Growth and yield of ‘ Amarante ’ garlic accessions

Embora seja importante hortaliça condimentar em todo o mundo, existe pouca informação relativa à caracterização do crescimento e produtividade dos acessos de alho ‘Amarante’. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar características morfofisiológicas e produtivas de 20 acessos de alho ‘Amarante ‘do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV). O experimento foi conduzido a campo, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Durante o ciclo, foram avaliadas as características morfológicas das plantas, intensidade da cor verde, análise de crescimento, índice de colheita e produtividade de bulbos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias agrupadas pelo critério de Skott-Knott e estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre características morfofisiológicas e produtividade de bulbo. Os acessos apresentaram comportamento diferencial durante as avaliações. Dentre esses, o BGH 7616 destacou-se por apresentar maiores área foliar , índice de colheita, massas de matéria seca de folhas, pseudocaule, bulbo e da planta inteira, resultando maiores produtividade total e comercial de bulbos. Maiores correlações foram encontradas entre produtividade total e duração de área foliar (r = 0,7263; p < 0,01) no período de 87 a 114 dias após o plantio (DAP) e entre produtividade total e área foliar aos 87 DAP (r = 0,6442; p < 0,01). Dentre todas as características avaliadas, a área foliar aos 87 DAP e a duração da área foliar no período de 87 a 1 14 DAP, foram as características morfofisiológicas que mais influenciaram a produtividade de bulbos de acessos de alho ‘Amarante’.


INTRODUCTION
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Brazil.It is used in regional and national cuisine, in which its flavor and condiment properties are highly appreciated (Oliveira et al., 2010;Viana et al., 2016).
Despite the increasing supply of garlic in the domestic market, the Brazilian production is insufficient to meet national demand (Resende et al., 2013, Lopes et al., 2016a, b).Brazil is a major consumer and the world's second largest importer of garlic.In 2015, the Brazilian production was 120,569 t while imports were near 161,760 t (Agrianual, 2017).
Garlic average yield in Brazil is 11 t ha -1 (Agrianual, 2017), and yield increase has been achieved in the last years thanks to the use of cultivars more adapted to planting in several producing regions (Lopes et al., 2016b).Knowledge on ecophysiology of garlic will help crop management decisions, allowing strategies to improve adaptation of plants to climatic conditions (Kim et al., 2013).
Some physiological characteristics such as crop index and leaf area duration have been used as rapid and nondestructive assessment tools in tropical root crops, e.g., in cassava breeding programs (El-Sharkawy, 2006 a, b ).In garlic, cultivar yield has been directly related to the leaf area, the leaf area duration, as well as the pattern of dry matter allocation in plant organs (Marcelis et al., 1998).
In Brazil, two types of garlic are cultivated: the common garlic, which has small bulbs with many small bulbils of low commercial value, and the noble garlic, which has large bulbs with few bulbils and high commercial value (Rezende et al., 2013, Albuquerque et al., 2017).Common garlic cultivars require a lower level of technology and are cultivated by family farming, while the noble garlic cultivars are cultivated in high-technology farms.
Cultivar 'Amarante' is classified as "semi-noble" because presents medium-size bulbils, in number of 8 to 12 per bulb, similar to the noble garlic cultivars, but does not have large bulbs.It presents medium cycle, with purple bulbils, rare pseudostem, and intermediate requirement of cold temperature and long day length for bulbification (Albuquerque et al., 2017).It is not as demanding in terms of cropping technology as the noble garlic, but reaches higher marketing values than the common types.For these reasons, it has been cultivated in southeastern Brazil, where ecotypes have been given diverse denominations creating a group called Amarante.
Despite the importance and worldwide garlic farming, studies on the physiological determinants of crop yield are scarce.These evaluations are important because they make it possible to understand the physiological interactions of each plant material with the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region and explain the possible differences in bulb yield.
From the foregoing, therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological characteristics determinant of bulb yield in 20 accessions of 'Amarante' garlic from the BGH/UFV.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in the vegetable experimental field of the Departmento de Fitotecnia (Plant Science Department) of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), from April to September 2008.Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is located at 20°45'S, 42°51'W and 651 m altitude.During this period, the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures were 5.7 °C; 18.0 °C and 33.2 °C, respectively, and the minimum, average, and maximum air relative humidity were 51%; 81%; and 95%, respectively.The minimum photoperiod was 10.85 hours and the maximum 11.96 hours.
The experiment consisted of 20 treatments, corresponding to the 20 accessions of 'Amarante' garlic from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of UFV (BGH/UFV) (Table 1).The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications.The experimental unit of 2.0 m 2 consisted of a plot with four rows of 2.0 m in length, spaced 0.25 m apart, and plants at each 0.10 m.
Fertilization at planting consisted of 28.26 t ha -1 of cattle manure (dry matter) and the following rates (kg ha - 1 ) and sources of macro and micronutrients: 120 kg of ammonium sulphate; 833 kg of single superphosphate; 21.0 kg of potassium chloride; 3.0 kg of zinc sulfate; 5.0 kg borax; 5.0 kg copper sulphate; and 250 g sodium molybdate.At 50 and 100 days after planting, 140 kg ha -1 of ammonium sulfate and 24 kg ha -1 of potassium chloride were applied.
Planting was carried out on 08/04/2008 using bulbils retained by an 8x17 mm mesh-sieve (3) and fresh mass varying from 1.08 to 1.59 g (Table 1).Bulbil samples of all accessions, at planting, had dormancy breaking index (IVD) above 90%.The bulbils were hand-planted, with apex facing upwards, and covered with about 1.5 cm of soil.
The crop was kept weed-free by hand weeding.The phytosanitary control was performed with products specific and registered for the crop.Irrigation was carried out by microsprinkling managed for all stages of crop development and interrupted at 20 days before harvest.
In order to do the morphophysiological evaluations, the crop cycle was divided into four phases.The first phase, from 59 to 87 days after planting (DAP), corresponding to the stage of axillary bulb differentiation; the second phase, from 87 to 114 DAP, corresponding to the end of bulb differentiation and beginning of bulb filling; the 3 rd phase, from 114 to 136 DAP, corresponding to the stage of bulb filling; and 4 th phase, from 136 to 156 DAP, finishing with the end of bulb filling, leaf senescence, and maturation.
Leaf green intensity (SPAD) was performed in two competing plants on the 3 rd expanded leaf (newly mature leaves), from the apex to the base of the plant from 7 to 10 hours using a portable chlorophyll meter (MINOLTA CHLOROPHYLL METER SPAD -502).Two measurements were recorded on each leaf, one in the middle and another about 2/3 of its length, and the average was used.
The measurements for growth analysis were performed in two competing plants randomly chosen in the harvest area.Leaf number (LN NFP) was obtained by counting all the leaves in the plant with a minimum size of 50 mm in length.Leaf area (AF) expressed as dm 2 /plant was obtained by reading all leaves in a LICOR leaf area integrator (Model 3100 Area Meter®).

Treatment (Accessions) Origin
At 156 days after planting (13/09/2008), with plants showing 2/3 of senescent leaves, all the accessions were harvested.After harvesting, the plants were pre-cured in the field for two days and taken to a drying shed to complete the curing process for seven days.Once the garlic was dried and fully cured, the senescent leaves were trimmed off and the bulbs were classified based on the diameter, according to Ordinance No. 242 of of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture -MAPA -17/9/1992, as follows: class 7 = extra large (> 56 mm); class 6 = large (48-56 mm); class 5 = medium (43-47 mm); class 4 = small (38-42 mm); class 3 = very small (32-37 mm), and discards (< 32-37 m), and their respective masses (g) were obtained.
Total production included all harvested bulbs and commercial production included bulbs that fit into classes 3 to 7. The yield (t ha -1 ) was estimated with a plant population in 8,000 m 2 .
Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means of accessions were grouped by the Scott-Knott criterion at 5% of probability level.The association between total bulb yield and morphophysiological quantitative variables was estimated by the Pearson correlation coefficient, which were tested using Student's t-test at 5% probability level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There was difference between accessions for total (TY) and commercial (CY) bulb yields in the harvest at 156 DAP.The accessions BGH 5934,5939,6394,7614,7616,7617,7618,7620,7621, and 7623 stood out with the highest yields (Table 2).There was a significant and positive correlation between CY and TY (r = 0.9971; p < 0.01), indicating that accessions with higher TY also had higher CY.Considering that the same number of plants were collected per unit area for all accessions, higher TY and CY indicate bulbs with higher fresh mass, an important characteristic since these reach better market prices.
The results of total yield of cv.Amarante found in this study agree with those found by Silva et al. (2000), which was 10.86 t/ha, but were well above 2.5 t/ha found by Resende et al. (2013), which demonstrate the need to understand the ecophysiological aspects of the crop, as discussed below.

st PHASE -59 to 87 DAP: differentiation of axillary bulbs
The evaluation carried out at 59 DAP, corresponding to the beginning of the bulb differentiation phase, found no difference between the accessions for LN, BDM, and RDM.The results for these characteristics varied from 4.75 to 5.87 ud/plant, 0.12 to 0.27, and 0.10 to 0.20 g/plant, respectively.However, differences were found between the accessions for LA, LDM, PDM, and WPDM (Table 3).In this phase, the accessions BGH 5934, 7616, 7617, 7621, and 7623 showed the highest values for LA, LDM, PDM, and WPDM, and the accessions BGH 5939 and 6394 for LA, LDM, and WPDM, characterizing larger plant size and larger photosynthetic area in relation to other accessions.
The accessions BGH 7614, 7618, and 7620 were grouped with the accessions with the highest TY and CY (Table 2); however, in this phase, they were inferior to the other accessions for the characteristics LA, LDM, PDM, and WPDM (Table 3).These accessions did not express morphological features that led them to higher yields at the end of the cycle, although these characteristics (LA, LDM, PDM, and WPDM) presented a significant and positive correlation with TY (r = 0.5320, 0.5498, 0.2629, and 0.5180, respectively, p < 0.01).
The fact that accessions BGH 5934, 5939, 6394, 7616, 7617, 7621, and 7623 have higher LA, LDM, and WPDM, positively correlated with TY, indicates that these accessions had already shown great potential for bulb production at the beginning of the cycle.
In this phase (59 DAP), differences between the accessions were found for the SPAD index (Table 2).Accessions BGH 5934,6394,7616,7617,7621,and 7623 showed the lowest values, with SPAD indices ranging from 59.05 to 60.51, although they had the highest values of LA, LDM, and WPDM (Table 3).In contrast, BGH 7620 showed a high SPAD index (61.78),but with lower LA and LDM (Table 3), indicating a higher chlorophyll content per leaf blade unit.The correlation between SPAD and TY was negative and significant (r = -0.2085;p < 0.05), indicating that lower SPAD values are related to higher total yields (TY).
There was positive correlation of LA, LDM, and WPDM with TY (r = 0.5320, 0.5498 and 0.5180, respectively, p < 0.01).Although with higher LA, LDM, and WPDM, the accessions BGH 5934, 6394, 7616, 7617, 7621, and 7623 had lower SPAD indices.This shows an effect of N dilution on the leaf blade, because of the greater LA growth, the N is redistributed throughout the mass (Backes et al., 2010), which is confirmed by the negative correlation between SPAD and TY.
The accessions BGH 5934, 6394, 7618, and 7621 showed the highest LN and BDM and BGH 7617, 7620, and 7623 the highest LN.All these characteristics also presented significant and positive correlation with TY.By the end of bulb differentiation, the accession BGH 7616 continued to keep high values for the characteristics LN, LA, LDM, PDM, BDM, and WPDM, which correlated significantly and positively with TY.
The highest SPAD indices were recorded for the accessions BGH 4899, 5939, 5940, 5941, 6394, 7619, 7624, and 7625 (Table 2).The SPAD index showed the same behavior as in the 1st phase, where plants with the lowest vegetative growth had the highest readings (concentration effect).The correlation between SPAD and TY was negative (r = -0.4089;p < 0.01), demonstrating that lower SPAD values are related to higher TY.Again, BGH 7616 had lower SPAD, despite a higher LA, while the accessions BGH 5939 and 6394 had higher SPAD and lower LA.The accessions BGH 5934,7614,7616,7617,7618,7620,7621,and 7623, belonging to the most productive group, had the lowest SPAD.This type of response demonstrates the effect of chlorophyll dilution in the leaf blade due to the higher growth rate.Among the characteristics, the accessions BGH 5934, 6394, 7618, and 7621 had the highest LN and LDM and BGH 7617, 7620, and 7623 the highest LN; all these characteristics showed significant and positive correlation with TY.
Accessions BGH 5939, 7617, and 7623, specifically in this evaluation, had the lowest LA, LDM, PDM, BDM, and WPDM.It was found that the accession BGH 7614, until this evaluation, had not presented morphological characteristics in terms of shoot dry mass to explain its clustering in the group of the highest bulb yields.In this phase, BGH 7618 and 7620 had already shown morphological characteristics such as LN and BDM with positive and significant correlation with TY.
The access BGH 7616 showed the greatest leaf area duration (LAD) and, therefore, it was able to perform the greatest photosynthetic activity because of the largest leaf area over time.LAD also showed positive correlation with TY (r = 0.6789; p < 0.01), evidencing a possible reason for the bulb potential of this accession.According to Richards (2000), crop growth duration and solar radiation interception are the two components that contributed the most to biomass increase and total photosynthesis and, consequently, the crop yield.
Between 87 and 114 DAP, there was no difference between the accessions for PRGR, BGR, PNAR, BNAR, LAR and BAR.Values varied, respectively, from: 0.15 to 0.31 g g -1 week -1 ; 0.28 to 0.61 g g -1 week -1 ; 0.29 to 0.56 g dm - 2 week -1 ; from 0.08 to 0.17 dm -2 week -1 ; from 0.52 to 0.66 dm - 2 g -1 , and from 3.44 to 8.55 dm -2 g -1 .In this period, LAD of accession BGH 7616 stood out from the others and the correlation between LAD and TY was 0.7263 (p < 0.01), which was the greatest correlation over all growth stages.However, the other characteristics of growth index did not correlate with TY; thus, LAD proves to be a fundamental characteristic for the production of plant dry mass.

rd PHASE -114 to 136 DAP: bulb filling
In this phase, there was no significant difference between the accessions for LN and RDM, which varied from 9.75 to 11.50 ud/plant and 0.10 to 0.75 g/plant, respectively.However, differences were observed between accessions for LA, LDM, PDM, BDM and WPDM (Table 3).The accession BGH 7616 again stood out for the characteristics LA, LDM, PDM, BDM and WPDM, providing larger plant size, photosynthetic area, and bulb mass.The accessions BGH 5934, 6394, 7617, and 7623 had the highest LA, LDM and PDM and BGH 7620 the highest LA and LDM, indicating greater photosynthetic area.
In this evaluation, the characteristics LA, LDM, PDM, BDM and WPDM showed significant and positive correlation with TY (r = 0.6654, 0.6082, 0.5736, 0.3966, and 0.6146, respectively; p < 0.01), although the accessions BGH 5939, 7614, 7618, and 7621 are clustered into the group of accessions with the lowest values for these characteristics.BGH 7614 showed the lowest LA, LDM, PDM, BDM and WPDM, indicating that until the beginning of bulb filling (114 DAP), it had not presented morphological characteristics to explain its clustering in the group of the highest TY and CY.On the other hand, in this evaluation, the accessions BGH 7618 and 7620 showed morphological characteristics with a significant and positive correlation that justified the participation in the group of accessions with the highest TY and CY.
The accessions BGH 5939, 5941, 7619, and 7624 had the highest SPAD indices; while the BGH 5934, 6394, 7616, 7617, 7620, and 7623 had the lowest SPAD indices, but the Growth and yield of 'Amarante' garlic accessions Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 65, n.6, p. 481-490, nov/dez, 2018    In the columns, groups of means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by the Scott-Knott criterion at 5% probability.Bold numbers highlight the group with the highest means.A highest LA, LDM, and TY.BGH 5939 had high SPAD index, but low LA.Muro et al. (2000) argued that during the crop cycle, LA is very important for garlic, because the reduction in the bulb yield was proportional to the reduction in leaf area imposed at the beginning of bulb formation.
In this phase, it was also verified a negative correlation between SPAD and TY (r = -0.2389;p < 0.01) and no difference was found between the accessions for LN, LA, LDM, BDM, RDM, and WPDM.These characteristics varied from 11.50 to 13.25 ud/plant; 2.59 to 4.25 dm 2 /plant; 3.05 to 4.82 g/plant; 6.30 to 10.25 g/plant; 0.40 to 0.65 g/ plant, and 12.90 to 21.22 g/plant, respectively.
In the period between 114 and 136 DAP, there was no difference between the accessions for BGR, PNAR, BNAR, and LAR, with values ranging, respectively, from 0.19 to 0.45 g g -1 week -1 ; 0.08 to 0.86 g dm -2 week -1 ; 0.25 to 0.59 dm - 2 week -1 , and 0.73 to 1.28 dm -2 g -1 .However, there were differences between accessions for PRGR, LAR, and LAD (Table 2).Among the characteristics evaluated, in this phase, the correlations between LAD and PRGR with TY were, respectively, 0.6188 (p < 0.01) and -0.2184 (p < 0.05).The significant and negative correlation of PRGR with TY indicates the lower growth rate of the plant with the increase in the translocation of photoassimilates from shoot to bulb.
BGH 7614 showed the highest PRGR and LAR, which justifies its clustering into the group with the highest bulb yields (TY and CY), since in the two previous phases, it showed significantly lower values of LA, LDM and PDM.The accessions BGH 5934, 7616, and 7617 had the highest LAD; BGH 7618 and 7621 had the highest PRGR, LAR, and LAD; BGH 5939, 6394, 7620, and 7623 had the highest LAR and LAD.Except for BGH 7614, all other accessions had already presented, in previous phases, characteristics that expressed greater leafing intensity.
At the end of the first phase of bulb filling 136 (DAP), there was no significant difference between the accessions for LN, LA, LDM, BDM, RDM, WPDM, SPAD, and LAD.Accessions BGH 5934,5939,7614,7616,7617,7618,7621,and 7623 had the highest PDM and BGH 6394 and 7620 had the lowest PDM.

th PHASE -136 to 156 DAP: end of bulb filling and maturation
In this phase, no difference was found between the accessions for LN, LA, LDM, RDM, and SPAD.These characteristics varied, respectively, from 11.00 to 12.50 ud/plant; 0.90 to 2.03 dm 2 /plant; 1.82 to 3.60 g/plant; 0.20 to 0.47 g/plant; and 58.25 to 64.97 g/plant.Difference between accessions were found for the characteristics PDM, WPDM, BDM and HI, with the highest values highlighted in Tables 2 and 3.
LDM, PDM, WPDM, and BDM showed positive correlation with TY (r = 0.4165, 0.4845, 0.5575, and 0.5308, respectively, p < 0.01).Therefore, accessions that had higher PDM and WPDM showed higher TY and CY, indicating that the accumulation of dry mass in the pseudostem and in the whole plant are important for the final bulb production.
The evaluations carried out during the crop cycle showed that the accessions with the highest bulb yields (TY and CY) behaved differently over the four phases.At the end of the bulb filling phase (136 DAP), PDM was the only morphological characteristic that showed a significant difference between the accessions, indicating the importance of the accumulation of photoassimilates in the pseudostem for later translocation to the bulbils.
In the evaluations performed during the crop cycle, the accession BGH 7616 stood out from the others showing the highest LA, LDM, PDM, BDM and WPDM, resulting, at harvest, in the highest HI, TY, and CY of bulbs.The highest LA, LDM, and WPDM and their positive significant correlation with TY allow us to infer that morphological characteristics that provide greater photosynthetic area culminate in greater production of bulbs.In garlic, Stahlschmidt & Cavagnaro (1997) verified that bulb yield is closely related to leaf area and higher yields are due to the greater photosynthetic apparatus and leaf area duration.
The leaf area should be photosynthetically active.The green leaf intensity assessed by the SPAD index has been used as an indirect measure of the relative chlorophyll content (Pôrto et al., 2011).
In the nutritional aspect, the adequate nutrient supply to the plant is directly related to the concentration of this nutrient in the tissue.However, in the present work, the correlation between SPAD and TY was negative in the two initial phases and no correlation was found in the others.There is a situation in which applying a certain nutrient promotes an increase in the dry matter of the plant; however, after analyzing the concentration of this element in some or all of the plant tissues, it is lower than that of the control.What occurs is that there is increase of the element in the total accumulation, an increase in yield, but decrease of the concentration in the tissue, indicating that the plant growth was faster than the nutrient accumulation, which may have occurred in relation to the lowest SPAD in more productive garlic accessions.
On the other hand, LAD was fundamental for the accessions that achieved the highest bulb yields, in all cycle phases, with the greatest importance for the second phase, from 87 to 114 DAP.The highest LAD value indicates the largest total photosynthetic area of the plant for the longest time, consequently the greatest potential to produce photoassimilates.Stahlschmidt & Cavagnaro (1997) pointed out that yield of a garlic cultivar is directly related to the leaf area grown by the plant, the leaf area duration, and the dry mass allocation pattern in the plant organs.In the accessions evaluated, besides LA and LAD, the importance of the pseudostem dry mass at the end of the bulb filling stage (136 DAP) is also confirmed.
In this study, the accessions were not significantly different in relation to the physiological components PNAR and BNAR, in all phases evaluated.Therefore, the increase in dry mass of bulbs at the harvest of accessions that had the highest yields is explained by the translocation of photoassimilates and not by the greatest BNAR.

CONCLUSIONS
The 20 accessions of 'Amarante' garlic showed different morphophysiological characteristics.
The accession BGH 7616 stood out for the highest values of leaf area, leaf area duration, and dry mass of leaf, bulb, pseudostem, and whole plant, resulting in the highest harvest indices and total and commercial yields of bulb.
The morphophysiological characteristics leaf area at 87 DAP and leaf area duration from 87 to 114 DAP correlated with bulb production with r = 0.6442 (p < 0.01) and r = 0.7263 (p < 0.01), respectively, were those that most influenced the yield of 'Amarante' garlic.

Table 1 :
Treatment (accessions), origin, fresh and dry masses of bulbil samples of 'Amarante' garlic accessions from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank -

Table 2 :
Mean of green color intensity (SPAD) at 59, 87, and 114 DAP; leaf area ratio (LAR) from 59 to 87, from 114 to 136, and from 136 to 156; leaf area duration (LAD) from 59 to 87, from 87 to 114, and from 114 to 136; plant relative growth rate (PRGR) from 114 to 136; harvest index at 156 and total (TY) and commercial (CY) yield of bulbs at 156 DAP of 'Amarante' garlic accessions from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank -UFV In the columns, groups of means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by the Scott-Knott criterion at 5% probability.Bold numbers highlight the group with the highest means.