Original Paper / Artigo Original Synopsis of Cyperaceae in the grasslands of Guartelá State Park, Paraná, Brazil

Cyperaceae is the third largest family among the monocotyledons and is highly represented in grassland environments. The aim of the present study was to conduct a floristic inventory of Cyperaceae in the grasslands of Guartelá State Park (GSP) and to elaborate keys to identify the species, the first for this family in this vegetation type in Paraná state. The GSP is home to relictual vegetation in Paraná, where grassland phytophysiognomies predominate, especially in open areas and rocky outcrops. The inventory was based on field collections and database searches. The family Cyperaceae is represented in the GSP by 32 taxa belonging to seven genera, with Rhynchospora (11 spp.), Bulbostylis (8 spp.), and Cyperus (7 spp.) being the genera with the greatest richness. It should be noted that all the species are native and two are endemic to Brazil. Species occurrence was recorded both in drylands and wetlands environments, emphasizing the importance of microenvironmental conservation in the park. The main literature sources for each genus, as well as information regarding distribution and habitat, are here provided.


Introduction
Cyperaceae Juss. is distributed worldwide and is the third largest family, by number of species, among the monocotyledons, with 5,460 species (Govaerts et al. 2011) distributed in 106 genera (Govaerts et al. 2007).In Brazil, 673 species of Cyperaceae, distributed in 39 genera, have already been recorded (Alves et al. 2015;BFG 2018).However, specific taxonomic and floristic studies of this family are scarce and outdated (Ferreira & Eggers 2008), making it difficult to identify certain groups of species in floristic studies of this family (Trevisan et al. 2008).
According to Govaerts et al. (2007), species of the family Cyperaceae occur mainly in wetlands (riverbanks, humid soils, and flooded areas), although some groups can also be found in drylands such as savannas, grasslands, rocky outcrops, and hilltops.The dominance of grass-like and other herbaceous species in these environments can be observed in the floristic composition of the Campos Gerais of Paraná (Labiak 2014), which is characterized as a natural phytogeographic unit formed of gallery forests, Mixed Ombrophilous forest fragments, grassland and relicts of the Cerrado (Maack 2012).
Among the general floristic inventories which mention Cyperaceae taxa in Paraná, in the Campos Gerais region, are Ferreira & Maranho (2011), Oliveira & Maranho (2011), Freitas et al. (2011), Oliveira et al. (2011), and Silva et al. (2016) in the Vila Velha State Park; Aguiar & Vieira (2011) in the Cerrado State Park; Instituto Ambiental do Paraná (2002) and Carmo (2006) in the Guartelá State Park, being the only works which present data on Cyperaceae species, documenting 26 taxa, of which three were identified only to the generic level and five to the family level.
Taking into account that Guartelá State Park (GSP) presents a relictual vegetation for Paraná (Vasconcellos & Rocha 2011) of great biological importance (Michelon & Labiak 2013), this work constitutes the first floristic inventory of the family Cyperaceae in the grasslands of the GSP and also the first to elaborate dichotomous keys, providing new and important records of species and serving as a reference to recognize the species of this family in the park and in the Campos Gerais region of Paraná.

Material and Methods
The Guartelá State Park (GSP), which is located between the geographical coordinates 24°34 '10.11"S and 50°15'56.54"W,is part of the Environmental Protection Area of the Devonian Escarpment and it is inserted in the Campos Gerais region of the second plateau of Paraná, belonging to the municipality of Tibagi, Paraná (Instituto Ambiental do Paraná 2002; Carmo & Assis 2012) (Fig. 1).
Considered one of the most important conservation units of the Campos Gerais region of Paraná, the GSP, covering an area of 798.97 hectares, presents one of the last original, native vegetation types of the state, where grassland phytophysiognomies (grassy-woody steppe, hygrophilous steppe, and rocky vegetational refuge), Mixed Ombrophilous forest, and Cerrado mosaic are predominant (Veloso et al. 1991;Instituto Ambiental do Paraná 2002;Vasconcellos & Rocha 2011;Maia & Goldenberg 2014).The GSP region has a well-diversified relief, flat or gently undulated, with naturally poor shallow soils with low nutrient levels, water deficit, and high acidity, formed by the predominance of Cambisols and Lithosols derived from the sandstone deposition of furnas (Carmo et al. 2012;Instituto Ambiental do Paraná 2002) and rocky outcrops, which along with the grasslands account for 60.55% of the GSP area (Carmo 2006) (Fig. 2a-g).The climate is humid subtropical and influenced by the humid temperate climate, with well distributed rainfall over the year and a mean temperature of 18 ºC (Carmo 2006).
Fieldwork was carried in the months of March, June, August, and October 2015 and in January and April 2016, using the wide patrolling method described by Filgueiras et al. (1994).
Aiming to sample all the grassland areas in the GSP (Fig. 2a-g), the following trails were explored: Básica (5,280 m long) and Pinturas Rupestres (7,500 m long), in addition to their surroundings.
All the collected specimens were herborized, following the techniques proposed by Bridson & Forman (2004), and deposited in the UNOP herbarium of the State University of Western Paraná; duplicates were sent to the FLOR herbarium of the Federal University of Santa Catarina.The specimens were identified through comparison with the samples deposited in the herbarium of the Museu Botânico Municipal de Curitiba (MBM) and the ICN of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.We also used specific-and generic-level taxonomic studies in Cyperaceae.
In addition to the field expeditions, searches were carried out in the Species Link online database (http://inct.splink.org.br) in order to verify collection records of the family for the GSP, mainly for species not found by the authors in the field.The species indicated were confirmed through visits to the FLOR and ICN herbaria and soon afterward were included in the keys.These are referenced as additional material next to the material examined.
The achene dimensions cited in the keys include the stylopodium, when present.We present keys for the genus and species within each genus.The species which are the sole representatives of their genus are cited directly in the generic-level key.For the species, information on the distribution, habitat, material examined, and complementary bibliographic references of the family is added.
The images of the achenes and glumes were captured, by Tainã Souza, through an SC30 camera coupled to an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope.Some images were obtained from materials collected in other places, by Rafael Trevisan, which are mentioned in the item "material examined".
Most of the Cyperaceae species in the grasslands of the GSP, mainly those belonging to Bulbostylis, Lagenocarpus and Rhynchospora, were found in grasslands with drained, sandy soil and in rocky outcrops (Fig. 2a,d,g), corroborating with the indications of the environment of occurrence for species of these genera (Prata 2004;Vitta 2005;Araújo et al. 2012;Ardissone 2013;Weber 2014).Many species of Cyperus and Fimbristylis found are considered ruderal or even weedy (Lorenzi 2014;Ronchi 2015), and their presence can be explained by the proximity of the trails to anthropized areas and crop fields (Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 1996;Ardissone 2013;Martins et al. 2015).The other monospecific genera, Eleocharis and Scleria, were observed in wet, sandy soils and near bodies of water (Fig. 2b-c) (Muniz & Shepherd 1987;Trevisan & Boldrini 2008).
It was observed that most species studied have been registered in other countries and in almost all Brazilian regions.However, R. edwalliana, Bulbostylis jacobinae and B. sp.nov. 3 (Prata 2004) are considered endemic to Brazil (BFG 2018).Rhynchospora pungens and B. sp.nov. 3 (Prata 2004) have restricted distributions in the Southeast and South of Brazil.
Some species, such as Bulbostylis hirtella¸ Rhynchospora albiceps Kunth, R. brasiliensis, R. consanguinea (Kunth) Boeckeler, R. junciformis (Kunth) Boeckeler, R. pungens, R. velutina¸ Scleria distans, and S. leptostachya, were not found during the field expeditions, although there have been collection records of these species in the GSP for over last 12 years.Possibly, it was due to the flowering time of the species, which did not coincide with the collection dates, or because these species might no longer occur in this site.Among the species mentioned above, Bulbostylis hirtella, Rhynchospora pungens, R. velutina, Scleria distans and S. leptostachya were included in the keys of the present study after confirming the identification of the specimens deposited in the FLOR and ICN herbaria, while the other species (Rhynchospora albiceps, R. consanguinea and R. junciformis) were not included due to the difficulty of precise confirmation of identification of these species.According to Araújo (2001), R. albiceps and R. consanguinea are very similar morphologically and occur sympatrically.In the case of R. junciformis, Michelan et al. (2012) found, in addition to morphological similarity, the species also overlaps in cytogenetic characters and molecular markers with R. tenuis, a species found in this work.
With the obtained data, it was possible to increase the number of Cyperaceae species previously indicated for the GSP (Instituto Ambiental do Paraná 2002; Carmo 2006) from 26 to 32, which makes this family one of the most representative families in the herbaceous component of the grasslands of the park.It should be noted that all species are native; some are endemic to Brazil and common for the environmental types found in the GSP, equally in wet areas as in drained ones.These results highlight the importance of microenvironmental conservation, which can be affected by the tourist trails in the park.(Prata 2004).Found in drained, sandy soil.The morphological characteristics of this specimen are similar to those described by Prata (2004)  2. Cyperus L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753).Main references: Adams (1994a), Araújo & Longhi-Wagner (1996) and Hefler & Longhi-Wagner (2012).(Adams 1994a).In Brazil, it occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Alves et al. 2009).Found in drained, sandy soil.(Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 1996).In Brazil, it occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Alves et al. 2009).Found in rocky outcrops, near water.Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 7: 245 (1806).

Cyperus prolixus
Fig. 3r Distribution: From North to South America (Adams 1994a).In Brazil, it occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Barros 1960;Alves et al. 2009).Found in wet, sandy soil.In Brazil, it occurs in the Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 1996;Alves et al. 2009).Found in wet, sandy soil.(Pedersen 1972).In Brazil, it occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Alves et al. 2009).Found in wet, sandy soil.

Rhynchospora brasiliensis
Fig. 4i Distribution: Colombia, Guiana, Venezuela and in Brazil occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Alves et al. 2009;Weber 2014).Found growing on slopes with rocky outcrops and in flooded areas.

Scleria leptostachya
Fig. 4u Distribution: South America (Affonso et al. 2015).In Brazil, it occurs in the North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions (Core 1936;Alves et al. 2009;Affonso et al. 2015).Found in swamps in natural fields and in sandy fields, with rocky outcrops.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Map of the region and vegetation where the Guartelá State Park, Tibagi, Paraná is located.
Fig. 4hDistribution: Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay and in Brazil occurs in the Central-West, Southeast and South regions(Alves et al. 2009;Weber 2014).Found in wet and drained, sandy soil.