Cultural history and aesthetics of nursing care

The aim of this study was to clarify the role of aesthetics in the organization and motivation of care through history. The guiding questions were: What values and aesthetic feelings have supported and motivated pre-professional and professional care? and Based on what structures has pre-professional and professional care been historically socialized? Primary and secondary sources were consulted, selected according to established criteria with a view to avoiding search and selection bias. Data analysis was guided by the categories: “habitus” and “logical conformism”. It was found that the relation between social structures and pre-professionals (motherhood, religiosity) and professional aesthetic standards (professionalism, technologism) of care through history is evidenced in the caregiving activity of the functional unit, in the functional framework and the functional element. In conclusion, in social structures, through the socialization process, “logical conformism” and “habitus” constitute the aesthetic standards of care through feelings like motherhood, religiosity, professionalism, technologism and humanism.


Premise or hypothesis
Cultural history permits the study and analysis of values and feelings and their incidence in the organization and motivation of (pre-professional and professional), which is why it is pertinent to study the aesthetics of

State of the art
The aesthetic theme has been monopolized for a long time by disciplines like philosophy, psychology and art. Feelings, however, are considered fundamental elements for analysis in nursing. Since classical antiquity, aesthetics has been a source of concern; philosophers in ancient Greece, however, did address the theme by identifying the form or idea of the good as the supreme value (2) . From the poetical, dramaturgical and historical perspectives, aesthetics was interpreted as a logic of sensitivity (3) . Other authors reinterpreted the Platonic principle that "the good is beautiful", linking ethics with aesthetics in the framework of nursing care (4) . In fact, history has shown that, for a long time, care has been the responsibility of people who were in tune with supreme values like motherhood and religiosity (5)(6) and which have aesthetically determined the morphology and functionality of the social structures implied in care (7) . Also, the coercive function of the values linked with aesthetics has been investigated and assessed as something innate and precise for people to accomplish the socially assigned functions, convinced that they are acting legitimately. Other researchers describe the cultural pressure mechanisms needed, for example, for mothers to dedicate themselves to housework, among which care is central (8) .
Interpretive hermeneutics has contributed to the study of feelings, demonstrating that they constitute a universal reference for humanity, which permits a comparative analysis between aesthetics and hermeneutics (9) . Based on this same interpretative context, it is affirmed that the artistic identity of any work derives from its potential understanding through a hermeneutic act, which takes place in the connection between the care act and the need to understand what it implies (10) . Cultural historians, most of whose origins lie in social history, study both the feelings and values of society and transmission and cultural pressure mechanisms. In the Birmingham School, an important group of cultural historians emerged which studied literature, the Mass Media and how they influence people's way of thinking and feeling, enhancing the standardization of mass aesthetics (11)(12) . From another perspective, studies have focused on phenomena like the strong resistance to the change in women's role in the family and in religious members' role in a given order, both in the care context (13)(14) . In nursing, the referential and organizing factor of feelings has been studied, departing from the feelings inspired by the biological Siles González J, Solano Ruiz MC. nature itself in primitive cultures and in the structuring nature of this entire process in the construction of nursing knowledge, going deeper into the nature of this knowledge (15) . In a study on nursing knowledge patterns that can be considered a model, four levels can be classified: empirical scientific, ethical, personal and aesthetic (16) . Countless researchers have followed this classification of nursing knowledge patterns (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) , from different perspectives, but respecting what is essential in the classification and the principles the same author established. Some years later, a study was published that critically analyzes Carper's contributions, and also manifests the positive aspects of his work, which adds a new pattern -the sociopolitical -which supposes, in line with Heidegger's concept of being "there", developed in "Being and Time", taking the historical, geographic, ideological and sociocultural context into account in the ways knowledge is structured (23) .
The new frontiers of nursing knowledge are addressed from a perspective that assumes the complexity of care (24) . Other researchers (25) have studied and dialectically analyzed nursing as an art. Also, various authors have looked at the aesthetics of care from different viewpoints; to give an example, based on ethics and philosophy, expressing the need for nursing to develop and apply professional spaces and strategies for the subjective expression of feelings (26) and, based on poetry, socio-poetics and written prose, as a form of expressing and storing aesthetic knowledge produced in the intensity of nurse-patient interaction processes (27)(28)(29) .
Other studies have contemplated, analyzed and reflected on iconographic art works as instruments to construct aesthetic knowledge on care (30)(31) . The aesthetics of care and its contributive function to the adoption of a social model of values, traditions and feelings have been studied in media with a great transmission and cultural pressure potential, like movies (32) .

Paradigm, theoretical framework and method used
This study departs from the premises of Gadamer's hermeneutic paradigm, given its great potential for aesthetic interpretation, aiming to explain the slow historical processes that take place in the social structures implied in care and its aesthetics; therefore, it is relevant to take into account the principles of the socio-critical paradigm (33) and critical thinking as tools to analyze the transformation phenomenon of aesthetic standards in society and in daily life, as a consequence of the structural changes the aesthetics of care is experiencing, due to the cultural pressure mechanisms that influence the movement from a pre-professional to a professional care aesthetics (34) .
The basic theoretical framework -cultural and aesthetic history -whose origins are the Birmingham school, is characterized by the study of society's feelings and values as well as transmission and cultural pressure mechanisms. To adequately understand cultural history, one needs to depart from a coherent idea of history (with regard to culture). History can essentially be interpreted in line with Aróstegui, who affirms: "the temporal quality contains everything that exists as well as its empirical manifestation" (35) . Thus, nothing escapes from history as nothing exists unless over time. A holistic panorama of the historical discipline was offered by affirming that structures that will be studied and analyzed from the perspective of the cultural and aesthetic history of care are, in line with Siles: 1-functional unit: family, religion, myths, science (social or mental structure that socializes and grants meaning to care); 2-functional framework: home, hospital, primary care center, temple (spatial structure where care is delivered); and 3-functional element: woman, wizard, witch, member of a religious order, professional (social actor responsible for care delivery) (15) .

Method
To avoid selection bias during the heuristic process, a protocol was established to assess the articles by theme, according to three filter levels: title, For categorization and data analysis, with a view to establishing the relations between aesthetic standard, feelings, values and aesthetic symbols, Bourdieu's term "habitus" and Durkheim's "logical conformism" were used (23) . To proceed with the structural integration of the aesthetic standard from a care perspective, Siles' functional care structures were used: functional unit, functional framework and functional element (15) .

A historical-cultural view on the relations between social structures and care aesthetics: logical conformism, habitus and aesthetic standards of nursing
The structures in the organization of societywhose function is to configure the aesthetics of care   is extremely clarifying to turn to Durkheim's concept of "logical conformism" (13) .

Discussion
The consideration of the socio-political knowledge standards contributes to contextualize the interpretation of the role of aesthetics in the evolution and organization of care (23) ; this contextualization, however, demands studies focused on more specific cultural contexts that permit overcoming the potential ethnocentrism of this work, whose more generical and essentialist nature offers a global view on the phenomenon. Although many authors consider the aesthetic knowledge standard fundamentally technical (22)  In the hindering function, both the aesthetic and the religious feeling of motherhood turn into obstacles to care professionalization and the birth of nursing as an academic discipline.

Conclusion
The obtained results allow us to affirm that cultural Concepts like "habitus" and "logical conformism" contribute to the understanding of the slow transition process from domestic-religious care, marked by aesthetic symbolic systems with categories like motherhood, feminimity and religiosity, to the professional and scientific context.