Medication wrong-route administrations in relation to medical prescriptions

This study analyzes the influence of medical prescriptions’ writing on the occurrence of medication errors in the medical wards of five Brazilian hospitals. This descriptive study used data obtained from a multicenter study conducted in 2005. The population was composed of 1,425 medication errors and the sample included 92 routes through which medication was wrongly administered. The pharmacological classes most frequently involved in errors were cardiovascular agents (31.5%), medication that acts on the nervous system (23.9%), and on the digestive system and metabolism (13.0%). In relation to the prescription items that may have contributed to such errors, we verified that 91.3% of prescriptions contained acronyms and abbreviations; patient information was missing in 22.8%, and 4.3% did not include the date and were effaced. Medication wrong-route administrations are common in Brazilian hospitals and around the world. It is well established that these situations may result in severe adverse events for patients, including death. (23,9%), errores 22,8% paciente, y contenían raspados. Errores frecuentes los hospitales brasileños y del y adversos severos los pacientes, incluyendo la muerte. Seguridad; Vías de de


Introduction
Errors in healthcare result from a non-intentional action caused by some problem or failure during care delivered to patients (1) , and can be committed by any member of the health team at any point of the care process such as when administering medication to patients. Medication errors can occur at any stage of medication therapy, from writing the prescription to the administration of medication to patients, and represents about 65% to 87% of all adverse events (2) .
Physicians traditionally decide on the medication to be used and then prescribe it so that pharmacists and the nursing staff implement their decisions. Hence, the medical prescription is the document that guides and influences the other stages of the medication process.
Medical prescriptions have an important role in the prevention and occurrence of errors. It is known that ambiguous, illegible or incomplete prescriptions, the use of abbreviations, obscured writing and the lack of Gimenes FRE, Marques TC, Teixeira TCA, Mota MLS, Silva AEBC, Cassiani SHB. a standardized medication nomenclature (brand name or generic) are factors that can contribute to medication errors (3) .
In relation to medication errors that may occur in the administration stage, we can highlight dosage errors (overdosing or underdosing, including omissions), dosage form, and route of administration, in addition to administering the wrong medication, to the wrong patient, with the wrong frequency and/or at the wrong time.
An account of error reporting from the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) stated that one of the most frequent errors harming patients is related to the route of administration (4) . Studies presented frequencies of 19% (5) and 18% (6) of errors related to the route of administration among all medication errors.
Since errors in the route of administration are common in care delivery, this study analyzes the influence of a prescription's writing on the administration of medication resulting in wrong-route administration that occurred in the medical units of five Brazilian hospitals.

Methods
This descriptive study used secondary data obtained from a multicenter study carried out in 2005 in five Brazilian university hospitals (7) , named A, B, C, D, and E, all belonging to the ANVISA network of Sentinel Hospitals. The study was authorized by the studied hospitals and approved by the Research Ethics Committee.
The study's population was composed of 1,425 situations in which the administered medication was in disagreement with the medical prescription; the sample also included 92 situations in which the route of administration used was different from that specified in the medical prescription. For that information, data from the databases EPIDATA version 3.1 of the five studied hospitals, obtained through a data collection instrument of the multicenter study and which addressed the prescription of medication dosages, was used.
The variables were determined based on items  Then the medications of group A (digestive system and metabolism) were present in 13.0% of the wrongroute administrations, while ranitidine was the most common (6.5%) in this group. Group H (hormones used for systemic therapy, except sexual hormones) was also administered in wrong routes in 9.8% of the total cases (Table 2).

Discussion
A study conducted in the United States of America identified 1.8% of medication wrong-route administrations in a total of 146,974 events reported in the United States Pharmacopeia system (USP) (4) . Only one (0.4%) route error was detected in a total of 240 events in an large American university hospital (8) .
Among the 798 administered doses investigated by a study conducted in six European hospitals, 1% was wrong-route administrations (9) . In another study carried out in a French hospital, 102 (19.0%) cases of medication wrong-route administrations were identified in a total of 538 adverse events related to medication.
Most of these events were related to the administration of doses through nasogastric tubes (NGT) instead of oral administration,, similar to data found in this study and which corroborates the results of other studies (5,(10)(11) .
The frequency of wrong-route administrations found in this study is considerably divergent from other studies, probably due to the different methods adopted, since not all consider an error to have occurred when medication is administered through gastric or enteric tubes instead of orally or vice-versa (9) . In practice, what normally occurs is that the nursing team crushes tablets or pills, or open capsules and dissolves the powder in some liquid to enable the administration of medication actually prescribed for the oral route in patients with gastric or enteric tubes (12) .
However, it must be noted that it is crucial in the administration of medication to consider the medication's pharmaceutical form and the chemical and physical features of each drug. Among these characteristics are solubility, partition coefficient, dissolution rate, dosage form and stability. For instance, pH variation in the gastrointestinal tract affects the degree of ionization of the drug molecules, which in turn influences its solubility and absorption capacity (12)(13) . Hence, the administration of medication via routes different from those indicated by the manufacturer may represent a variation in the bioavailability of the drug and consequently change its therapeutic response.
Additionally, the process of crushing and dissolving solid oral dosage forms may generate other problems such as destroying the protective coating of enteric or controlled release medications or even clogging the tube, consequently increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality and also costs related to drug therapy (14) .
Considering these aspects, the literature has demonstrated that among wrong-route administrations, the most frequent situation is that in which medication prescribed for oral use is administered through tubes (5,(10)(11) . Many factors contribute to these errors, such as lack of knowledge or information concerning the therapy and alternative pharmaceutical forms, inappropriate evaluation and use of patients' information, prescription and confusing drug nomenclature, wrong calculation of dosage and inappropriate pharmaceutical form, factors that also contribute to the occurrence of prescription errors (6,15) .
Properly administering medication to patients is the role of the nursing team, which represents an important barrier for the interception of errors (15) . However, it is necessary for professionals to be technically and scientifically supported to safely and efficiently administer pharmacotherapy. A study carried out in Europe showed that integrated multidisciplinary actions involving nurses, pharmacists, physicians and nutritionists, promoted the correct implementation of medication therapy, especially in patients using gastric and enteral tubes (14) .
In regard to pharmacological groups, medication wrong-route administrations were the most frequent in the groups C, N, and A, that is, medication for the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems. Other investigations also indicate that cardiovascular and digestive medication are the main classes involved in the occurrence of discrepancies between the prescribed and administered routes (10)(11) . This finding may be explained are of concern because we know that, depending on the medication and its pharmacological class, errors may lead to severe adverse events, including death.

In relation to the writing of medical prescriptions
and what may have contributed to this type of error, the use of acronyms and abbreviations was the most common. It seems that the use of these is seen as a way to save time during the writing of the prescription, since a single physician is responsible for prescribing several patients a day. This practice, however, needs Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2011 Jan-Feb;19(1): 11-7. to be reviewed by physicians, since many of these acronyms and abbreviations are not understood by all the professionals who handle prescriptions, especially when there is not a formal standard in the facility.
Even when acronyms and abbreviations are standardized, the health team should avoid them, especially when the method of prescription is manual since illegible handwriting may lead to a misunderstanding with a consequent inappropriate use of medication (e.g. the acronym SC may be easily misunderstood as SL, and IV may also be read as IM).
Additionally, the omission of information in prescriptions can greatly contribute to errors. In a situation that occurred in hospital C, the absence of the route of administration in the prescription was possibly the main cause that led to the wrong-route administration. It shows that a correctly written prescription with complete and necessary information for the safe administration of medication is a barrier to medication errors (16) .
Another important factor contributing to errors in the medication system is the presence of obscured writing in prescriptions, which may confuse the nursing team. The error situation presented in Table 1 involving dipyrone demonstrates that the dosage form was changed (drops and ampoule), which may have been induced by damage to the prescription that led to the administration of the injectable form instead of the oral form. It is also recommended that professionals carefully read the medical prescription identifying the "five rights" of medication safety that includes the route of administration so to ensure the correct administration of medication (17) .
We also know that the analysis of the origins of such events reveal they are related to a deficit of knowledge on the part of the health team, as well as

Conclusion
This study's results revealed that most of the 92 medication wrong-route administrations occurred in hospital A, whose prescription method is electronic.
In relation to the pharmacological classes most Even though the use of electronic prescriptions was adopted in one of the studied hospitals, it did not eradicate medication errors, since it permits the use of acronyms and/or abbreviations, a factor that may lead to misunderstanding information. From this perspective, health professionals need to be continually trained so as to avoid the use of acronyms and abbreviations in prescriptions even if standardized by the hospital, as well as erasures, which may also lead to misunderstanding.
Therefore, the implementation of permanent education for the professionals involved in the medication process can minimize harm caused to hospitalized patients due to medication wrong-route administrations, consequently improving the quality of care delivery.