Professional nursing practice in critical units: assessment of work environment characteristics

ABSTRACT Objective: assess the autonomy, control over environment, and organizational support of nurses' work process and the relationships between physicians and nurses in critical care units. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 162 nurses working in the intensive care units and emergency service of a university hospital. The workers' satisfaction with their work environment was assessed using Brazilian Nursing Work Index - Revised, translated and adapted for the Brazilian culture. Results: average age was 31.6 ± 3.9 years; 80.2% were women; 68.5% Caucasians and 71.6% worked in intensive care units. The nurses considered autonomy (2.38 ± 0.64) and their relationship with physicians (2.24 ± 0.62) to be characteristics of the work environment that favored professional practice. Control over environment (2.78 ± 0.62) and organizational support (2.51 ± 0.54), however, were considered to be unfavorable. No statistically significant differences were found between the units based on the scores obtained by the professionals on the Brazilian Nursing Work Index - Revised. Conclusion: autonomy, relationship between physicians and nurses, and organizational support were considered by the units to be characteristics that favored nurses' professional practices. On the other hand, control over environment and organizational support were considered unfavorable.


Introduction
Critical care units, such as emergency rooms and intensive care units, are characterized by environments prepared to provide care to severely ill patients facing a potential risk of death, and are important components of healthcare provided in Brazil (1) .
The need for beds for critical patients has grown worldwide and is related to numerous factors, such as the growth of an aging population, increase in chronic diseases, and a change in the perception of what critical care might offer (2)(3) .
One study conducted in the United States reports that the demand for and length of stay of severe patients in emergency services have increased in the last decade, consequently increasing the need for intensive care in these units, with the potential to lead to greater stress in places working above their capacity (4) .
In this complex context, the perceptions of these work environments may interfere in the functioning of these services and, for this reason, it is important to measure the characteristics that favor the professional practice of nurses so that interventions are implemented to support professional practice (5) .
The exercise of autonomy, control over work environment, and organizational support can differ throughout different health facilities. Additionally, professional relationships, the care delivery model, and management strongly influence the dynamics between healthcare workers and their work environment (5)(6)(7)(8) . In this context, healthcare organizations constantly seek conditions to maintain and improve the quality of service provided, whether it is care delivery or administrative services (5) .
Therefore, it is important to consider a model for nursing professional practice characterized by a system composed of structure, processes, and values that support nurses in the delivery of care, as well as one that will aid in controlling the setting in which care is provided. This model is divided into subsystems, namely: a management system (decision-making structure and processes; a care delivery system (coordination of nursing work and assignment of tasks); professional values (values assigned to the code of professional ethics); professional relationships; remuneration and rewards (a system in which nurses are paid for their work and have their contributions, to the patients' and the organization's outcomes, acknowledged) (9) .
A working environment that is conducive to nursing practice contributes to higher levels of professional satisfaction and lower burnout levels. In regard to the patients, it decreases mortality rates and patients become more satisfied with care received, while the benefits for the institutions include decreased absenteeism and turnover of nursing professionals (10) .
The world literature reports evidence regarding the benefits of teamwork as an essential tool to maintain the quality of healthcare services. There are also positive associations concerning professional relationships, especially between nurses and physicians, nurses' autonomy, control over environment, and the organizational support provided to care delivery (7)(8) .
The Nursing Work Index -Revised was translated and validated in Brazil seven years ago, but few studies were conducted to analyze the work settings of critical care units, which makes this study important to fill in this gap (5,11) .
Identifying the characteristics and the care delivery and management model that compose these services may improve care delivery by making it safer and more efficacious (8) . Given the previous discussion, this study's aim was to assess the autonomy, control over environment, and organizational support of nurses' work process and the relationships between physicians and nurses in critical care units.

Method
This cross-sectional and analytical study was Work Index -Revised, translated and adapted for the Brazilian culture (12)(13) .
The Brazilian Nursing Work Index -Revised is composed of 57 items intended to measure the presence of certain characteristics in the work environment that favor nurses' professional practice. Fifteen items out of the total are conceptually distributed into three subscales: autonomy, control over environment, and relationship between nurses and physicians. Ten of these 15 items were grouped such that a fourth subscale was derived, the organizational support subscale (12) .
The subscale autonomy, which is composed of five items (4, 6, 17, 24 and 35) and the subscale control,
Of the total of workers, 50.6% (n=82) had graduated more than five years ago; 86.4% (n=140) had attended a specialization program; 43.8% (n=71) had more than five years of professional experience, and 38.3% (n=62) had worked in the institution between one and three years.
In regard to income, 52.5% (n=85) had a personal income from three to five times the minimum wage, while the average number of individuals in a household depending on this income was 1.51 ± 1.39. Family income was reported by 71.6% (n=116) to be more than five times the minimum wage and the number of people depending on this income was 2.49 ± 1.55 per household. Table 1   work process, and relationships between physicians and nurses in the critical care units are presented in Table 2.
No statistically significant differences were found between those working in the intensive care units and those in the emergency room when demographic and professional variables were associated with the subscales of the Brazilian Nursing Work Index -Revised.

Discussion
The nurses addressed in this study presented an average age of 31.6 years old; 68.5% were Caucasian, and most were women (80.2%). These characteristics may be associated with nursing's historic employment trajectory (14) .
Most professionals worked in the intensive care unit (71.6%), had graduated more than five years ago (50.6%) and were specialists (86.4%). These findings corroborate the results of other studies (12,15) .
The fact that most workers were specialists may be related to a requirement of critical units, which requires professionals to have greater qualification for providing care to patients with more complex conditions (7,12,16) .
The results concerning having more than five years of experience and having worked in the institution from one to three years are similar to those reported by other studies conducted in intensive care units (5,8,17) . These are relevant findings considering that inexperience is related to emotional burnout and malpractice, which leads to poor quality care provided to patients (18) .  (19) .
Additionally, most of those working in intensive care units presented a personal income between three and five times the minimum wage and a larger number of dependents on personal and family income. This finding shows that remuneration is one of the most important components to predict these professionals' levels of satisfaction with their work environment (20) .
When the characteristics of the work environment assessed by the Brazilian Nursing Work Index -Revised were analyzed in isolation, we verified that nurses from the intensive care units scored lower than 2.5 points for the subscales autonomy, relationship between physicians and nurses, and organizational support; that is, these professionals considered themselves to have autonomy, good relationships with physicians, and to be receiving organizational support. However they did not consider themselves to have good control over their environments, as they scored higher than 2.5 on this subscale. Work Index -Revised resulted in a total average score of 2.13, a score lower than the one found in this study.
Nonetheless, even though a higher score was obtained by the intensive care units assessed in this study, they still were characterized as having a work environment conducive to professional practice (7) .
No studies that applied the Brazilian Nursing Work Index -Revised to emergency services were found; in this study, assessment of this environment based on the Brazilian Nursing Work Index -Revised shows that only the subscales autonomy and relationship between physicians and nurses were scored lower than 2.5, while the total average score was 2.53, suggesting there is a need to implement interventions in these units to ensure greater professional satisfaction with the work environment and improved quality of care (7) .
The relationship between physicians and nurses was considered to be favorable in the units addressed in this study. Other studies conducted in intensive care units have also reported that a good relationship between physicians and nurses is one of the practices that most favor satisfaction with work environment when compared to autonomy, control over the environment, and organizational support. Additionally, this relationship may be associated with safer and improved care delivery (7,17) .
The subscale control over the environment, which assesses the freedom of nurses to solve problems that affect the quality of nursing care, both in intensive care units and emergency rooms, obtained the highest score compared to the remaining subscales, suggesting there is room for improvement regarding that issue. Studies conducted in intensive care units in the state of São Paulo, however, report that control over the environment was considered to be positive both in public and private institutions, indicating that the context is different from the one identified in this study (5,7) . were more satisfied with their work place than those working in the organization's general context (8) .
No statistically significant differences were found in need to be improved to enhance quality management by providing safer care to patients and by improving professional satisfaction with work environment (7) .
One study conducted in China verified that a work environment that values autonomy, a systematized care structure, management and leadership, is strongly linked to satisfaction at work. Hospitals that provide organizational support favor satisfaction on the part of workers and contribute to improved safety and quality of care delivery (24) .
Therefore, this study supports the development of a set of elements in the professional practice of nurses aiming to create improved working conditions by implementing quality management able to ensure efficient and safe care so as to attain an environment that attracts and retains professionals. main entryway for patients into the public health system, as no studies pursuing the same objective were found.
Emergency services face complex problems, such as high demand, high turnover, and stressed professionals.
This study's results can contribute to better management of these units, by changing the institutional culture concerning factors that require improvement (control over the environment and organizational support), which in turn can improve the quality of care delivery.