber was equipped with a split-type hot/cold air conditioner of 12,000 BTU h -1 , an electrical resistance heater of 2000 W, and a humidifier with a capacity of 4.5 L, and mist flow (average value) of 300 mL h -1 .The heater and humidifier were controlled by an electronic temperature and humidity controller.The hygienic ventilation applied inside the environmental chambers was performed by means of axial exhaust, with automatic activation, to allow four air changes per hour throughout the experimental period, meaning a renewal every 15 min.
Six hundred male Cobb broilers were used, with uniform weights and originating from the same hatchery.The birds were randomly distributed in the five climatic chambers.Each climatic chamber had six commercial cages with dimensions of 0.5 m wide × 1.0 m long × 0.5 m height, in which 20 one-day-old birds were initially housed.
The supply of water and food to the birds was performed ad libitum twice a day, at 8:00 and 16:00 h, in order to keep the waterers and feeders always stocked.Waterers were the pressure-cup type throughout the initial phase and manually filled at the same times as feeding.Two kinds of commercial feed were provided during the breeding period, called: pre-starter feed (birds from 1 to 7 days old) and starter feed (birds from 8 to 21 days of age).The light program adopted was continuous with 1 h of darkness and 23 h of light throughout the experimental period, with two fluorescent lamps, following the standards normally used in commercial farms.
Thus, considering the changing thermal requirements due to the growth of the birds, five different ranges of thermal conditions were set up to be implemented in each The air relative humidity values inside the climatic chambers for all treatments was established at around 60%, considered an appropriate value for poultry production, regardless of the age of the birds and ambient temperature, according to some studies (Tinôco, 2004;Medeiros, 2005).
For the control and monitoring of the thermal environment within each climatic chamber, the air temperature values (T db ) and relative humidity (RH) were automatically controlled through humidifiers, heaters, axial air conditioners, and exhaust fans, as described above.The thermal environment data within each climate chamber were recorded daily every 5 min by means of sensors/ recorders (Testo ® , Mod. 608-H1 and resolution ± 0.1 °C).
Productive variables (average feed intake -FI; mean weight gain -WG; and the average feed conversion -FC) were analyzed weekly and 10 birds were evaluated from each treatment each week.In this case, each bird was considered one trial.To determine the WG, a digital scale was used.The WG was obtained by the difference between the initial and final weights (day-old birds) divided by the age of the birds.Feed conversion, at the end of each batch, was obtained by the ratio between the total weight of feed consumed (kg) by total weight of live broilers at the end of slaughter age (kg).

Fuzzy Model Development
b) In the second stage, the data of the thermal environment collected in the climate chambers was used to develop the fuzzy model to predict the productive responses of the birds (FI, WG, and FC).
For this, the data from each treatment was tabulated and used to determine the accumulated values of FI (g), WG (g), and FC (g • g -1 ), which were used also in validation of the fuzzy model proposed.
For each variable, fuzzy sets that characterized them were assigned, in which a membership function was created for each fuzzy set.Seeking to quantify the importance of temperature variation in the second week of life, input variables used were age of birds (S, days), called age S1 [1-8 days], S2 [7-15 days], and S3 [14 to 21 days], and the air temperatures (T, °C), which was classified into T1 [27 to 30 °C], T2 [27 to 33 °C], T3 [30 to 36 °C], and T4 [33 to 36 °C].Thus, the intervals were determined for each input variable, as can be seen from Table 1 and their relevance curves (Figure 1).The ranges accepted for input variables (S, T) are listed in Table 1 and those shown were represented in triangular shape for the air temperature input variable and trapezoidal for age because of better representing input data classes, solutions found by several authors (Schiassi et al, 2015;Ponciano et al., 2012;Nascimento et al., 2011;Pereira et al., 2008).
The relevance curves for the output variables (Figure 2) were developed based on research conducted (Thon et al., 2010;Lira et al., 2009;Medeiros, 2001) and books about the breed adopted in this study (Cobb, 2012), which provided information about the productive responses in the three initial weeks, four air temperature classes, totaling 12 rules, which include the conditions for the first three weeks of bird life.
To develop the design of the system, it was necessary to determine the outputs that the model will predict, which were defined as: feed intake (g), weight gain (g), and feed conversion (g g -1 ).These parameters, which determine the productive performance of broiler chickens, were analyzed for 21 days, and to develop the model, the accumulated values were used during this period.
The rules (Table 2) were defined in linguistic sentences, based on data collected in the first phase of this experiment and with the help of three specialists, and integrate a substantial feature in the performance of a fuzzy inference system that will perform well only when the rules are consistent (Schiassi et al., 2015).Thus, for the development of fuzzy logic, it is necessary that the professional be qualified to avoid possible contradictions in the interactions between the rules.According to the combination of duration and temperature of thermal stress, 12 rules are defined and for each rule, a weighting factor of 1 was assigned, as adopted by Ponciano et al. (2012) andYanagi Junior et al. (2012).
For output variables, the relevance curves were characterized as triangular (Figure 2), for reproducing better responses with the smaller standard deviation values, and thus, are used by several authors (Pereira et al., 2008;Ponciano et al., 2012).
To accomplish all fuzzy reasoning, the Mamdani inference method was applied, which provides the responses of a set according to the combinations of input values with their relative degrees of relevance through a minimum operator, and then by the definitions of the rules by the maximum operator.The method of center of gravity (centroid or center area) was used in defuzzification, in which all output alternatives are admitted, converting the sets into numerical values (Leite et al., 2010).
In this work, we used the methodology proposed by Cornelissen et al. (2002), for selecting the specialist as used by Yanagi Junior et al. (2012).Thus, three experts having experience of more than ten years in animal environment and fuzzy modeling helped in assembling the rules.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first two weeks of bird life are the most critical because mistakes made at this stage cannot be corrected satisfactorily in the future, thus affecting the final performance of the birds (Cordeiro et al., 2010).For this reason, the thermal environment must adapt to the ideal conditions of welfare for younger birds.According to Oliveira et al. (2006), the ideal temperature range for broilers is, in the first weeks of life, between 32-34 °C, reducing gradually to reach 27 °C in the final phase of the experiment, at 21 days of age.Overall, as can be seen from Table 3, the best results, WG and, FC were observed during the first two weeks of life in conditions of 30-33 °C.In the third week of life, the maximum WG and the best FC were achieved in the conditions of approximately 27 °C.
According to Boiago et al. (2013), one of the effects of heat stress on the birds leads to substantial losses is the reduction of FI because the birds try to decrease internal heat production due to intake of energy from the feed.The results of this work are similar to those found by Oliveira et al. (2006), working with 1-21-day-old broilers, observed a 14% reduction in FI in birds kept in hightemperature environments.Silva et al. (2009), evaluating the performance of 1-21day-old broilers raised at different temperatures, concluded that the high temperature in stage 1-7 days old increased FC, which presented the best values in control   and low temperatures.In the second week of life, the thermal comfort temperature range recommended by the same authors previously cited is between 28-32 °C and in the third week, between 26-28 °C.
The average standard deviations of the variables FI, WG, and FC were 4.77 g, 1.41 g, and 1.88 g g -1 , respectively, corresponding to the percentage error measured of 1.20, 0.02, and 2.17% (Table 3).According to the linear regressions, with straight adjustment through the origin, R 2 = 0.998, 0.999, and 0.995 for FI, WG, and FC, respectively (Figure 3).These results indicated good accuracy of the fuzzy model.
In research conducted by Ponciano et al. (2012) to predict the productive performance of 1-21-day-old broilers, using the mathematical model, average values of standard deviations were obtained of 4.77 g, 1.41 g, and 1.88 g g -1 , respectively, and percentage errors of 1.2, 0.02, and 2.17%, thus demonstrating the efficiency of the fuzzy model, proposed to simulate the productive responses.
In Figure 3, linear regressions of the values obtained experimentally and by fuzzy modeling were adjusted, in which the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) shown for FI, WG, and FC were 0.998, 0.999, and 0.995, respectively.To evaluate the performance of adult broiler chickens as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity, Medeiros et al. (2005) developed a mathematical model to predict the FI, WG, and FC and found values for determination coefficients of 0.91, 0.89, and 0.72, respectively.
The surface shown in Figure 4 illustrates the interaction between temperature and duration of thermal stress considering the FC.The analysis can be made with respect to the days of thermal stress and temperature adopted.

CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated that the Fuzzy model is a promising technique for estimating the level of thermal comfort for broilers, able to assist in making decisions about the control of the thermal environment and avoid productivity losses.This research, performed in a controlled environment, allowed investigation of the influence of air temperature, depending on the age of the birds, on production responses during the study period.
of the climate chambers during the first three weeks of bird life: • Treatment 27 (24-21) Stress defined as intense cold: 27 °C in the first week, 24 ºC in the second week, and 21 ºC in the third week; • Treatment 30 (27-24) Stress defined as moderate cold: 30 °C in the first week, 27 ºC in the second week, and 24 ºC in the third week; • Treatment 33 (30-27) Comfort: 33 °C in the first week, 30 ºC in the second week, and 27 ºC in the third week; • Treatment 36 (33-30) Stress defined as moderate heat: 36 °C in the first week, 33 ºC in the second week, and 30 ºC in the third week; and • Treatment 39 (36-33) Stress defined as intense heat: 39 °C in the first week, 36 ºC in the second week, and 33 ºC in the third week;

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Relevance curves of input variables (age and air temperature) for fuzzy logic.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Membership functions for the output variables feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Linear regressions of the productive variables observed and simulated by the fuzzy model for 1-21-day-old broilers.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Feed conversion (FC) simulated as a function of thermal stress temperature and duration of thermal stress for 1-21-dayold broilers.

Table 1 :
Fuzzy sets for the input variables

Table 2 :
System of fuzzy inference rules for age and temperature